Herbicides Bentazon Research Articles

Impact of Bentazon Herbicide Spray Rate and Row Spacing on the Growth of Faba Bean Crop and Associated Weeds

Abstract The growth parameters of faba bean and companion weeds were studied during an applied field experiment conducted at the University of Al-Anbar - College of Agriculture at Al-Hamidiah Research Station in the winter grown season of 2020–2021 using four weed control treatments (the weed-free treatment, a weedy check treatment, and two rates of Bentazon spray dose (which were 1 and 2 liters per hectare). Another studied factor was three-row spacing between plants along the grown line (40, 50, and 60 centimeters). The experiment employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and was configured as a Split Plot Design with three replications—row spacing in the sub-plots and weed control treatments in the main plots. The results demonstrated that the weed control treatments substantially affected the weed density and growth features of the bean crop. A two-liter ha−1 application of Bentazon was significantly more effective than the weedy treatment for reducing the density of weeds down to 19.86 plants m-2, which was reflected positively across all growth metrics. Compared to the distance of 60 cm, which gave the highest average leaf area of 3882 cm2 plant−1, dry weight of the roots, and number of branches per plant, the distance of 40 cm was significantly superior in reducing the weed density to 42.57 plants m−2 and increasing the plant height and leaf area index (3.22). (5.90 branch plant−1). There was no statistically significant impact on all of the qualities we looked at from the interaction between the two study components.

Effects of the herbicide bentazone on the structure of plankton and benthic communities representative of Mediterranean coastal wetlands: a mesocosm experiment

Effects of the herbicide bentazone on the structure of plankton and benthic communities representative of Mediterranean coastal wetlands: a mesocosm experiment

Study of Photodegradation of Bentazon Herbicide by Using ZnO-Sm2O3 Nanocomposite Under UV Light.

The removal of organic pollutants from water is significantly important as they have harmful effects on the ecosystem. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a potential technique for the removal of organic pollutants from the wastewater. In this article, zinc oxide (ZnO) and samarium oxide (Sm2O3) nanoparticles and ZnO-Sm2O3 nanocomposite (ZS) were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. We report the bandgap engineering of zinc oxide (ZnO) by making a composite with samarium oxide (Sm2O3) to enhance the photocatalytic activity. The smaller optical energy bandgap of the ZS nanocomposite as compared to the individual oxide nanoparticles shows that it has a light absorption range from UV to natural light. The photodegradation of bentazon herbicide as a model pollutant has been investigated by using the prepared samples. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared sample against bentazon herbicide was carried out under UV light for 140 min. The degradation efficiency against bentazon of the prepared samples was ZS > ZnO > Sm2O3, respectively. The ZnO-Sm2O3 nanocomposite showed a higher photocatalytic performance against bentazon and achieved a 90% degradation efficiency under a UV light source in 140 min. The pseudo-first-order degradation kinetic was studied under different operational conditions, such as catalyst loading, initial pH and bentazon concentration, showing that the degradation rate of bentazon was strongly influenced by these operational parameters. The obtained optimization conditions for practical application were a catalyst loading of 20 mg, pH of solution equal to 7 and bentazon concentration of 5 ppm for ZS nanocomposite in 60 mL of contaminated water. Furthermore, based on the scavenger study, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals play major role in the degradation experiment. The obtained results show that ZS nanocomposite can be a good potential candidate for wastewater treatment.

Droplet deposition characteristics and weed control effects of spraying herbicide Bentazone on oat fields by plant protection drones

Droplet deposition characteristics and weed control effects of spraying herbicide Bentazone on oat fields by plant protection drones

Evaluation of Bentazone as Post-emergence Against Weed Flora of Direct Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

In direct-seeded rice (DSR) production systems, both rice seedlings and weeds emerge at the same time, as there is no flood water to prevent weed germination, growth, and development when the rice crops begin to sprout. Consequently, weeds are the primary obstacle to successful DSR, often leading to a significant reduction in yield. This research aimed to develop a strategy for effective weed management in DSR, focusing on enhancing growth and production through the use of herbicides. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at the Breeder Seed Production Unit, Adhartal, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.) during the Kharif season of 2016 to evaluate the effectiveness of various doses of Bentazone herbicide in direct-seeded rice. The experimental soil was clayey with a neutral pH of 7.2, medium organic carbon content (0.62%), available nitrogen (365 kg/ha), available phosphorus (16.34 kg P2O5/ha), and high available potassium (327.16 kg K2O/ha). Weed control treatments included Bentazone at 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1600, 1800, and 2000 g/ha; 2,4-D at 380 g/ha; two hand weedings at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS); and an unweeded control. These treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The primary weeds in the experimental field were monocots (Echinochloa colona, Dinebra retroflexa), sedges (Cyperus iria), and broad-leaved weeds (Mollugo pentaphylla, Alternanthera philoxeroides). The post-emergence application of Bentazone at 1600 g/ha was found to be the most economically effective for controlling dicot weeds in direct-seeded rice, resulting in the lowest weed index. This treatment also improved growth parameters (such as plant height, number of tillers per square meter, and plant dry weight), yield attributes (such as grains per panicle), and grain yield compared to other weed control treatments. Therefore, Bentazone at 1600 g/ha is recommended to farmers for achieving higher economic returns and effective weed control in direct-seeded rice.

Effect of Quizalofop-p-ethyl + Bentazone and Pendimethalin Herbicides on Weeds, Yield Components, and Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) in Guragie Zone, South Central Ethiopia

Weeds significantly hinder mung bean production in Ethiopia. A field experiment conducted during the 2022 cropping season in Guragie Zone investigated the impact of pre- and post-emergence herbicides on weed control and mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.)) yield. The experiment utilized a randomized complete block design with three replicates and four treatments. The study revealed that the interaction between location and weed control methods significantly influenced weed density, dry weight, and control efficiency. Additionally, location and weed control methods significantly affected various mung bean growth parameters, including days to flowering and maturity, plant height, pod and seed numbers per plant, and grain yield. Meskan Wordea produced significantly higher pods per plant (14.4) and seeds per pod (9.73). Meanwhile, the weed-free check yielded the maximum number of pods per plant (20.38) and seeds per pod (11.68). Conversely, the weedy check exhibited the lowest values (7.17 pods and 6.43 seeds per pod). The weed-free check also achieved the highest grain yield (1412.9 kg ha−1), aboveground dry biomass (3309.2 kg ha−1), and harvest index (42.94%). Conversely, the weedy check yielded the lowest values. Financial analysis revealed that the combined application of Quizalofop-p-ethyl + Bentazone herbicide in Ezeha location resulted in the highest net profit (33602.3 ETB ha−1). Therefore, for optimal mung bean growth and yield in the study area, we recommend planting the Rasa variety with Quizalofop-p-ethyl + Bentazone herbicide in Ezeha location.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants-Nile Blue, Methylene Blue, and Bentazon Herbicide-Using NiO-ZnO Nanocomposite.

Water pollution poses a significant threat to both human health and ecosystem integrity. Chemical pollutants such as dyes and pesticides affect the water quality and endanger aquatic life. Among the methods for water purification from organic pollutants, photodegradation is certainly a valid technique to decrease such contaminants. In this work, pristine NiO, ZnO, and NiO-ZnO photocatalysts were synthesized by the homogeneous co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction confirms the formation of a photocatalyst consisting of ZnO (Hexagonal) and NiO (Cubic) structures. The crystalline size was calculated by the Scherrer formula, which is 19 nm for the NiO-ZnO photocatalyst. The band gap measurements of the prepared samples were obtained using the Tauc Plot, equation which is 2.93 eV, 3.35 eV and 2.63 eV for NiO, ZnO, and NiO-ZnO photocatalysts, respectively. The photocatalytic performance of NiO-ZnO nanocomposite was evaluated through the degradation of Methylene Blue and Nile Blue dyes under sunlight, and Bentazon herbicide under a UV light. Photocatalyst degradation efficiency was 95% and 97% for Methylene Blue and Nile Blue in 220 min under sunlight while a degradation of 70% for Bentazon after 100 min under UV light source was found.

In Vivo Genotoxicity Testing of Bentazone Herbicide in Danio rerio Erythrocytes Using the Micronucleus and Nuclear Abnormality Assays

In Vivo Genotoxicity Testing of Bentazone Herbicide in Danio rerio Erythrocytes Using the Micronucleus and Nuclear Abnormality Assays

Pengaruh herbisida bentazon 400 g/l + mcpa 60 g/l terhadap gulma, pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman padi (Oryza sativa L.)

Weeds are one of the obstacles in rice cultivation because they can reduce rice yields both in quality and quantity. Weeds compete in terms of necessities of life such as water, nutrients and sunlight. This study aims to determine the effect of betazon 400 g/l + MCPA 60 g/l in controlling weeds and the growth of paddy rice. The research was conducted in Palasah Village, Kertajati District, Majalengka Regency, West Java. The experiment used a one-factor Randomized Block Design (RBD) with seven treatments and four replications. The experiment consisted of five treatments of bentazone 400 g/l + MCPA 60 g/l at a dose of 1.5 L/ha, 2.0 L/ha, 2.5 L/ha, 3.0 L/ha, 3.5 L/ha, the comparison is in the form of manual control and without weed control. The data obtained if there is a significant difference will be further tested using the testDuncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the level of 5%. The results showed that the application of the herbicide Bentazone 400 g/l + MCPA 60 g/l at a dose of 1.5 L/ha was able to suppress the growth of broadleaf weeds (Lindernia crustarcea, Spenoclia zeylanica and Marsilea crenata), sedge weeds (Cypress iria and Fimbristylis miliacea) and does not cause symptoms of toxicity (phytotoxicity) to rice plants which so that they do not interfere with their growth.

Effective Adsorption–Desorption Kinetic Study and Statistical Modeling of Bentazon Herbicide Mediated by a Biodegradable β-Cyclodextrin Cross-Linked Poly(vinyl alcohol)–Chitosan Hydrogel

Effective Adsorption–Desorption Kinetic Study and Statistical Modeling of Bentazon Herbicide Mediated by a Biodegradable β-Cyclodextrin Cross-Linked Poly(vinyl alcohol)–Chitosan Hydrogel

Bentonite nanoparticles-incorporated ZnO nanofiber mats assembly by electro-centrifuge spinning for efficient photo-degradation of bentazon herbicide: Tuning composition and process optimization

Bentonite nanoparticles-incorporated ZnO nanofiber mats assembly by electro-centrifuge spinning for efficient photo-degradation of bentazon herbicide: Tuning composition and process optimization

Performance of Drift-Reducing Nozzles in Controlling Small Weed Seedlings with Contact Herbicides

In many EU countries, spray applications should comply with increasingly stringent requirements regarding the drift reduction class of spray nozzles. Many farmers fear that the use of drift-reducing nozzles producing coarse droplet spectra may compromise the performance of contact herbicides on small weed targets. This study examined the effects of various ISO 03 drift-reducing flat-fan nozzles (pre-orifice and single and dual flat-fan air induction nozzles) differing in spray drift reduction class and spray pressure (2.5 bar, 5.0 bar) on (1) spray coverage, (2) droplet characteristics and (3) efficiency of contact herbicides bentazon and phenmedipham against cotyledon and 2-leaf stage plants of Chenopodium album and Solanum nigrum. Performance was compared to that of an ISO 03 standard flat-fan nozzle producing a finer droplet size spectrum. All sprayings were performed at a spray volume of 200 L ha−1. In most dose–response experiments, several drift-reducing flat-fan nozzles performed equally well as standard flat-fan nozzles, regardless of herbicide, spray pressure, growth stage or weed species. However, droplet size spectra of air-induction nozzles were too coarse for an adequate spray coverage and efficient application of contact herbicides on cotyledon stage plants of S. nigrum. In addition, the performance of air-induction nozzles in controlling difficult-to-wet C. album weeds with phenmedipham was better at 5.0 bar than at 2.5 bar. In contrast with droplet size characteristics, spray coverage characteristics determined on water sensitive papers were not good proxies for estimating the biological efficiency of contact herbicides. Air induction nozzles at 5.0 bar allow efficient control of 2-leaf targets, but nozzles emitting finer droplet spectra, such as pre-orifice nozzles, should be preferred for controlling cotyledon stage weeds at low-herbicide doses.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction and Determination of Toxic Herbicide Bentazon in Water Samples Using Liquid Chromatography and Assessment of Mean Square Error Using Artficial Neural Network Model

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction and Determination of Toxic Herbicide Bentazon in Water Samples Using Liquid Chromatography and Assessment of Mean Square Error Using Artficial Neural Network Model

Photocatalytic Degradation of Bentazon Pesticide by a Fe2O3-TiO2 Composite Catalyst Irradiated by UVA, UVB, and Natural Light

Environmental pollution by contaminants of emerging concern, among these various pesticides, has been a concern of environmentalists and scientists around the world. Thus, efforts to mitigate the impacts of these substances have been carried out, and the use of advanced oxidation processes, such as photocatalysis, is an alternative. This work sought to synthesize a composite photocatalyst based on iron oxides and titanium dioxide to assess its applicability in degrading the herbicide bentazon (BTZ) by a lamp that simulates the solar spectrum (visible, ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B) and sunlight. Photocatalytic degradation reached 51% in 120 min with a rate constant k = 0.0058 min−1 when a UV-Vis lamp of 300 W was used. The applicability was demonstrated under sunlight radiation, reaching 38% degradation of a bentazon solution (4.1 × 10−4 mol L−1) after 320 min. TiO2 and Fe2O3 were synthesized similarly but showed no degradation under the same conditions. Thus, Fe2O3-TiO2 is an inexpensive and non-toxic material capable of efficiently conducting the photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds, such as the bentazon herbicide.

Retraction Note: Synthesis of hierarchically porous 3D polymeric carbon superstructures with nitrogen-doping by self-transformation: a robust electrocatalyst for the detection of herbicide bentazone.

Retraction Note: Synthesis of hierarchically porous 3D polymeric carbon superstructures with nitrogen-doping by self-transformation: a robust electrocatalyst for the detection of herbicide bentazone.

Short-Term Test for Toxicogenomic Analysis of Ecotoxic Modes of Action in Lemna minor

In the environmental risk assessment of substances, toxicity to aquatic plants is evaluated using, among other methods, the 7 dayLemna sp. growth inhibition test following the OECD TG 221. So far, the test is not applicable for short-term screening of toxicity, nor does it allow evaluation of toxic modes of action (MoA). The latter is also complicated by the lack of knowledge of gene functions in the test species. Using ecotoxicogenomics, we developed a time-shortened 3 day assay inLemna minor which allows discrimination of ecotoxic MoA. By examining the changes in gene expression induced by low effect concentrations of the pharmaceutical atorvastatin and the herbicide bentazon at the transcriptome and proteome levels, we were able to identify candidate biomarkers for the respective MoA. We developed a homology-based functional annotation pipeline for the reference genome ofL. minor, which allowed overrepresentation analysis of the gene ontologies affected by both test compounds. Genes affected by atorvastatin mainly influenced lipid synthesis and metabolism, whereas the bentazon-responsive genes were mainly involved in light response. Our approach is therefore less time-consuming but sensitive and allows assessment of MoA in L. minor. Using this shortened assay, investigation of expression changes of the identified candidate biomarkers may allow the development of MoA-specific screening approaches in the future.

Comparative analysis of resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in smallflower umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformis) populations from direct-seeded and puddled-transplanted rice systems

AbstractThe transition from puddled-transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) (PTR) to direct-seeded rice (DSR) is gaining popularity in central China. In contrast, the PTR system is the most common practice in southwest China. Weeds are a major problem in the paddy fields of the DSR systems, and herbicides are widely used for weed control. However, the increased frequency and rate of herbicide use leads to the rapid evolution of resistance. Smallflower umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformis L.) is a troublesome weed species in rice fields of China and is usually controlled by the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide bensulfuron-methyl. Here, we collected 32 C. difformis populations from DSR systems (Hunan Province) and PTR systems (Guangxi Province) and investigated their resistance to bensulfuron-methyl. Results revealed 80% (8 out of 10) populations from Hunan Province and 14% (3 out of 22) populations from Guangxi Province had evolved resistance to bensulfuron-methyl. Five populations from Hunan Province (HN-2, HN-3, HN-5, HN-9, HN-10) possessing the Trp-574-Leu mutation had high-level resistance (ranging from 169- to >1,309-fold) based on GR50 ratios. The resistant populations from Guangxi Province had a lower level of resistance to bensulfuron-methyl due to a Pro-197-Ser mutation. The Asp-376-Glu mutation was only identified in the HN-4 population. In addition, the GX-3 population from the PTR systems was resistant to bensulfuron-methyl without ALS gene mutations, indicating non–target site resistance (NTSR). Although some resistant populations of both regions exhibited cross-resistance to multiple ALS-inhibiting herbicides, including pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, bispyribac-sodium, penoxsulam, and imazapic, sensitivity was also detected to the auxin herbicide MCPA and the photosystem II–inhibiting herbicides bentazone and propanil. These results indicate that cultivation practices affect resistance evolution in C. difformis. DSR systems exert high selection pressure by selecting the Trp-574-Leu mutation, resulting in high-level resistance. In contrast, a mutation at Pro-197 plus NTSR likely plays a significant role in ALS resistance in the PTR systems.

Construction of a Novel Female Sterility System for Hybrid Rice.

The main constraints of current hybrid rice technology using male sterility (MS) are the low yield and high labor costs of hybrid rice seed (HRS) production. Therefore, there is an urgent need for innovative new hybrid rice technology. Fortunately, we discovered a unique spontaneous sporophytic female-sterile rice mutant controlled by a single recessive locus in the nucleus. Because female-sterile mutant lines cannot produce any selfed-seeds but their pollen has totally normal functions, female sterility (FS) lines may be considered ideal pollen donors to replace the female-fertile pollen donor parent lines currently used in the HRS production. In this study, a genetically engineered FS-based system was constructed to propagate a pure transgene-free FS line using a bentazon herbicide screening. Additionally, the ability of the FS + MS (FM)-line system, with mixed plantings of FS and MS lines, to produce HRS was tested. The pilot field experiment results showed that HRS of the FM-line system was more efficient compared with the conventional FS to MS strip planting control mode. Thus, this study provides new insights into genetic engineering technology and a promising strategy for the utilization of FS in hybrid rice.

Selectivity of herbicides applied to Brazilian tree species at post-emergence

The presence of weeds in silvicultural systems has been considered one of the main obstacles to the success of projects designed to recover degraded areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied at post-emergence in the initial growth of seedlings of capixingui (Croton floribundus), açoita-cavalo (Luehea divaricata), and guaritá (Astronium graveolens), in the municipalities of Jaboticabal and Junqueirópolis, state of São Paulo. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications, and the treatments consisted of herbicides (g a.i.·ha–1) clethodim + phenoxaprop-p-ethyl (50 + 50), sethoxydim (184), quizalofop-p-ethyl (75), nicosulfuron (50), fluazifop-p-butyl (125), fomesafen (225), haloxyfop-methyl (48), bentazon (720), chlorimuron-ethyl (15), in addition to control without herbicide. The characteristics analyzed were: plant height increase and visual phytointoxication at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after herbicide application. At the end of the experiment, the shoots of the plants were removed to assess shoot dry matter. The herbicides clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, fluazifop-p-butyl, and quizalofop-p-ethyl showed selective potential for the species capixingui, açoita-cavalo, and guaritá. The herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl caused mild intoxication symptoms when applied to seedlings of capixingui and açoita-cavalo; also, it was not selective for the guaritá species grown in Jaboticabal. All species showed selectivity to the herbicides sethoxydim, fomesafen, haloxyfop-methyl, and nicosulfuron, as their growth and initial development were not influenced. The herbicide bentazon caused high percentages of injury to açoita-cavalo plants in both cultivation places, but it did not influence the growth and development of the species.

Tuning the Solubility of the Herbicide Bentazon: from Salt to Neutral and to Inclusion Complexes

We report on the mechanochemical synthesis of inclusion complexes obtained by reacting the neutral crystalline herbicide bentazon (HBtz) with native cyclodextrins (CDs). The reaction of HBtz with γ-CD resulted in the formation of the inclusion complexes [β-CD·HBtz]·6H2O and [γ-CD·HBtz]·8H2O, which were characterized via a combination of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and calorimetric measurements. No complexation, on the contrary, was achieved upon the reaction of HBtz with α-CD. The salt NaBtz·1.75H2O, widely used as a water-soluble salt of bentazon for the manufacturing of agrochemicals, was also synthesized and structurally characterized, and its solubility and dissolution properties were compared to those of neutral HBtz and of the β-CD and γ-CD inclusion complexes. It was found that the behavior of [β-CD·HBtz]·6H2O and [γ-CD·HBtz]·8H2O in water is similar, with dissolution rates of 28.4 ng·L–1·min–1 and 39.8 ng·L–1·min–1, respectively, and is intermediate between those of NaBtz·1.75H2O (228 ng·L–1·min–1) and neutral bentazon (3.5 ng·L–1·min–1). These results were also compared with those of the dehydrated inclusion complexes, which displayed intermediate dissolution rates between hydrous complexes and NaBtz·1.75H2O. All findings indicate that the inclusion of HBtz in β-CD and γ-CD might represent a viable alternative for the preparation of environmentally friendly agrochemicals with controlled bentazon release to be used in the formulation of herbicides.