Logical Hierarchy Research Articles

The logical hierarchy of the front-page layouts of the earliest Sinhala newspapers published in Sri Lanka

The logical hierarchy of the front-page layouts of the earliest Sinhala newspapers published in Sri Lanka

Improved phenotypic classification of male infertility to promote discovery of genetic causes.

An increasing number of genes are being described in the context of non-syndromic male infertility. Linking the underlying genetic causes of non-syndromic male infertility with clinical data from patients is important to establish new genotype-phenotype correlations. This process can be facilitated by using universal nomenclature, but no standardized vocabulary is available in the field of non-syndromic male infertility. The International Male Infertility Genomics Consortium aimed at filling this gap, providing a standardized vocabulary containing nomenclature based on the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO). The "HPO tree" was substantially revised compared with the previous version and is based on the clinical work-up of infertile men, including physical examination and hormonal assessment. Some causes of male infertility can already be suspected based on the patient's clinical history, whereas in other instances, a testicular biopsy is needed for diagnosis. We assembled 49 HPO terms that are linked in a logical hierarchy and showed examples of morphological features of spermatozoa and testicular histology of infertile men with identified genetic diagnoses to describe the phenotypes. This work will help to record patients' phenotypes systematically and facilitate communication between geneticists and andrologists. Collaboration across institutions will improve the identification of patients with the same phenotypes, which will promote the discovery of novel genetic causes for non-syndromic male infertility.

Urban night lighting evaluation system and case study: blending popular contemporary elements, cultural traditions and advanced lighting technologies

PurposeNight lighting reflects the prosperous development of economic and the increasingly rich and colorful cultural life. Currently, various technical standards, protocols and management specifications have been developed to build a safe, comfortable and economical lighting environment. However, prevailing evaluation systems focus on objective indexes of illumination and have ignored environmental characteristics and subjective feelings and lacked consideration of regional culture, economic benefit, management and maintenance. In this context, a lighting evaluation system combining subjective and objective is proposed for the first time in this study to explore approaches to guide the development of a healthy and comfortable urban night-time environment.Design/methodology/approachExisting research and relevant lighting standards are analyzed and an evaluation model with a logical hierarchy is constructed by combining with the evaluation theory that is set based on people and the environment. The index weights were scientifically determined on the basis of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The rationality and validity of the proposed evaluation system is verified in accordance with field projects and case studies.FindingsTaking into account traditional and cultural factors, the evaluation model established has an acceptable accuracy. Evaluation based on subjective-objective combination can provide a scientific basis for the management and optimization of night lighting.Originality/valueThe proposed evaluation system can serve as a guiding reference for other areas of cultural identity and esthetic perspective.

Local Applications of Logics via Model-Theoretic Interpretations

This paper analyses the notion of ‘interpretation’, which is often tied to the semantic approach to logic, where it is used when referring to truth-value assignments, for instance. There are, however, other uses of the notion that raise interesting problems. These are the cases in which interpreting a logic is closely related to its justification for a given application. The paper aims to present an understanding of interpretations that supports the model-theoretic characterization of validity to the detriment of the proof-theoretic one. This is done by making use of the hierarchy of ST-related logics. Finally, a localist conception of logic is defended as the natural view stemming from the model-theoretic approach.

A Modal View on Resource-Bounded Propositional Logics

Classical propositional logic plays a prominent role in industrial applications, and yet the complexity of this logic is presumed to be non-feasible. Tractable systems such as depth-bounded boolean logics approximate classical logic and can be seen as a model for resource-bounded agents whose reasoning style is nonetheless classical. In this paper we first study a hierarchy of tractable logics that is not defined by depth. Then we extend it into a modal logic where modalities make explicit the assumptions discharged in propositional proofs, thereby expressing blueprints for proofs. A natural deduction system is provided that permits to reason about and manage such proof blueprints.

The logical bases of contradictory Christology: comments on The Contradictory Christ, Ch. 2

Beall has given more or less convincing arguments to the effect that neither classical logic, nor K3, nor LP, nor S3 can play the role he expects from logic: to be the basement theory for all true theories, including true theology. However, he has not considered all the pertinent competitors, and he has not given any reassurance that he has not gone too low in the hierarchy of logics to find his desired “universal closure of all true theories”. In this paper, I put forward those additional arguments to show the superiority of FDE with respect to logics that include a detachable conditional but that are very much like FDE otherwise. I also discuss the problem that theological consequence might not contrapose even if theological consequence is supposed to extend FDE consequence and the latter does contrapose.

Metainferences from a Proof-Theoretic Perspective, and a Hierarchy of Validity Predicates

I explore, from a proof-theoretic perspective, the hierarchy of classical and paraconsistent logics introduced by Barrio, Pailos and Szmuc in (Journal o f Philosophical Logic, 49, 93-120, 2021). First, I provide sequent rules and axioms for all the logics in the hierarchy, for all inferential levels, and establish soundness and completeness results. Second, I show how to extend those systems with a corresponding hierarchy of validity predicates, each one of which is meant to capture “validity” at a different inferential level. Then, I point out two potential philosophical implications of these results. (i) Since the logics in the hierarchy differ from one another on the rules, I argue that each such logic maintains its own distinct identity (contrary to arguments like the one given by Dicher and Paoli in 2019). (ii) Each validity predicate need not capture “validity” at more than one metainferential level. Hence, there are reasons to deny the thesis (put forward in Barrio, E., Rosenblatt, L. & Tajer, D. (Synthese, 2016)) that the validity predicate introduced in by Beall and Murzi in (Journal o f Philosophy, 110(3), 143–165, 2013) has to express facts not only about what follows from what, but also about the metarules, etc.

Hierarchical CNN-based occlusal surface morphology analysis for classifying posterior tooth type using augmented images from 3D dental surface models

Objective3D Digitization of dental model is growing in popularity for dental application. Classification of tooth type from single 3D point cloud model without assist of relative position among teeth is still a challenging task. MethodsIn this paper, 8-class posterior tooth type classification (first premolar, second premolar, first molar, second molar in maxilla and mandible respectively) was investigated by convolutional neural network (CNN)-based occlusal surface morphology analysis. 3D occlusal surface was transformed to depth image for basic CNN-based classification. Considering the logical hierarchy of tooth categories, a hierarchical classification structure was proposed to decompose 8-class classification task into two-stage cascaded classification subtasks. Image augmentations including traditional geometrical transformation and deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGANs) were applied for each subnetworks and cascaded network. ResultsResults indicate that combing traditional and DCGAN-based augmented images to train CNN models can improve classification performance. In the paper, we achieve overall accuracy 91.35%, macro precision 91.49%, macro-recall 91.29%, and macro-F1 0.9139 for the 8-class posterior tooth type classification, which outperform other deep learning models. Meanwhile, Grad-cam results demonstrate that CNN model trained by our augmented images will focus on smaller important region for better generality. And anatomic landmarks of cusp, fossa, and groove work as important regions for cascaded classification model. ConclusionThe reported work has proved that using basic CNN to construct two-stage hierarchical structure can achieve the best classification performance of posterior tooth type in 3D model without assistance of relative position information. The proposed method has advantages of easy training, great ability to learn discriminative features from small image region.

LOGICS OF FORMAL INCONSISTENCY ENRICHED WITH REPLACEMENT: AN ALGEBRAIC AND MODAL ACCOUNT

AbstractIt is customary to expect from a logical system that it can bealgebraizable, in the sense that an algebraic companion of the deductive machinery can always be found. Since the inception of da Costa’s paraconsistent calculi, algebraic equivalents for such systems have been sought. It is known, however, that these systems are not self-extensional (i.e., they do not satisfy thereplacement property). More than this, they are not algebraizable in the sense of Blok–Pigozzi. The same negative results hold for several systems of the hierarchy of paraconsistent logics known asLogics of Formal Inconsistency(LFIs). Because of this, several systems belonging to this class of logics are only characterizable by semantics of a non-deterministic nature. This paper offers a solution for two open problems in the domain of paraconsistency, in particular connected to algebraization ofLFIs, by extending with rules severalLFIs weaker than$C_1$, thus obtaining the replacement property (that is, suchLFIs turn out to be self-extensional). Moreover, these logics become algebraizable in the standard Lindenbaum–Tarski’s sense by a suitable variety of Boolean algebras extended with additional operations. The weakestLFIsatisfying replacement presented here is calledRmbC, which is obtained from the basicLFIcalledmbC. Some axiomatic extensions ofRmbCare also studied. In addition, a neighborhood semantics is defined for such systems. It is shown thatRmbCcan be defined within the minimal bimodal non-normal logic$\mathbf {E} {\oplus } \mathbf {E}$defined by the fusion of the non-normal modal logicEwith itself. Finally, the framework is extended to first-order languages.RQmbC, the quantified extension ofRmbC, is shown to be sound and complete w.r.t. the proposed algebraic semantics.

Presenting an environmental performance evaluation model for gas refineries: A case study in the South Pars Gas Complex, Iran

Background: Controlling and validating the environmental performance of organizations, is a major problem that has been stated in the international standard ISO 14031. The aim of this study was to present a model for evaluating the environmental performance of Iran’s gas refineries using the environmental performance evaluation (EPE) method, based on the operational performance index (OPI) and management performance index (MPI). This case study was conducted in the ninth refinery of the South Pars Gas Complex (SPGC), Bushehr province, Iran, during 2019-2020. Methods: The research method comprises two stages. The first stage was distinguishing the standards and markers of the MPI and OPI using the Fluffy Delphi strategy and the second one was focusing on and relegating loads to the measures and pointers using the logical analytical hierarchy process (AHP) prior to confirming the outcomes by applying the TOPSIS. Results: The total normal scores of the total OPIt and OPTt were obtained to be 2.3409 and 2.2647, respectively. Considering these coefficients, the organization is balanced in terms of the environmental performance. The implementation steps of the TOPSIS method in the ninth refinery (A1 ) with the first (A2 ), second (A3 ), and third (A4 ) refineries, which had the same extraction indices of OPIt and MPIt, were ranked as A1 > A3 > A4 > A2 , respectively. Conclusion: Petrochemical industries have the potential to cause adverse effects on the environment due to the nature of activities and effluents production, emissions, and hazardous wastes. However, they can increase their weight to be more competitive and reach the ranks of mature organizations by planning on important indices.

Student Perceptions on the Effectiveness of Collaborative Problem-based Learning Using Online Pair Programming Tools

his paper describes a qualitative study of how undergraduate students majoring in Information Technology perceive the effectiveness and evaluate the learning experience of pair-programming. The phenomenographic research approach was used to analyze student interviews and revealed 4 categories of descriptions: Effective Problem Solving, Participation, Enjoyment and Coding. Pair-programming as a teaching methodology was commonly perceived as a positive experience. The resulting outcome space maps a logical hierarchy of students’ conceptions of reality (categories of description). Findings of this research identify the factors that affect student engagement in a problem-solving process and can be used as a guiding principle on how to improve students’ learning experience of computer programming.

Research on Influencing Factors of Cross Border E-Commerce Supply Chain Resilience Based on Integrated Fuzzy DEMATEL-ISM

Supply chain resilience is the key for cross-border e-commerce enterprises to continuously obtain competitive advantages. This paper studies the influencing factors of cross-border e-commerce supply chain resilience (CBSCR), so as to further enhance the competitiveness of global supply chain and ensure the safe operation of cross-border e-commerce supply chain. Based on the ternary theory of supply chain resilience, this paper firstly constructs the CBSCR influencing factor system, and then analyzes the comprehensive influence degree, causal relationship and logical hierarchy among the influencing factors by using the fuzzy DEMATEL-ISM method. The results show that: recovery speed of supply chain disruption, response time of supply chain disruption, coordination ability among cross border e-commerce partners, experience sharing among cross-border e-commerce partners, joint planning among cross-border e-commerce partners, establish a good enterprise reputation for fairness, risk management team among partners, and develop a collaborative culture among partners are the key influencing factors of CBSCR. On this basis, it is proposed that the adaptability of supply chain is a top priority, which can be started from strengthening risk management culture, cooperation among partners and construction of supply chain agility.

Can FMA (Noise) 1989 Prevent Occupational NoiseInduced Hearing Loss? An Evaluation using Fault Tree Analysis

Introduction: Factory and Machinery Act (Noise Exposure) Regulation 1989 (FMA [Noise] 1989) has been implemented in Malaysia for nearly 30 years, but noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) cases is still rising. Fault tree analysis is a top-down approach to analyzing incidences of 'failures', starting with establishing the single top event that will eventually cause NIHL, followed by identification of the contributing factors to the top event which are the immediate or basic events. Through its visual, structural and deductive approach; FTA is able to depict the temporal sequence of events and their interactions in a formal and logical hierarchy. Materials and Methods: Employees with permanent standard threshold shifts (PSTS) underwent further assessment confirming the presence of NIHL. A single common fault tree was constructed based on six cases of PSTS. The top event is the PSTS. Intermediate and basic events were identified and mapped with relevance to the provisions in the FMA (noise) 1989 indicating how failed control measures have resulted in the PSTS cases. Results: The constructed fault tree with its branches illustrated how breach or noncompliance of FMA (Noise) 1989 resulted in the eventual top event (NIHL). Conclusion: FTA provides a standardized perspective of errors within the system in preventing NIHL.

Why did Frege reject the theory of types?

ABSTRACT I investigate why Frege rejected the theory of types, as Russell presented it to him in their correspondence. Frege claims that it commits one to violations of the law of excluded middle, but this complaint seems to rest on a dogmatic refusal to take Russell’s proposal seriously on its own terms. What is at stake is not so much the truth of a law of logic, but the structure of the hierarchy of the logical categories, something Frege seems to neglect. To come to a better understanding of Frege’s response, I investigate his conception of the nature of the logical categories, and how it differs from Russell’s. I argue that, for Frege, our grasp of the logical categories cannot be severed from our grasp of the Begriffsschrift notation itself. Russell, on the other hand, attaches no such importance to notation. From Frege’s point of view, Russell has not succeeded in presenting an alternative conception of the logical hierarchy, since such a conception must go together with the development of a notation. Moreover, Frege has good reasons to think that Russell’s proposal does not admit of a suitable notation.

The Logical Hierarchy of Software Protection Requirements in IR46

The updated version of OIML recommendation “Active Electrical Energy Meters” (IR46) requires protection of metrological properties, it provides a new idea for the development of new type watt-hour meter. These requirements are mainly focused on software protection, because for modern static electricity meters, software is the key part for processing and storing legal metrological data. According to the logical relationship between these requirements, this paper analyzes them to form a logical level. The validation methods are analyzed at the same time, which shows the feasibility and the necessity of new generation smart meter.

Psychometric measurement properties of the world health organization disability assessment schedule 2.0 (WHODAS) evaluated among veterans with mild traumatic brain injury and behavioral health conditions

Purpose Examine the psychometric properties of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 among U.S. Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans with a combination of mild traumatic brain injury and behavioral health conditions using Rasch analysis. Methods 307 Veterans were classified as either combat control (n = 141), or one of three clinical groups: mild traumatic brain injury (n = 10), behavioral health conditions (n = 24), or both (n = 128). Data from the three clinical groups were used to establish step and item calibrations serving as anchors when including the control group. Results Measurement precision was excellent (person separation reliability = 0.93). Ordering of item calibrations formed a logical hierarchy. Test items were off-target (too easy) for the clinical groups. Principal component analysis indicated unidimensionality although 4/36 items misfit the measurement model. No meaningful differential item functioning was detected. There was a moderate effect size (Hedge’s g = 1.64) between the control and clinical groups. Conclusions The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule was suitable for our study sample, distinguishing 4 levels of functional ability. Although items may be easy for some Veterans with mild traumatic brain injury and/or behavioral health conditions, the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule can be used to capture disability information for those with moderate to severe disability. Implications for rehabilitation Persistent functional disability is seen in military and civilian populations with mild traumatic brain injury which often co-occurs with behavioral health conditions. A comprehensive measure of disability is needed to distinguish between levels of disability to inform clinical decisions for individual patients and to detect treatment effects between groups in research. Results of this analysis indicate the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule items are sufficiently unidimensional to evaluate level of disability in the moderate and severe range among persons with mild traumatic brain injury with and without behavioral health conditions. Further examination of the psychometric properties of the World Health Organization. Disability Assessment Schedule is necessary before measurement of disability is recommended for those with less than moderate levels of disability.

Modal logic with non-deterministic semantics: Part I—Propositional case

AbstractDugundji proved in 1940 that most parts of standard modal systems cannot be characterized by a single finite deterministic matrix. In the eighties, Ivlev proposed a semantics of four-valued non-deterministic matrices (which he called quasi-matrices), in order to characterize a hierarchy of weak modal logics without the necessitation rule. In a previous paper, we extended some systems of Ivlev’s hierarchy, also proposing weaker six-valued systems in which the (T) axiom was replaced by the deontic (D) axiom. In this paper, we propose even weaker systems, by eliminating both axioms, which are characterized by eight-valued non-deterministic matrices. In addition, we prove completeness for those new systems. It is natural to ask if a characterization by finite ordinary (deterministic) logical matrices would be possible for all those Ivlev-like systems. We will show that finite deterministic matrices do not characterize any of them.

Classical Logic and the Strict Tolerant Hierarchy

In their recent article “A Hierarchy of Classical and Paraconsistent Logics”, Eduardo Barrio, Federico Pailos and Damien Szmuc (BPS hereafter) present novel and striking results about meta-inferential validity in various three valued logics. In the process, they have thrown open the door to a hitherto unrecognized domain of non-classical logics with surprising intrinsic properties, as well as subtle and interesting relations to various familiar logics, including classical logic. One such result is that, for each natural number n, there is a logic which agrees with classical logic on tautologies, inferences, meta-inferences, meta-meta-inferences, meta-meta-...(n - 3 times)-meta-inferences, but that disagrees with classical logic on n + 1-meta-inferences. They suggest that this shows that classical logic can only be characterized by defining its valid inferences at all orders. In this article, I invoke some simple symmetric generalizations of BPS’s results to show that the problem is worse than they suggest, since in fact there are logics that agree with classical logic on inferential validity to all orders but still intuitively differ from it. I then discuss the relevance of these results for truth theory and the classification problem.

Analysing public sector institutional capacity for health workforce governance in the South-East Asia region of WHO

BackgroundIn order to analyse the institutional capacity for health workforce policy development and implementation in countries in the South-East Asia region, the WHO facilitated a cross-sectional analysis of functions performed, structure, personnel, management and information systems of human resources for health (HRH) units in Ministries of Health.Case presentationA self-assessment survey on the characteristics and roles of HRH units was administered to relevant Government officials; the responses were validated through face-to-face workshops and by the WHO staff. Findings were tabulated to produce frequency distributions of the variables examined, and qualitative elements categorized according to a framework for capacity building in the health sector.Ten countries out of the 11 in the region responded to the survey. Seven out of 10 reported having an HRH unit, though their scope, roles, capacity and size displayed considerable variability. Some functions (such as planning and health workforce data management) were reportedly carried out in all countries, while others (inter-sectoral coordination, research, labour relations) were only performed in few.Discussion and conclusionsThe strengthening of the HRH governance capacity in countries should follow a logical hierarchy, identifying first and foremost the essential functions that the public sector is expected to perform to optimize HRH governance. The definition of expected roles and functions will in turn allow identifying the upstream system-wide factors and the downstream capacity requirements for the strengthening of the HRH units. The focus should ultimately be on ensuring that all the key strategic functions are performed to quality standards, irrespective of institutional arrangements.

Construct Validity and Test-Retest Reliability of the Coping Inventory (CI) for Children With Developmental Disabilities.

A reliable, valid, and readily usable method of measuring coping is essential for occupational therapy practitioners and researchers working with children with developmental disabilities. The aim of this study was to examine evidence for the construct validity and internal and test-retest reliability of the Coping Inventory (CI), a 48-item survey designed for use with children. School staff (N = 39) completed CIs for 79 students with developmental disabilities age 5-13 yr (mean = 8.0, standard deviation = 2.0) who were primarily boys (n = 52; 68%) with autism spectrum disorder (n = 40 of 47 diagnoses provided). We used Rasch analysis to examine construct validity, internal reliability, and possible redundancy of items and intraclass correlations, Pearson correlations, Bland-Altman plots, and t tests were used to examine test-retest reliability. Rasch analysis provided evidence of construct validity: All items correlated positively with the overall measure; data from 94% of items conformed with Rasch expectations, and the items form a logical hierarchy. Intraclass correlations revealed an average coefficient of .96, providing evidence of test-retest reliability. The CI demonstrated good evidence for construct validity and internal and test-retest reliability. Redundancy of items suggests that some items could be eliminated after further research.