Logical Hierarchy Research Articles

Analyzing hierarchical relationships among modes of cognitive reasoning and integrated science process skills

AbstractThe purpose of this research was to search for a learning hierarchy among skills comprising formal operations and the integrated science processes. Ordering theoretic and probabilistic latent structure methods were used to analyze data on five process skills and six logical thinking skills collected from 700 science students. Both linear and branching hierarchical relationships were identified within and across the two sets of skills. Most of them fit the logical hierarchies which have guided curriculum development and classroom practices in the past. But a few run counter to our present logic and understanding of these skills.

Technical Writing as Mapping Description onto Diagram: The Graphic Paradigms of Explanation

Technical writing explains and, in contrast to other kinds of writing, insists on the visual. Explanation and visualization are mutually dependent, because explanation combines “description,” the observable facts, and “diagram,” the graphic paradigm of the relations that obtain among these facts. The technical writer's principal task, then, is to make explicit, by using appropriate spatial, temporal, and logical signals, one of three diagrams—schematic, flowchart, tree—that define the basic modes of explanation—object, process, and logical hierarchy. Where the novelist submerges the diagram in metaphoric layers, the technical writer strips them away and surfaces the diagram.

THE FAMILY FIRO MODEL: A MODEST PROPOSAL FOR ORGANIZING FAMILY TREATMENT

This paper presents a model for organizing family issues and family treatment. Schutz's FIRO model is offered as a framework for organizing family issues into inclusion, control and affection categories. Following Schutz's theory of group development, we propose that inclusion, control and affection constitute a logical hierarchy of core issues to be dealt with in treating multiproblem families‐inclusion first, then control, and then affection (intimacy). Furthermore, we propose that the FIRO model can be used to organize theories of family therapy. We attempt to demonstrate that different family therapies are best suited for one of the three core issues of family interaction. We advocate an “intelligent eclecticism” based on the premise that when an issue is appropriately matched with a therapy, therapeutic effectiveness should be enhanced. We also discuss implications of our Family FIRO model for clinical practice.

Firmware structure and architectural support for monitors, vertical migration and user microprogramming

This paper describes firmware and hardware support necessary for constructing easy-to-understand and high performance operating systems including language translators and interpreters. Basic principles are one-to-one correspondence between logical hierarchy and physical hierarchy, and vertical migration. Implementation of monitors in firmware and architectural support for it are discussed, and a sample system is shown. Architectural support for user microprogramming is then discussed and an example is shown. After a total system firmware structure is discussed, an experiment of vertical migration is described. It is shown that a proper selection of modules for migration is extremely important. It is suggested that the direction shown in this paper is one of future directions of computer systems.

Firmware structure and architectural support for monitors, vertical migration and user microprogramming

This paper describes firmware and hardware support necessary for constructing easy-to-understand and high performance operating systems including language translators and interpreters. Basic principles are one-to-one correspondence between logical hierarchy and physical hierarchy, and vertical migration. Implementation of monitors in firmware and architectural support for it are discussed, and a sample system is shown. Architectural support for user microprogramming is then discussed and an example is shown. After a total system firmware structure is discussed, an experiment of vertical migration is described. It is shown that a proper selection of modules for migration is extremely important. It is suggested that the direction shown in this paper is one of future directions of computer systems.

Logical Analysis of Structural Failure

In engineering only the product, the hardware, is a physical system; the system which designs it, produces it and uses it is human and therefore complex and vulnerable. Human error of one form or another is a major cause of failures. One way of attempting to reduce this is to find ways of distilling conclusions from past performance by a logical analysis of available information. This analysis may then be stored as a computer data structure and used as a basis for predictions regarding future projects. The vehicle for this process, the handling of rather imprecise information, is fuzzy logic. A logical hierarchy of simple deductions has been set up to represent the three main influences on structural safety—human error, random hazards as well as the system uncertainty of reliability theory. The hierarchy is used to obtain measures of safety for two famous bridge failures.

Transfer Functions and Learning Curves

In the behavioural sciences, the experimenter has only limited opportunities for the development of theoretical models to describe particular phenomena and processes, unlike the engineer, who uses the laws of physics to predict system performance. Learning curves describing performance improvement in repetitive tasks have been modelled in numerous ways by many experimenters. The form of model chosen has varied widely, and has, with one exception, been on empirical basis. This exception is the time constant model, and the purpose of this paper is to show how the time constant model fits into a logical hierarchy of transfer function models, so that the experimenter may be guided into the choice of a suitable model of minimum complexity for his purpose. The use of transfer functions to describe performance improvement is of recent origin, and is not to be confused with another use of the same technique to model the behaviour of the human operator as o man-machine element.

What is recalled after hearing a passage?

MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 Association (Psychological) ; Cognitive Processes; College students; *conceptual Schemes; *Listening Comprehension; *Prose; *Recall (Psychological); *Structural Analysis In order to determine what aspects of information from prose are available for recall after one presentation of a passage and what aspects are learned with additional presentations, two passages were divided into idea units. These units were placed in a logical hierarchical structure for each passage, and scores were assigned to the idea units on the basis of their position in the structure. Sixty-nine undergraduates were divided into three groups equally; each group heard the passages once, twice, or three times before recallingEffects of the logical structure were seen in the kinds of idea units remembered, the stability of these units in consecutive recalls, and the tendency for clustering of idea units on this basis. In addition, serial position, importance of idea units, and order of recall were examined with the recall data. It was found that units high in the logical hierarchy were recalled more frequently than those lower in the hierarchy, that subjects tended to recall groups of units from the passages which were related to one another in the hierarchical structure, and that the stability of each unit recall was substantially related to its position in the logical structure of the passage. Figures and a bibliography are included. (Author/AW) WHAT IS RECALLED AFTER HEARING A PASSAGE? U. S. DEPARTMENT OP HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE 31-1 E F EDUCATION THIS DO IOS L. fIr.'RODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERO OR ORGFN TIDN Oi;:131NATI,-C IT. PO:MS OF VILW OR OPINIONS SLid ELI DO Nur i%L,.,LoantiILY REeRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. Bonnie J. F. Meyer and George W. McConkie

Hierarchies in concept attainmen in the selection mode with exemplar and non-exemplar start cards

The purpose of this study was to investigate the generality of the hierarchy of concepts to the selection mode with exemplar or nonexemplar start cards. The logical hierarchy of concepts in which lower level concepts form the components of higher level concepts was found to operate empirically in the context of the selection mode with a complete learning task. Furthermore, the Type of Start Card was found not to affect the relative difficulty of the levels of the hierarchy. Also noted was a faster time-per-trial for females over males and a Type Concept by Type Start Card interaction on per cent correct card choices.

Measuring the Development of Kinship Terminologies: Scalogram and Transformational Accounts of Crow-type Systems

F OR very nearly a century the development of Crow kinship terminology has been a dominant theoretical concern of social anthropology (e.g. Morgan 1871; Kohler 1897; Rivers 1914, 1924:61; Lowie 1917a, 1928:265, 1930, 1932; White 1939, 1959:133; Murdock 1949; Lane and Lane 1959; Eyde and Postal 1961; Moore 1963).2 Attempts to account for Crow systems have specified causal relationships between the terminology and preferential marriage systems, lineage organization, and residence rules. Crow terminology, it has been suggested, is a result of variations in the above variables, operating individually, or in various combinations. Theoreticians have either assumed that (1) the determinative social institutions were, in most cases, found in association with the terminology, or (2) that when the terminology occurred in the absence of the specified institutions, survivals were to be expected; they were often found. Alternatively ethnologists have suggested that the absence of either the terminology or the determinative institution was a consequence of one extinguishing the other. For example, although an asymmetric alliance system i.e., matrilateral marriage causes the development of Crow terminology, under certain conditions, Crow terminology extinguishes the matrilateral preference [cf. Eyde and Postal 1961]. Thus, both the development of Crow terminology, and the non-association of asymmetric alliance and Crow systems are explained. There is one basic objection to all of the above interpretations. Virtually all previous attempts to account for Crow systems have seriously truncated the terminology. At most, four or five terminological assignments have been accounted for. An acceptable theory must account for all of the consanguineal assignments of all Crow systems. An acceptable genetic model should be formal, explicit, complete, and simple. An acceptable developmental model should structure the variability between the systems which the genetic model generates, allowing us to sequentially order Crow systems within a logical taxonomic hierarchy, as chemical elements are ordered within the periodic table.

Marketing from the Producer's Point of View

status of marketing.l To the not-directlyinterested outsider, the most conspicuous aspect of these discussions is the clearly demonstrated lack of a general method of approach to marketing problems. This has prevented a logical hierarchy among the different problems of marketing and the integration of the relevant theories. As a result, the subject still consists of a number of mutually unrelated fields of study. True, each of these by itself has been elaborated in a scientific