Hexamethylenetetramine Research Articles

Role of hexamethylenetetramine in ZnO-cellulose nanocomposite enabled UV and humidity sensor

Spherical nanoparticles and short nanorods of ZnO nanocrystals were grown on cellulose fibers by a simple one pot aqueous chemical bath deposition technique using hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) as the surfactant. The role of surfactant on UV and humidity sensing properties of ZnO-cellulose nanocomposite (ZCN) has been investigated. The structure, morphology and composition of the ZCNs were investigated by X-rays diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The morphology, shape and size of the ZCN were analyzed by a transmission electron microscopy. The optical properties were investigated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The band gap values of the composites, obtained from DRS, were in the range of 3.22–3.24 eV. The ZCN synthesized with 0.9 wt% of HMT showed a very high response to ultraviolet (UV) light, characterized by a large increase in the photocurrent under UV illumination. Due to UV illumination, the surface photocurrent recorded from a pellet of the above nanocomposite powder increased from 7.416 × 10−7 A to 3.161 × 10−5 A in 8 s. The ON to OFF ratio of the photocurrent (IUV/IDark) was 42.624, whereas the response and recovery times were 8 s and 10 s, respectively. The humidity sensing properties of the nanocomposite powder were studied in the relative humidity (RH) range 40–90% and a sensitivity of 4.487 MΩ/%RH was recorded for the powder synthesized at optimized condition. The high ON/OFF ratio, short response and recovery time imply the importance of the material as a good UV sensor, whilst the notable sensitivity of the material promises for efficient humidity sensing applications.

Investigation of effect of an amine inhibitor on corrosion of carbon steel by using thin layer activation technique

In the present investigation, thin layer activation technique has been employed to study the effectiveness of an amine derivative compound, namely hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA) for corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in acid solution. The corrosion studies have been performed in 1 mol dm−3 HCl containing different concentrations of inhibitors. Inhibition efficiency of HMTA at different experimental conditions has been estimated. It was observed that at ambient condition, 500 ppm HMTA effectively inhibits acid corrosion of carbon steel with an inhibition efficiency of 89.8%. The inhibition efficiency was found to be altered by increase in the temperature of corrosive solution.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Novel Hierarchical Flower-Like SnO₂ with Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Activity.

The novel hierarchical flower-like SnO₂ (HFL-SnO₂) nanostructures with the diameter of about 500 nm, which are composed of regular-shaped nanosheets, are synthesized with a solvothermal method in the presence of 1 ml of Triethylamine (TEA) and the 0.2 mmol of Hexamethylene tetraamine (HMT) at 160 °C for 6 h. The SnO₂ has a high specific surface area of about 38.5 m²g-1. Based on the nucleation and self-assembly process, possible formation process of the new hierarchical flower-like nanostructures can be presented. The effects of TEA and HMT on the product are also studied. In addition, the product exhibits excellent photocatalttic activity to Methyl orange (MO) aqueous solution and possess good stability and reusability under visible light. This study will provide valuable experimental data for further study of nanomaterials and their photocatalytic properties.

Rosette-like Layered Double Hydroxides: Adsorbent Materials for the Removal of Anionic Pollutants from Water.

Rosette-like layered double hydroxide (roseLDH) crystals with interlayer CO32- anions were synthesized by the reaction of Mg(NO3)2, Al(NO3)3, and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) at 140 °C over 4 days. Crystals as large as 20 μm were produced when using a specific range of HMT concentrations. The substitution of CO32- interlayer ions with ClO4- or Cl- anions was achieved by the addition of perchloric acid or hydrochloric acid, respectively, to dispersion of material in methanol. The products were denoted as CO32-roseLDH, ClO4-roseLDH, and Cl-roseLDH, respectively. These LDHs were characterized using X-ray diffraction under controlled relative humidity, as well as by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Adsorption experiment with anions such as phosphate (HPO42-) and nitrate (NO3-) was conducted by using ClO4-roseLDH and Cl-roseLDH. The results indicate that both anions were adsorbed through an ion-exchange mechanism. The maximum HPO42- adsorption capacity at equilibrium on ClO4-roseLDH was 1.6 mmol g-1 (49.6 mg P g-1), which corresponds to approximately 75% of the total positive layer charge. Cl-roseLDH showed a similar adsorption capability. Commercially available platelike LDH particles were essentially impermeable to water flow due to clogging, while the roseLDH crystals showed excellent permeability, an order of magnitude higher than that exhibited by the platelike LDH synthesized using a homogeneous precipitation method with different growth conditions. Anion adsorption during batch and flow-through test with the ClO4-roseLDH (mean particle diameter ∼ 38 μm) in a packed bed showed good uptake of HPO42- and NO3- from aqueous solutions. These results demonstrate the potential of roseLDH materials to serve as a column filler adsorbent of the hazardous anions.

Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of a Hexamethylenetetramine-Doped Cu-BDC Metal-Organic Framework with Enhanced CO2 Adsorption.

Herein we report a facile, efficient, low cost, and easily scalable route for an amine-functionalized MOF (metal organic framework) synthesis. Cu-BDC⊃HMTA (HMTA = hexamethylenetetramine) has high nitrogen content and improved thermal stability when compared with the previously reported and well-studied parent Cu-BDC MOF (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate). Cu-BDC⊃HMTA was obtained via the same synthetic method, but with the addition of HMTA in a single step synthesis. Thermogravimetric studies reveal that Cu-BDC⊃HMTA is more thermally stable than Cu-BDC MOF. Cu-BDC⊃HMTA exhibited a CO2 uptake of 21.2 wt % at 273 K and 1 bar, which compares favorably to other nitrogen-containing MOF materials.

Preparation of transparent amorphous ZnSnO3 cubic nanoparticles and light-induced homostructures: Application in UV sensor and room-temperature gas sensor

ZnSn(OH)6 polycrystalline cubic particles with perovskite structure were synthesized by hydrothermal method with the presence of hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA) as organic functional reagent. Experiments reveal that HMTA can adjust the nucleation rate and growth rate of ZnSn(OH)6 in the synthesizing system. When the content of HMTA is 4.6 wt%, the nucleation rate of ZnSn(OH)6 is more than its growth rate. As a result, the particle size of ZnSn(OH)6 cube obtained at this condition is smallest whereas its average crystalline size is biggest compared with other samples. After dehydration of ZnSn(OH)6 precursor at high temperature, the above particle and crystalline size characteristics make the resulting amorphous ZnSnO3 display an excellent UV sensitivity and gas-sensing property at room temperature comparable to other UV photo- and gas-sensitive materials. Possible reason of its comprehensive properties were discussed. Moreover, if Zn in the ZnSnO3 molecule is partly replaced by Mg with the formation of Zn0.9Mg0.1SnO3, its UV photoelectric properties can be further enhanced. The ratio of Ilight/Idark of the Zn0.9Mg0.1SnO3 sample is >104, and its response and recovery time are about 4 s and 9 s, respectively.

HMT-Controlled Synthesis of Mesoporous NiO Hierarchical Nanostructures and Their Catalytic Role towards the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate

In this work, mesoporous nickel oxide (NiO) hierarchical nanostructures were synthesized by a facile approach by hydrothermal reaction and subsequent calcination. The phase structure, microstructure, element composition, surface area, and pore size distribution of the as-prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique. The precursor of Ni3(NO3)2(OH)4 nanosheet, Ni3(NO3)2(OH)4 microsphere, and Ni(HCO3)2 sub-microsphere was obtained by hydrothermal reaction at 160 °C for 4 h when the ratio of Ni2+/HMT (hexamethylenetetramine) was 2:1, 1:2, and 1:3, respectively. After calcination at 400 °C for 2 h, the precursors were completely transformed to mesoporous NiO hierarchical nanosheet, microsphere, and sub-microsphere. When evaluated as additives of the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP), these NiO nanostructures significantly reduce the decomposition temperature of AP, showing obvious catalytic activity. In particular, NiO sub-microsphere have the best catalytic role, which can reduce the high temperature decomposition (HTD) and low temperature decomposition (LTD) temperature by 75.2 and 19.1 °C, respectively. The synthetic approach can easily control the morphology and pore structure of the NiO nanostructures by adjusting the ratio of Ni2+/HMT in the reactants and subsequent calcination, which avoids using expensive templates or surfactant and could be intended to prepare other transition metal oxide.

Cure characteristics and mechanical properties of biocomposites of natural rubber reinforced with chicken feather fibre: Effect of fibre loading, alkali treatment, bonding and vulcanizing systems

Chicken feather fibre (CF) was used as reinforcing agent in Natural rubber (NR). Raw chicken feather fibre (RCF) and alkali treated (ACF) fibres were used as fillers; dicumyl peroxide and sulphur were used as curing systems in the preparation of NR composites. Composites with a tri component bonding system consisting of hexamethylene tetramine, resorcinol and nano silica were also prepared. The influence of fibre loading, alkali treatment, bonding agent and curing systems on the mechanical properties of composites were analyzed. Mechanical Properties were found to be first increased with the fibre loading and then decreased having a maximum value at 25phr fibre loading. The swelling studies conducted in toluene gives an additional support to the observations. The attachment of CF in the NR matrix was confirmed from FTIR and UV–vis spectroscopic studies through the shift and broadness of the absorption peak as compared with the pure NR. The morphological aspect of the CF/NR composites was evaluated by SEM which showed a good adhesion of fibres with the matrix.

Synthesis of mechanically robust porous carbon monoliths for CO2 adsorption and separation

Abstract Porous carbon materials with developed porosity, high surface area and good thermal- and chemical-resistance are advantageous for gas adsorption and separation. However, most carbon adsorbents are in powder form which exhibit high pressure drop when deployed in practical separation bed. While monolithic carbons have largely addressed the pulverization problem and preserved kinetics and usually suffer from abrasion during multiple adsorption-desorption cycles. Herein, we proposed the designed synthesis of mechanically robust carbon monoliths with hierarchical pores, solid nitrogen-containing framework. The synthesis started with the polymerization of resorcinol and formaldehyde under weakly acidic conditions generated from cyanuric acid, and then an appropriate amount of hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) was added as a crosslinker to prompt the formation of three dimensional frameworks. After carbonization process, the as-obtained porous carbon monoliths have a high radial compressive strength of 886 N/cm as well as a BET specific surface area of up to 683 m2/g. At approximately 1 bar, the CO2 equilibrium capacities of the monoliths are in the range of 3.1–4.0 mmol/g at 273 K and of 2.3–3.0 mmol/g at 298 K, exhibiting high selectivity for the capture of CO2 over N2 from a stream which consists of 16.7% (v%) CO2 in N2. Meanwhile, they undergo a facile CO2 release in an argon stream at 298 K, indicating a good regeneration capacity. After cycle testing, sieving and regeneration, the adsorbent has no mass loss, compared to that of its fresh counterpart.

Curing behavior and microstructure of epoxy-POSS modified novolac phenolic resin with different substitution degree

Easily oxidized group and rigid structure of phenolic resin (PR) network can result in brittleness and low char yield at high temperatures, which limits the widespread applications of PR in harsh environment. Whilst organic-inorganic hybrid material, such as POSS-containing material was introduced to enhance PR, the microstructure and the thermo-mechanical properties of the hybrid material modified PR are not well understood. Therefore, in the work, a novel organic-inorganic hybrid networks (ENH) were prepared with epoxy-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (EPOSS) modified novolac phenolic resin (EN) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) to further clarify the curing behavior and its relation to microstructure and the resulting thermal-mechanical properties. Here, the curing characteristics of ENH were discussed by usinag advanced isoconversional method and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was revealed that a diversity of crosslinking networks was exhibited after curing ENH, including EPOSS-NR crosslinked, tethered structure, and self-polymerized structure of EPOSS as well as NH networks. When the substitution degree of EPOSS is relatively low, EPOSS serves as a junction point to further improve the crosslinking density of ENH networks, leading to better thermo-mechanical properties, thermal stability and tensile property as well as lower dielectric properties. However, as the self-polymerization of EPOSS increased, the NH network was dramatically disrupted and the thermo-mechanical properties, thermal stability and tensile property of ENH were deteriorated.

Solution Combustion Synthesis of Iron Oxyborate (Fe3BO6)

In this study, iron oxyborate (Fe3BO6) was first synthesized through solution combustion method as a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Urea, glycine, citric acid, carbohydrazide, hexamethylene tetramine, and starch were used as fuel sources and the effects of fuels were investigated. The obtained materials were structurally characterized by FT-IR, powder-XRD and solid UV-Vis. The pure crystalline Fe3BO6 was synthesized at low temperature and short reaction time using glycine assisted solution combustion method. It was thermally stable up to 945 °C with non-uniform morphology and a highly porous structure. The magnetic properties were also studied and Fe3BO6 show antiferromagnetic behavior.

Hexamethylenetetramine-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of efficient and stable Ni-MoCeZr-MgAl(O) catalysts for dry reforming of CH4: Effect of Ni content

Ni-MoCeZr-MgAl(O) mixed oxide catalysts were successfully prepared from the Ce, Zr and Mo promoted hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTLcs) precursors using the simple and effective hexamethylenetetramine(HMT)-assisted hydrothermal synthesis method by tuning the molar ratio of n(HMT)/n(NO3−). The influence of Ni content (3, 4.8, 6, 9 and 12%) on the catalytic performance of these catalysts in dry reforming of methane (DRM) was focused. Adjusting the content of Ni was able to change the metal dispersion and metal particle size, and small-sized (around 7 nm) and evenly dispersed Ni particles were obtained at Ni content of 6%. The catalyst with 6% Ni loading stood out for the high activity and stability, the CH4 conversion of which fluctuated around 95% continuously for 610 h under GHSV of 60,000 mL·gcat−1·h−1, and it was still above 92.8% throughout the 36-h-duration DRM experiments under GHSV of 80,000 mL·gcat−1·h−1. This research may provide a simple and effective methodology for the synthesis of stable and efficient DRM catalysts.

Synthesis, structural and optical analysis of surfactant assisted ZnO–NiO nanocomposites prepared by homogeneous precipitation method

Abstract The homogeneous precipitation method was used to synthesis ZnO, NiO nanoparticles and ZnO–NiO nanocomposites with and without surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) to alter the composition of nanocomposites. The grown samples were annealed at 300 °C and 600 °C for 2 h to convert the hydroxides into their oxides. To investigate the effect of different composition on the crystal growth, particle size, morphology, structural and optical properties of nanocomposite, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–vis spectroscopy (UV), Raman spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed. X-ray quantitative phase analysis was used to estimate the volume fractions of ZnO and NiO phases in grown nanocomposites. The percentage of ZnO phase is more than NiO phase in all nanocomposites and strongly depends on composition. The structural parameters like lattice constants (a, c), bond-length (l), unit cell volume (v), density (ρ), d-spacing (d), strain (e) and dislocation density (δ) of ZnO, NiO and ZnO–NiO nanocomposites were calculated. The Scherrer, Williamson-Hall and Size-Strain analysis were used to calculate the crystallite size and lattice strain. The optical parameters such as optical absorption coefficient (α), bandgap (Eg), skin depth (δ), optical density (Dopt), extinction coefficient (k), refractive index (n), optical conductivity (σopt) and dielectric constants (er, ei) were studied from UV–vis spectra. The nanocomposites grown in this study provide an opportunity of band tuning for better functional performance for device fabrication compared to the basic metal oxides. FTIR characteristic peaks and Raman fundamental optical phonon modes confirmed the formation of ZnO, NiO and ZnO–NiO nanocomposites. SEM analysis revealed that ZnO–NiO nanocomposites have different surface morphology by adding different surfactants.

Optical properties of ZnO nanorods derived from chemical bath deposition process with different seeds solution concentration

Owing to their high surface to volume ratio and fast electron transfer, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods have been well-known as potential nanostructured material for various applications including sensors, dye sensitized solar cells, optoelectronic, transparent heater and biomedical devices. Among other synthesizing techniques for obtaining ZnO nanorods, chemical bath deposition (CBD) has been thought as a simple and low-cost method. However, there are several processing parameters that need to be investigated for the above-mentioned applications where the highly optical transparency of thin film ZnO nanorods grown on glass substrates is one of important targets to be achieved. In this work, ZnO nanorods were synthesized through CBD process at low temperature (0°C) by using seed solution prepared by dissolving 1: 1 equimolar zinc nitrate tetrahydrate and hexamethylene tetraamine. For investigation purposes, three different concentration of seed solutions i.e. 0.005, 0.025 and 0.05 M were used. Thin films containing ZnO nanoseeds were formed by spin coating the precursors on the glass substrates, followed with annealing at 2000C for 5 minutes. Finally, the ZnO nanorods were further grown at 90ºC for 3 hours in the beaker glass using the same solution. Xray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that all ZnO nanorods demonstrated a strong (002) peak belong to wurtzite phase. It was found that the estimated crystallite size and band gap energy (Eg) for ZnO nanorods derived from the seed solutions of 0.005, 0.025 and 0.05 M were 21.42, 137.11, 171.39 nm, and 3.60, 3.20, 3.18 eV, respectively. However, the optical transparency was adversely lowered from about 75 to 40 % as a result of increased coverage of ZnO nanorods on the glass substrate. For transparent heater application where, a desired combination of high optical transparency and suitable electronic properties is needed, the current results were considered to be promising.

Synthesis and evaluation of hexamethylenetetramine quaternary ammonium salt as corrosion inhibitor

AbstractA novel corrosion inhibitor, hexamethylenetetramine quaternary ammonium salt, is synthesized using hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) and bromohexane as main reactants. The inhibitive action of HQAS on QT800‐2 steel in hydrochloric acid medium is evaluated by weight‐loss method, electrochemical method, and quantum chemical calculation. The obtained results show that the efficiency of 0.5 wt% HQAS inhibitor in 30 wt.% HCl solution at 363 K is 92.95% and HQAS can form an excellent synergistic effect with some additives. Polarization curves reveal that HQAS behaves as a mixed‐type inhibitor with dominant anodic inhibition. Furthermore, the theoretical calculation verifies the relationship between the HQAS molecular structure and corrosion inhibition properties.

Synthesis of Ni-based catalysts by hexamethylenetetramine-nitrates solution combustion method for co-production of hydrogen and nanofibrous carbon from methane

It was shown that hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) is a new effective fuel for single-step solutions combustion synthesis (SCS) of supported Ni catalysts for methane decomposition into hydrogen and nanofibrous carbon. Several generalized chemical equations reflecting different ideas about combustion of the HMT−Ni(NO3)2−Cu(NO3)2−Al(NO3)3−H2O system have been derived. On the basis of those equations the adiabatic combustion temperature (Tad) and the amount of gaseous products (ng) have been calculated depending on the ignition temperature (T1), water content (m), excess fuel coefficient (φ), and the composition of the obtained solid product. The calculations have shown that Tad, depending on m and φ, changes from hundreds to thousands of degrees Kelvin. Increase of Al2O3 content in the catalyst up to 0.6 increases Tad by hundreds of degrees, and that increase of the Ni:NiO ratio up to 0.5 lowers Tad by tens of degrees. Three samples of the supported unreduced 0.97NiO/0.03Al2O3 catalyst were successfully prepared with the help of the SCS method using HMT as the fuel at φ=0.7. Those samples, obtained at reaction mixture preliminary heating rates V = 1, 10, 15 K/min were characterised using XRD, TEM, and SEM, and further tested in a pure methane decomposition reaction (100 LCH4/h/gcat, 823К, 1 bar). Nanoparticles of metal Ni were found in the SCS products, in contrast to cases when other types of fuel were used with φ<1. The experimental results showed that the higher is V, the higher is the maximum SCS temperature, the larger is the average size of Ni nanoparticles in unreduced catalyst, the higher is the stability of unreduced catalyst (up to 14 h) and the higher is the specific yield of hydrogen (up to 818 mol/molcat) during the deactivation period. The activity value of our unreduced catalyst (0.7 mol/h/gcat) in the methane decomposition reaction is close to maximum activity values of pre-reduced Ni catalysts of different nature reported in published articles.

Effects of methanol on morphology and photoluminescence in solvothermal grown ZnO powders and ZnO on Si

ZnO nano and microstructures were obtained by solvothermal synthesis using hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as alkaline agent, and water, water/methanol and methanol as solvents. Two types of samples were obtained: a ZnO powder that grew at the bulk solution and ZnO on silicon substrates. The effect of the solvent on the morphology and optical emission was studied, as well as the influence of the growth zone. With increasing methanol content, the morphology changed from nanorods to nanoparticles powders, and from oriented arrangement of nanorods to thin film on silicon substrates. Important changes in photoluminescence induced by the methanol content and depending on the growth zone were also observed.

Trapped mixed [(water)4–(ammonium)4]4+ octamer in a 3D-binodal (4,8)-connected decavanadate core with hexamethylenetetramine: Synthesis, structure, photophysical and antimicrobial properties

A novel compound (NH4)4(HMTA—H)2V10O28·4H2O (HMTAV10) based on decavanadate core V10 and cage-like hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), has been synthesized from acidified aqueous solution and characterized by ICP and elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, IR, UV–Vis and fluorescence measurements. X-ray structure and Hirshfeld analyses indicated that HMTAV10 has a typical 3D-porous binodal (4,8)-connected topology of decavanadate core templated with HMTA—H+ cations in which are encapsulated tetra-cationic mixed [(water)4–(ammonium)4]4+ octamers in the created shell voids by multiple hydrogen bonds (NH…O, NH…N, OH…O). Spectroscopic, electronic and fluorescent properties of HMTAV10 were also investigated in detail. Moreover, HMTAV10 complex was evaluated for its antimicrobial behavior in both bacterial and fungal pathogens of clinical importance.

Preparation and characterization of ultralight glass fiber wool/phenolic resin aerogels with a spring-like structure

Spring-like ultralight glass fiber wool enhanced phenolic resin aerogels was produced by a simple sol-gel polymerization in a slurry containing ultralight glass fiber wool (UGFW), phenolic resin (PR), hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as well as ethylene glycol (EG). UGFW was hierarchically structured and covered with a filmy layer of PR binder between the contact points of fibers to fabricate a stabile three-dimensional (3D) enhancement skeleton before PR aerogel attached. PR aerogels was distributed evenly and randomly on the UGFW skeleton. Compared with other fiber reinforced aerogels (FRAs), ultralight glass fiber wool enhanced phenolic resin aerogels (UGFW/PRAs) exhibited excellent resiliency, low density and structurally adaptive performances. The elastic modulus for the aerogels were ranged from 0.81 to 3.92 kPa at the densities from 7.17 to 37.1 mg/cm3, respectively. The degrees of uniformity (DU) of both samples were under 15.19%. Furthermore, the sound transmission loss (STL) of UGFW/PRAs was significantly increased by 13.16 dB at 4 kHz, 3 times of the calculated value in accordance with mass law. The thermal conductivity (λ) for the composites was ranged from 0.031 to 0.0366 W m−1 K−1 with the density decreased from 36.1 to 13.95 mg/cm3. Moreover, the basic mechanisms of the resilient and the reinforced principles of UGFW/PRAs were analyzed. Accordingly, the synthesis of ultra-lightweight flexible fiber reinforced organic aerogels is expected to involve various fabrics with stable structure, which provides a rich way to develop various new fiber reinforced functional composites.

Synthesis of flower-like micro/nano ZnO superhydrophobic surfaces: Additive effect optimization via designed experiments

Micro/nano hierarchical ZnO superhydrophobic surfaces were fabricated on iron plates via chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The fabricated surfaces were modified with stearic acid (STA). Taguchi L27 experimental design was used to study and optimize the effective factors such as type of the zinc salt, type of the basic agent, deposition time, chemical modification time, type of the additive such as hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) and Triton X100, concentration of additive, reaction temperature, volume ratio of ethanol to water in the reaction medium and the zinc salt/alkaline agent molar ratio. Morphology features, phase analysis and chemical composition were evaluated by means of SEM, XRD and FTIR. Results showed that the chemical modification time and type of the zinc salt were the most effective factors to achieve superhydrophobic property. CTAB, HMTA and Triton X100 respectively created nano-petals, nano-rods and flower-like structures. The stabilities of the resulted surfaces in acidic, alkaline and saline solutions were studied. The ZnO surfaces exhibited excellent chemical stability in the alkaline environment. A superhydrophobic ZnO thin film with WCA of 165.1° ± 0.5° and contact angle hysteresis of about 1.4° was obtained under optimum condition. The thickness of nano plates obtained was ∼50 nm.