Highest Positive Direct Effect Research Articles

Character association and path analysis studies in upland rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes

This study was conducted during 2019-20 at Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai campus, Thailand to calculate the correlation coefficient, path analysis, direct and indirect effects of ten popular upland rice genotypes (Oryza sativa) to determine the nature of relation between grain yield with other yield contributing traits. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized block design with three replications with observations on the growth, grain yield, and yield components of rice. The result showed that plant height, effective tiller, panicle length, panicle number, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, harvest index, filled grain, unfilled grain, seed fertility, seed length and seed width was positively significant and phenotypically correlated with grain yield per genotypes (0.657, 0.166, 0.589, 0.778, 0.136, 0.538, 0.228, 0.816, 0.081, 0.424, 0.168 and 0.106, respectively). Path analysis indicated that plant height, effective tiller, panicle length, panicle number, internode length and filled grain exhibited positive direct effect on grain yield. Among these traits, filled grain, seed fertility, seed width, panicle number and effective tiller possessed high positive direct effects (10.96, 7.50,1.25, 0.4802 and 0.1665). Thus, selection of these traits like effective tiller, panicle number, filled grain, seed fertility can bring improvement yield performance of upland rice.

بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف نیتروژن و تراکم بر رشد و عملکرد Datura stramonium L.

Datura stramonium L. is one of the important medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical industry due to its alkaloid compounds. To investigate the effects of urea fertilizer at three levels (60, 120, and 180 kg.ha-1) and planting density at three levels (6, 10, and 14 plants.m-2) on the yield and yield components of this plant species, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in the research farm of Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Iran in 2018 and 2019 crop years. The main effects of density and urea on the traits including height, number of lateral branches, and 1000-seed weight and the interaction of different urea and density levels on the traits including seed yield, biological yield, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per plant, and number of seeds per capsule were significant in both years. The highest seed yield (1282.37 and 1212.53 kg.ha-1, respectively in 2018 and 2019 years) was obtained in the urea fertilizer 180 kg.ha-1 and 6 plants.m-2 treatment. The causal analysis results showed that the highest direct positive effect at the different levels of density and urea was related to the number of capsules per plant. The results of this experiment showed that the application of 180 kg.ha-1 of urea and 6 plants.m-2 could play an important role in increasing the seed yield of medicinal plant D. stramonium.

Chemical and molecular scale speciation of copper, zinc, and boron in agricultural soils of the Canadian prairies

The general incidence of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) deficiencies in soils of the Canadian prairies may be related to identifiable, highly variable, inherent soil attributes. The objective of this study was to investigate the variability of selected properties and their relationship with the bioavailability, forms, and distribution of Cu, Zn, and B in a range of prairie soils. The nature of these micronutrient distributions were evaluated by measuring extractable concentrations, supply rates, and by separation into various chemical pools through sequential extraction and spectroscopic speciation analyses. Soil pH was found to be the least variable property [coefficient of variation (CV) < 13%], whereas carbonate content was the most variable (CV > 130%). The Cu and B availability showed strong negative correlation with the sand content in all soils. Path coefficient results indicated that organic carbon had the highest positive direct effect on availability and supply of Cu and B in Grey soils. Extractable Zn was positively correlated with organic carbon content of Brown and Dark Brown soils. Overall, high sand content and low organic matter were identified as important soil properties contributing to the deficiency of Cu, Zn, and B. The major proportion of Cu, Zn, and B was found in the recalcitrant residual fraction (59%–88%), with the smallest proportions in labile soluble, exchangeable forms (2%–8%). The X-ray absorption near edge structure revealed that Cu and Zn associated with carbonate minerals were dominant forms of these micronutrients present in all soils. Chemisorption is likely a major process regulating the bioavailability of Cu and Zn in prairie soils.

Determination of agronomic properties of tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.) voor-oogst on krosok production using path analysis

Tobacco is an important trade commodity in Indonesia because it supports the country’s economy through taxes and excise. The path analysis is used to measure the direct and indirect effects of agronomic character parameters that are strongly correlated with the results. The path analysis in this study aims to find the agronomic characteristics of tobacco that can be used as selection criteria to get high krosok production. The number of samples used was 50 plants. Observation parameters included plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, foot leaf length, foot leaf width, middle leaf length, middle leaf width, shoot leaf length, shoot leaf width, leaf wet weight, yield, heavyweight. The results showed the wet weight of the leaves can be used as direct selection criteria. The fresh weight of the leaves has a high positive correlation (Rx10y = 0.812), a high positive direct effect (Px10y = 0.924), and a contribution value of 75.007%.

Evaluation Yield of Okra with Associated Traits Using Analysis Correlation and Path

The study was conducted at the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad. During the spring 2017. All the recommended practices were followed during experimentation. The experimental material consisted four Genotype it is Batraa, Btera, Mosulle, and local selection. The experiment was applied in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The objectives of Study were to estimate the some genetic parameters and path coefficient for some traits Okra, The results of statistical analysis for these genotypes were highly significant differences for all traits except the traits number of leaves, the number of main branches, the number of nodes before the first flower and Fruit length. Genetic analysis showed that the genetic variation for all traits was more than environment, High value of heritability was for yield per plant (95.4%) highly significant genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlation between fruit number and plant yield (0.998, 0.990 and 0.905) respectively. The result of path coefficient the number of fruit had the highest positive direct effect (0.8551) followed by fruit width, fruit weight and plant high (0.0446, 0.0260 and 0.0106) respectively. It can be conclude the possibility of using the traits fruit weight yield per plant as criteria for selection to improve the yield of Okra.

Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Fruit Yield Attributes in Forty Genotypes of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)

Farmers and plant breeders are often faced with the problem of selecting the best genotypes of okra as a result of lack of adequate knowledge of association among yield and its component characters which has led to the inefficiency of crop improvement. Efficient selection in any breeding programme will not only depend on yield alone but on yield together with other yield components. Based on this fact, this research was carried out on forty genotypes of okra to determine the association of different agronomic characters with pod yield and their direct and indirect effects on pod yield so as to select the best genotype for further breeding work. The seed of each genotype was sown in a plot laid out in randomised complete block design with three replications, and data were collected on fourteen agronomic characters and analysed. Pod yield per plant had highly significant and positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations with plant height, number of leaves, petiole length, internode length, plant height at flowering, peduncle length, fruit length, fruit diameter, number of seeds and number of pods, indicating that pod yield in okra could be a function of these traits. Highly significant, negative genotypic and phenotypic correlations were observed for pod yield per plant with days to 50% flowering and days to maturity, suggesting that early flowering and maturity are desirable traits for improved productivity in okra. Path coefficient analysis revealed that number of pod per plant had the highest positive direct effect on pod yield per plant with its largest indirect effect with days to 50% flowering and reduction in days to maturity. Due to close associations among these traits, they could be used as basis of selection when high yield is the breeding objective.

Correlation and path analysis studies on yield and yield components in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

An experiment on correlation and path analysis involving thirty F1 and six parents of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) was carried during rabi, 2018 at Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The genotypic correlation coefficient was higher in magnitude than the corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficient for most of the characters. The fruit yield per plant had exhibited a highly significant and positive correlation with fruit length (0.837) and the number of fruits per plant (0.716). The genetic improvement of fruit yield thus can be obtained by selection for these yield components. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the characters viz., the number of fruits per plant (0.962), days to first harvest (0.922) and fruit girth (0.616) had a high positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant. Thus, the fruit yield per plant can be improved by making the selection of these traits in the yield improvement programme.

Genotypic and phenotypic associations, direct and indirect effects of yield contributing traits on yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under sodic soil condition

The experiment was conducted to work out the correlation and path coefficient effects of their various attributes on grain yield in wheat with 108 genotypes along with 4 check varieties viz., KH-65, KRL-1702, KRL-1714, NW-1014. The experiment was conducted under sodic soil (pH = 9.5) in randomized complete block design with three replications. The yield and yield contributing traits were utilized for estimation of correlation coefficients. In general, genotypic correlation coefficients were higher than the corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients suggesting that strong genetic correlation among the yield and yield contributing components of wheat. Grain yield per plant exhibited a highly significant and positive correlation with harvest index (0.477) followed by biological yield per plant (0.232), tiller per plant (0.153), days to 50% flowering (0.152), spike length (0.145) and days to maturity (0.132) in sodic soil condition. The highest positive direct effect on grain yield per plant was exerted by harvest index (1.439) followed by the biological yield per plant (1.295), spike length (0.013) and days to maturity (0.007). Therefore, these characters emerged as most important inter relationships of grain yield in wheat.

Character Interrelationships and Path Analysis for Yield Components in MPOB-Senegal Oil Palm Germplasm

Phenotypic associations among yield-related traits and the pattern of influence in crops are useful in evaluating, planning and selection criteria for the desirable traits. This research aimed to evaluate linear correlations and estimate the direct and indirect effects among morphological traits on oil yield of MPOB-Senegal germplasm. Data were collected annually for successive eight years (2000 to 2007) and was estimated for the phenotypic correlations, and decomposition into direct and indirect effects using path coefficient analysis. The result of the correlation and path coefficient analysis showed significant highly positive relations between some yield components and oil yield. Oil to wet mesocarp (OTWM) and bunch number (BNO) had high positive direct effect on oil yield while fresh fruit bunch (FFB), oil to fiber (OTF), fruit to bunch (FTB), and average bunch weight (ABWT) showed indirect effect on oil yield. In improvement of palm oil yield, traits that show high direct and/or indirect effect on oil yield should be considered. Hence, FFB, OTF, FTB, OTWM, and ABWT have maximum direct and indirect effect can be used effectively for the improvement of the palm oil yield of the MPOB-Senegal oil palm germplasm.

Variability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Agro-morphological Traits in Wheat Genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) under Normal and Heat Stress Conditions

Assessment of variability and traits association in crop help to enhance selection efficiency. Therefore, the present investigation entitled “Variability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Agro-morphological Traits in Wheat Genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) under Normal and Heat Stress Conditions” was carried out during winterseason of 2019/2020 at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Bhairahawa, Nepal to identify traits that highly contribute to grain yield and suitable for its further improvement. The experiment was laid out following alpha lattice design with two replications. The twentygenotypes of wheat was sown in two different environments viz., irrigated and heat stress in November 29, 2019 and December 25, 2019 respectively. It was found that under normal condition, moderate GCV and PCV were recorded in SW, TGW, NGPS, and WGPS. Under heat stress condition, high GCV and PCV were observed in GY. High heritability and high GAM was observed in TGW & GY, NGPS, WGPS, TGW under normal and heat stress condition respectively. Under normal condition SW exhibited positive correlation and high positive direct effect on GY at genetic level and WGPS at phenotypic level. And under heat stress condition SW exhibited positive correlation and high positive direct effect on GY. Whereas, at phenotypic level, WGPS and PH exhibited high positive direct effect on grain yield. Hence it is clear that spike weight and weight of grains per spike are important traits for grain yield improvement.
 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 9(1): 65-74

Trait association studies in soybean genotypes under post anthesis drought stress

The present study was carried out during kharif 2018 considering 30 soybean genotypes under both stress and normal condition. Analysis of variance, correlation and path coefficient analysis were studied. The analysis of variance under both stress and normal condition revealed that the mean sum of squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all traits under study. Correlation analysis revealed that seed yield per plant showed highly significant correlation with harvest index followed by number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of pod clusters per plant under stress condition whereas under normal condition, seed yield per plant showed highest significant positive correlation with harvest index followed by biological yield per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of pod clusters per plant, number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight. Path coefficient analysis of different yield traits under stress condition revealed that harvest index, biological yield, number of seeds per plant, days to 50% flowering recorded positive direct effect on seed yield per plant. These traits have also shown positive indirect effect via each other which indicated that simultaneous improvement of these traits and ultimately the yield can be achieved. Whereas, path coefficient analysis of different yield traits under normal condition revealed that harvest index have shown high positive direct effect on seed yield per plant number of pod clusters per plant, days to flower initiation, biological yield per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of secondary branches per plant and 100seed weight showed positive direct effect on seed yield perplant. Days to flower initiation, number of pods clusters per plant, number of seeds per plant, biological yield and harvest index have also shown indirect effect via each other.

Character association and path analysis of quantitative traits among marigold (Tagetes sp.) genotypes

The path-coefficient analysis provides information about direct and indirect effect of other morphological characteristics on flower yield per plant, hence this investigation was undertaken to study the effects of various quantitative traits among marigold (Tagetes sp.) genotypes. The genetic variability and heritability in 21 genotypes of marigold confirmed that there is a colossal difference between the genotypes for yield and other 17 traits. The number of ray florets/ flower showed high heritability (99.95) together with high genetic advance (255.77) followed by fresh weight of flower and yield per plant. The study revealed that the PCV is more in comparison with GCV for all the traits which indicates, the contribution of the environment in the expression of traits. Correlation analysis between yield and yield attributing traits in marigold genotypes revealed high positive correlation of flower yield per plant at both phenotypic and genotypic levels with traits like plant height, plant spread, number of primary branches per plant, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, fresh weight of flower, flower diameter, number of ray florets per flower and flowering duration. Path analysis revealed that the characters like fresh weight of flower and number of flowers per plant are important characters affecting flower yield since they had high direct positive effect. The magnitude of genetic divergence of marigold collected from four different states of India showed the presence of wide genetic diversity. Characters of maximum association with yield have been identified and a selection programme based on the above traits shall be highly effective in improving flower yield of marigold.

Nutritional Evaluation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Twelve Accessions of Pumpkin (Cucurbita Spp) Fruit Pulp Collected from Abia State, Nigeria

Fruits pulp of twelve accessions of pumpkin collected from Abia State of Nigeria were evaluated for their proximate values, minerals, vitamin and phytochemical composition. Correlations and path coefficient analysis among the nutrients of these accessions were also determined. Results showed that proximate composition % (carbohydrate 2.79 - 4.87; crude protein 1.74 - 2.05; ether extract 0.83 - 1.06; and moisture content 90.18 - 92.49) differed significantly (p<0.01) among the accessions. Vitamins (mg/100g), minerals (mg/100g) and phytochemical composition (%) measured among the accessions differed significantly. Mean vitamin values ranged from 19.77 - 31.66 in vitamin A; 4.76 - 5.76 in vitamin C; 0.55 - 0.81 in vitamin E; 0.17 - 0.26 in thiamine; 0.57 - 0.85 in riboflavin and 0.31 - 0.51 in niacin. Lower values were obtained for alkaloid (0.46 - 0.78), hydrogen cyanide content (0.62 - 0.13), oxalate (0.33 - 0.55), saponin (0.10 - 0.95), phytate (0.67 - 0.95) and tannin (0.43 - 77). The fruit pulp contained appreciable minerals like calcium (21.54 - 30.65), iron (0.59 – 0.91), magnesium (0.17.60 – 23.77), phosphorus (23.68 – 35.61), potassium (2.82 – 134.78), and sodium (45.71 – 60.36). Path coefficient analysis for dry matter showed that traits like, ash, CHO and crude fiber had the highest positive direct effect on dry matter with 0.14, 0.01, and 0.01 respectively; HCN and its traits depicted that oxalate (0.99) had maximum direct positive influence followed by Tannin (0.30) while phytate (-0.23), alkaloid (-0.576) and Saponin (-0.24) have negative direct effects; Calcium and its traits indicated that iron had the largest direct positive influence (15.98) followed by Magnesium (0.59) while Potassium (-0.04), Sodium (-0.53) and (-0.04) had negative direct influence.

A Research on determining the factors affecting on seed yield in different lentil lines and cultivars (Lens culinaris Medik.) in adiyaman conditions by correlation and path coefficient analysis

This research was conducted in 2015 year in Kahramanmaras province (37°32'09.5"N 36°55'01.2"E) with 3 lentil genotypes (CAGIL, FIRAT-87, and FLIP 2005-20 L). In the research, direct and indirect effects of yield components on seed yield were examined by correlation and path coefficient analysis. The correlation coefficients between the investigated features were found to be insignificant. According to the path coefficients, the highest positive direct effect on seed yield was determined as pod number per plant (p=4.015). On the other hand, the highest negative direct effect on seed yield was obtained from plant height (p=-3.606). The indirect effect of the seed number per plant over number of days until maturity on the seed yield was determined as the highest positive indirect effect (p=55.546%). The indirect negative highest effect on seed yield was determined in the pod number per plant over thousand seed weight (p=51.488%). As a result, the number of pods per plant should be taken into consideration by the breeders due to direct effect of it was positive and high

Correlation and path-coefficient analysis in Ramnad Mundu chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) for yield and quality traits

The present investigation was conducted to find the correlation and path-coefficient analysis for yield and yield contributing characters in Ramnad Mundu chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) during Kharif 2018-19. The experiment was conducted on Forty-seven Mundu chilli genotypes for 15 characters, which was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with two replications. From correlation study dry fruit yield per plant showed highly positive correlation with number of fruits per plant (0.971 G, 0.894 P), ripened fruit yield per plant (0.991 G, 0.949 P), number of seeds per fruits (0.383 G, 0.32 P), 1000 seed weight (0.369 G, 0.332 P), capsaicin % (0.302 G, 0.256 P) and number of primary branches per plant (0.267 G, 0.251 P) at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Path-coefficient analysis of different characters contributing towards the highest positive direct effect via number of fruits per plant (0.973), ripened fruit yield per plant (0.991), no. of seeds per fruit (0.383), 1000 seed weight (0.364), capsaicin % (0.302) and number of primary branches per plant (0.267). Hence, direct selection based on these characters would be effective in crop improvement through plant breeding in Mundu chilli.

Correlation and path coefficient analysis in determining the characteristics that affect seed yield in different lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) genotypes in Kahramanmaras conditions

This research was conducted in 2015 year in Kahramanmaras province (37°32'09.5"N 36°55'01.2"E) with 3 lentil genotypes (CAGIL, FIRAT-87, and FLIP 2005-20 L). In the research, direct and indirect effects of yield components on seed yield were examined by correlation and path coefficient analysis. The correlation coefficients between the investigated features were found to be insignificant. According to the path coefficients, the highest positive direct effect on seed yield was determined as pod number per plant (p=4.015). On the other hand, the highest negative direct effect on seed yield was obtained from plant height (p=-3.606). The indirect effect of the seed number per plant over number of days until maturity on the seed yield was determined as the highest positive indirect effect (p=55.546%). The indirect negative highest effect on seed yield was determined in the pod number per plant over thousand seed weight (p=51.488%). As a result, the number of pods per plant should be taken into consideration by the breeders due to direct effect of it was positive and high

Correlation Coefficient and Path Analyses of Yield and Yield Related Traits of Korean Double Haploid Rice for Germplasm Improvement in Nigeria

The success of plant breeding depends on the availability of genetic variation, knowledge about desired traits, and efficient selection strategies that make it possible to exploit existing genetic resource. This study was carried out at Africa Rice Center, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Nigeria, and 239 double haploid lines from Republic of Korea were established along with one of the rice mega varieties (FARO 44) as check. The experiment was conducted using Alpha lattice design with four blocks each planted with 60 entries in two replications. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.001) among the genotypes indicating existence of variation among the genotypes. Correlation coefficient of the yield and its association traits revealed significantly positive correlation of grain yield with number of tillers, plant height, days to 50% flowering, panicle length, effective tillers, leaf area, leaf area index, fertility, biomass, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle and grain yield per plant, hence, selection for these traits can improve yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that days to 50% flowering, leaf area index, fertility, biomass, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle and grain yield per plant exhibited positive direct effect on grain yield. Among all traits examined, panicle weight had the highest significant positive correlation and high positive direct effect. Stepwise regression showed that characters such as panicle weight, grain yield per plant, flag leaf, days to 50% flowering, effective tillers and 1000 grain weight contributed more to the total grain yield. Therefore, selections for the aforementioned characters will assist breeders in making good improvement in rice grain yield.

Estimation of character associations, direct and indirect effects among yield, yield component and water use efficiency traits in blackgram

An investigation was carried out using 30 blackgram genotypes to study the correlations and various direct and indirect effects among yield, yield components and water use efficiency traits on seed yield in order to identify high yielding lines with more water use efficiency. Character association studies revealed that number of clusters per plant (rp = 0.470**, rg = 0.584**), followed by pods per plant (rp = 0.424**, rg = 0.604**), pod length (rp = 0.235*, rg = 0.384**) and number of seeds per pod (rp = 0.414**, rg = 0.673**) exhibited significant positive correlation, whereas days to 50% flowering (rp = -0.267*, rg = -0.400**) recorded significant negative association with seed yield. Path analysis revealed that number of seeds per pod had high positive direct effect, while number of pods per plant exhibited moderate positive direct effect on seed yield. Hence, selection based on these traits would aid in simultaneous improvement of seed yield and water use efficiency.

Assessment of GeneticVariability and Character Association in Yield Related Traits and Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus Disease Resistance in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

Okra is India’s most widely grown tropical and subtropical vegetable crop. Despite widespread cultivation, crop yield and productivity remain subpar. Yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) disease is a serious threat to Indian okra production, causing yield losses ranging from 17.09 to 96.49 per cent. In this context, the present study was aimed to assess the variability and character association of 74 elite germplasm accessions for thirteen quantitative and quality traits. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation (PCV and GCV) were observed among all evaluated traits except fruit diameter, which showed a moderate PCV and GCV. All traits had high heritability and high genetic advance, implying that the heritability was most likely due to additive gene effects. Direct selection of these traits would be advantageous for okra improvement, especially in developing a YVMV resistant genotype. Fruit yield per plant exhibited a significant and positive genotypic as well as phenotypic correlation with fruit weight, fruit length, peroxidase activity, polyphenol activity, fruit diameter, total phenolic content and plant height, whereas node at which the first flower appeared and YVMV were negatively correlated to fruit yield per plant. Correlation studies indicated YVMV resistance towards high total phenolic content, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase. The high positive direct effects on fruit yield per plant were observed for fruit weight followed by number of fruit per plant and total phenolic content. This study revealed that simultaneous selection of these traits can help in increasing yield and YVMV resistance.

Association and diversity analysis for yield attributing traits in advance generation of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

The present investigation reveals the association between yield and its contributing traits in a set of advanced generation of green gram genotypes. Seed yield per plant showed significant and positive correlation with plant height followed by pod length, pods per cluster and pods per plant whereas, 100 seed weight and harvest index showed positive but non-significant correlation. Path analysis indicated that the pod length has the highest positive direct effect on seed yield per plant, followed by harvest index, primary branches per plant, 100 seed weight, pods per cluster, protein content and pods per plant. Cluster analysis revealed divergence in 25 accessions by making four clusters. Cluster II and cluster IV showed highest inter cluster distance signifying that hybridisation between genotypes from these two clusters will exploit heterosis at a greater level. Selection criteria based on pod length, pods per cluster, protein content, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant can be devised for further improvement of these genotypes.