Hemoglobin Estimation Research Articles

Liver injuries in blunt abdominal trauma

Background and Aim: Liver trauma can occur as a result of fall from height, vehicular accidents,bull gore injury, assault and in sports injuries . The present study was conducted to identify the etiology, modes of presentation, diagnostic modalities, and validity of grading systems and to analyze the different modalities of management and final outcome in patients of liver trauma due to blunt abdominal injuries. Materials & Methods: Over a 36-month period, 30 hemodynamically stable patients with blunt hepatic were evaluated prospectively. ISS was used to assess the extent of overall injury. Hepatic injuries were graded using AAST grading for solid organ injuries. Frequent measurement of vitals and estimation of hemoglobin and hematocrit was done. Results: Patients with AAST grade IV splenic injury, massive hemoperitoneum and increased transfusion requirements were associated with a higher risk of failing conservative management. Initial pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, ISS and hemoglobin did not appear to influence the outcome of the study. There were no deaths reported in the study. Conclusion: On the basis of the present investigation, it can be concluded that conservative management of blunt splenic and/or hepatic injury is safe and effective in a carefully chosen set of patients.

A Clinical Study of Premature Canities and Its Association with Hemoglobin, Ferritin and Calcium Levels.

Greying of hair is a regular feature of chronological aging that occurs in all regions and races. Premature canities is defined as minimum of five grey hairs in a person less than 20 years in Whites, 25 years in Asians, and 30 years in Africans. Premature canities is a common yet incompletely understood dermatological entity. This study aims at finding any association between premature hair greying (PHG) and parameters like hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin and calcium levels as well as its clinical profile. This was a hospital-based cross-sectional analytical study conducted in the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Trivandrum over one and half years. The study population consisted of 40 cases and 40 controls. Severity assessment, calculation of body mass index, and estimation of hemoglobin, serum ferritin, calcium, Random blood sugar, Anti Thyroid Peroxidase antibody, T3, T4, and TSH were done. The mean age of the 40 patients was 17.14 years and most patients had onset of greying between 16 and 20 years. The male to female ratio was 1.2:1. A positive family history with a paternal predominance was noted. Vertex was the most common site of onset (42.5%), diffuse pattern was the most common clinical pattern (47.5%) and 60% had involvement of mild grade. Fourteen patients (35%) had abnormal investigations reports, in terms of low ferritin levels in 7 (17.5%), low calcium in 4 (10%) and a low Hb levels in 3 (7.5%) patients. Six (15%) patients had raised Anti TPO values. The association of PHG with low ferritin and raised anti-TPO levels were statistically significant. Low serum ferritin and raised Anti TPO levels may have a role in premature hair greying.

NIR-based Sensing System for Non-invasive Detection of Hemoglobin for Point-of-care Applications.

Hemoglobin is an essential biomolecule for the transportation of oxygen, therefore, its assessment is also important to be done frequently in numerous clinical practices. Traditional invasive techniques have concomitant shortcomings, such as time delay, the onset of infections, and discomfort, which necessitate a non-invasive hemoglobin estimation solution to get rid of these constraints in health informatics. Currently, various techniques are underway in the allied domain, and scanty products are also feasible in the market. However, due to the low satisfaction rate, invasive solutions are still assumed as the gold standard. Recently introduced technologies effectively evolved as optical spectroscopy and digital photographic concepts on different sensing spots, e.g., fingertip, palpebral conjunctiva, bulbar conjunctiva, and fingernail. Productive sensors develop more than eight wavelengths to compute hemoglobin concentration and four wavelengths to display only Hb-index (trending of hemoglobin) either in disposable adhesive or reusable cliptype sensor's configuration. This study aims at an optimistic optical spectroscopic technique to measure hemoglobin concentration and conditional usability of non-invasive blood parameters' diagnostics at point-ofcare. Two distinguishable light emitting sources (810 nm and 1300 nm) are utilized at isosbestic points with a single photodetector (800-1700 nm). With this purpose, reusable finger probe assembly is facilitated in transmittance mode based on the newly offered sliding mechanism to block ambient light. Investigation with proposed design presents correlation coefficients between reference hemoglobin and every individual feature, a multivariate linear regression model for highly correlated independent features. Moreover, principal component analytical model with multivariate linear regression offers mean bias of 0.036 and -0.316 g/dL, precision of 0.878 and 0.838 and limits of agreement from -1.685 to 1.758 g/dL and -1.790 to 1.474 g/dL for 18 and 21 principal components, respectively. The encouraging readouts emphasize favorable precision; therefore, it is proposed that the sensing system is amenable to assess hemoglobin in settings with limited resources and strengthening future routes for the point of care applications.

Antenatal Anemia: Predictor of Poor Maternal and Perinatal Outcome

Objective: To assess the impact of antenatal anemia on maternal and perinatal outcome. Design of the study: Prospective Cohort study Place of Study: was conducted at antenatal clinic of Creek General Hospital, United Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: One hundred and thirty-five singleton anemic pregnant women who satisfied the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Enrolled patients were analyzed in detail, sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics recorded and followed till delivery after their informed consent. Haemoglobin estimation was done at first visit & anaemia was graded according to WHO criteria and statistical analysis were done. Results: The study population included 135 antenatal anemic women. Mean ± SD of maternal age was 25.8±5.12 years. Mild anemia was found in 31.1%, moderate in 59.2% and 9.6% women were diagnosed with severe anemia. Anemia was diagnosed in 1.5% of antenatal women in 1st trimester, 54.8% in 2nd trimester and 43.7% in 3rd trimester. Majority of patients were booked (87.4%), out of them 25.9% were diagnosed with mild anemia, 55.6% with moderate and 5.9% were severely anemic, while 12.59% were non-booked of those 5.2% were diagnosed with mild, 3.7 % with moderate and severe anemia each (p-value=0.003%). Maternal complications in antenatal and postnatal period included Preterm labour (13.33%), Pregnancy induced hypertension/ Pre-eclampsia (8.88%), Gestational diabetes mellitus (7.40%), oligohydramnios (11.85%) , antepartum hemorrhage (5.92%) and Postpartum hemorrhage (5.18%). 50.37% of pregnant women delivered vaginally while in 49.62 % abdominal delivery was conducted (Emergency-37 %, Elective -12.6%). Regarding Neonatal outcomes, Low Birth weight was found in 80% of cases which was highly significant, 20.7% were delivered by mildly anemic, 52.6% by moderately and 6.7% by severely anemic mothers (p value- 0.009). NICU admission within the first week of birth was needed in 47.40%, Still Birth (0.74%), Low APGAR scores (20.74%) and unfortunately two Neonatal Deaths occurred as well (1.48%). Conclusion: Antenatal anemia is still a prevalent public health issue in developing countries. Provided that anemia is a straightforward predictor of poor maternal and fetal outcome, intensive prophylactic strategies to be implemented for timely diagnosis and management. The authorities should play their active role in refining policies to remediate the principal risk factors, provision of basic health care, reinforce proper antenatal care, maintain regular availability of iron and supplements for correction of anemia and other nutritional deficiencies. Keywords: Anemia, Maternal and fetal outcome, Obstetric

Laboratory Parameters of Dengue Infection in a Medical College Hospital

Introduction & objective: Dengue is an acute illness caused by Aedes mosquito, commonly caused by Aedes aegypti. It is an endemic disease in South East Asian countries especially in Bangladesh. In 2019 a outbreak occurred in Bangladesh. The objective of the study was to see the laboratory parameter and outcome of dengue fever in a tertiary medical college hospital. Early diagnosis and laboratory investigations is essential to prevent the mortality associated with this disease. Materials & Methods: This prospective study was conducted on dengue ward at Khulna medical college hospital from 1 July 2019 to 31 December 2019. The diagnosis of dengue infection was confirmed by serology. Sera were processed by dengue ELISA. Investigations like haemoglobin estimation, haematocrit, platelet count, total count; differential leukocyte count, peripheral smear, coagulation profile were performed. Results: Total number of cases was 98. Of them 62 (63.2%) was male and 36 (36.73%) was female. Fever was most common (100%) manifestation and duration of fever ranges from 5 to 8 days with a mean duration of 6.31 (± 0.95) days. Blood for NS1 was positive in 90 (91.83% ) cases; most cases 71 (72.44%) become positive between 2nd to 4th day. 90 (91.83%) cases developed thrombocytopenia and it starts at 5th day in 45 (45.91%) cases. Anti IgM was positive in 4 (4.08%) cases; 2 at 4th day and 2 at 5th day of illness. IgG was positive in case at 8th day of illness. Conclusion: These findings help physicians in early diagnosis of dengue by suspecting these features as of dengue and can prevent morbidity and mortality associated with dengue. Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 61-64

National, regional, and global estimates of anaemia by severity in women and children for 2000–19: a pooled analysis of population-representative data

SummaryBackgroundAnaemia causes health and economic harms. The prevalence of anaemia in women aged 15–49 years, by pregnancy status, is indicator 2.2.3 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and the aim of halving the anaemia prevalence in women of reproductive age by 2030 is an extension of the 2025 global nutrition targets endorsed by the World Health Assembly (WHA). We aimed to estimate the prevalence of anaemia by severity for children aged 6–59 months, non-pregnant women aged 15–49 years, and pregnant women aged 15–49 years in 197 countries and territories and globally for the period 2000–19.MethodsFor this pooled analysis of population-representative data, we collated 489 data sources on haemoglobin distribution in children and women from 133 countries, including 4·5 million haemoglobin measurements. Our data sources comprised health examination, nutrition, and household surveys, accessed as anonymised individual records or as summary statistics such as mean haemoglobin and anaemia prevalence. We used a Bayesian hierarchical mixture model to estimate haemoglobin distributions in each population and country-year. This model allowed for coherent estimation of mean haemoglobin and prevalence of anaemia by severity.FindingsGlobally, in 2019, 40% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 36–44) of children aged 6–59 months were anaemic, compared to 48% (45–51) in 2000. Globally, the prevalence of anaemia in non-pregnant women aged 15–49 years changed little between 2000 and 2019, from 31% (95% UI 28–34) to 30% (27–33), while in pregnant women aged 15–49 years it decreased from 41% (39–43) to 36% (34–39). In 2019, the prevalence of anaemia in children aged 6–59 months exceeded 70% in 11 countries and exceeded 50% in all women aged 15–49 years in ten countries. Globally in all populations and in most countries and regions, the prevalence of mild anaemia changed little, while moderate and severe anaemia declined in most populations and geographical locations, indicating a shift towards mild anaemia.InterpretationGlobally, regionally, and in nearly all countries, progress on anaemia in women aged 15–49 years is insufficient to meet the WHA global nutrition target to halve anaemia prevalence by 2030, and the prevalence of anaemia in children also remains high. A better understanding of the context-specific causes of anaemia and quality implementation of effective multisectoral actions to address these causes are needed.FundingUSAID, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

IDF21-0105 Serum Vitamin B12 In Relation To Anemia And Neuropathy By MNSI Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Adults On Metformin

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients on metformin (the first line therapy to treat T2DM) are prone to have low serum B12 as evident from western literature. There is limited evidence from India regarding the same. Symptoms of B12 deficiency can manifest as hematological and neurological manifestations. The study was planned to understand the association of B12 deficiency, anemia and neuropathy among T2DM patients on metformin. Aim: To assess the magnitude of B12 deficiency and study it in relation to anemia and peripheral neuropathy (PN) among T2DM patients on metformin. Method: A hospital based cross sectional survey of 245 T2DM adults on metformin from a tertiary health care hospital of Delhi was conducted for PN assessment by Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). After meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 155 subjects gave fasting blood samples for estimation of Vitamin B12, HbA1c,Hemoglobin and cell morphology by chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (C.L.I.A), HPLC and C.B.C respectively. Results: The prevalence of B12 deficiency (B12≤200pg/ml) was 52% among T2DM adults on metformin. Odds Ratio of B12 deficiency and vegetarian diet was 2.33(C.I. 1.22-4.47) (p<0.05). Anemia was present in 40% but it was not associated with B12 deficiency as there were no cases of macrocytic anemia. The prevalence of PN was 38% by PN score ≥2.5 and the mean PN scores was 2.14 ± 1.98.There was 39.2% low grade PN (PN score > 0 ≤ 2.5) followed by high grade PN (34.3%) (PN score >2.5).By Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis serum B12 has shown fair test performance in predicting PN scores of 2.25 (p<0.001). Discussion: The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in T2DM adults on metformin in our study is higher than that reported in other countries. The higher prevalence of B12 deficiency in our study (52 %) is not stunning owing to the higher prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in general population in India. The prevalence of B12 deficiency in T2DM patients in our study is more than other Indian studies on metformin. This study showed that though metformin lowers serum B12 but this had no impact on hematological parameter (hemoglobin and cell morphology) assessed in our study. Similar results have been reported by an Indian study and study from the other country. In our study the vitamin B12 deficiency was associated with PN in T2DM adults on metformin which is similar to the finding of a multi centric study from an Asian country Pakistan and several studies from other countries It can be said from our study that vitamin B12 test has fair chance of predicting PN among T2DM patients on metformin and taking a decision regarding which patients should be referred to a neurologist for electrophysiological studies. Conclusions: Metformin use was associated with biochemical B12 deficiency but not with clinical B12 deficiency as none had macrocytic anemia. Those who were B12 deficient were probable to have PN scores of 2.5 by MNSI physical assessment score. Serum B12 screening and use of MNSI for PN is recommended in T2DM patients on metformin.

Haemoglobin profile of women in reproductive age group in rural area of Maharashtra

Introduction: Anaemia is a very common but hidden health problem in Indian women affecting 48.8% in reproductive age group. Iron Deficiency is main cause though other factors may exacerbate it. Anaemia has long term consequences like increased maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. This study tries to assess haemoglobin profile in villages of Maval taluka and adopt intervention measures accordingly. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in villages of Maval taluka. Health camps were organised by UHTC and an NGO Disha in selected villages and all women who attended camps were included in study. A pretested structured questionnaire was used for study. Data thus collected was analysed using appropriate statistical methods. Results and Discussion: Out of 495 women who attended the camp, 480 consented for Haemoglobin estimation. 347 belonged to age group of 15-45 and 133 were above age of 45. 153 women had a purely vegetarian diet and 327 consumed mixed diet. 170 women out of 480 suffered from moderate to severe Anaemia. 293 women suffered from Mild degree of Anaemia. Anaemia was seen more in reproductive age group. No relation was seen between type of diet and Anaemia. Conclusion: Inspite of several efforts undertaken by public and private organisations, to combat Iron Deficiency Anemia, it remains a Public Health problem. There is need to develop more intensive and sustainable strategies to combat Anaemia at all levels.

Serum Iron Status of Pregnant Women in Central Hospital Sapele, South-South Nigeria

Background: Low iron status and Iron deficiency anemia are major prenatal complications predisposing pregnant women to preventable causes of premature delivery, intrauterine growth retardation and neonatal and prenatal death in Nigeria. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate and compare serum iron status in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Sapele South-South Nigeria. Materials and methods: A total of three hundred and sixty (360) subjects were enrolled for this study comprising of 78 non-pregnant women and 282 pregnant women. 5ml of venous blood were collected from participant into EDTA and plan containers respectively. The serum obtain from clotted sample was used for serum iron estimation using iron reduction method while EDTA blood was used for PCV and hemoglobin estimation.

ASYMPTOMATIC MALARIA INFECTION AND ANAEMIA AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN IPOGUN, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA

Malaria is a global problem and one of the five major childhood killers in tropical Africa, causing the death of one in every 20 of the under-five years old in the region. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria among school children in Ipogun, Ondo State. A total of 109 students were recruited for this study and consisted of 52 males and 57 females with their age ranging from 10 to 19 years. Five milliliter of venous blood specimen was obtained from participants. Malaria diagnosis and haemoglobin estimation were carried out using standard techniques. A total of 55 (50.5%) out 109 students were infected with malaria parasite in this study. Gender (P=0.1022), age (P=0.0.0942), occupation of student parents (P=.03304) and body weight index (P=0.4788) did not significantly affect the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria. Asymptomatic malaria was a risk factor for anaemia among the students (OR=5.172; 95%CI=1.765, 15.158; P=0.0031). Measures to reduce the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria are advocated.

Evaluation of Three Hemoglobin Estimation Methods for Screening Blood Donors: An Experience in a South Indian Hospital

Evaluation of Three Hemoglobin Estimation Methods for Screening Blood Donors: An Experience in a South Indian Hospital

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEMOGLOBIN AND PLATELET COUNT AMONG MBBS STUDENTS

Introduction: Haemoglobin is the red colour pigment present inside RBC. All the blood components are derived from the haematopoietic stem cells of the same bone marrow. Factors affecting the bone marrow also affects all the cells including the haemoglobin level and the platelet count. Less is known on the relationship between low or high level of haemoglobin on platelet count. This work was therefore carried out to determine this relationship. Materials And Methods: The study was done in Dept. of Physiology, Jorhat Medical College. Study population included 100 undergraduate medical students of age 18-25 years . Haemoglobin Estimation &amp; Platelet Count will be measured by ACCUREX ACCULAB CBC 360+ HEMATOLOGY Analyser Machine. Ethical Clearance was obtained from Institutional Ethical Committee (H), Jorhat Medical College, Jorhat. Students unpaired t- test was used to compare the mean values of study variables and other parameters in relation to the study. The P value &lt;0.05 was considered as significant. Results: We found that mean Hb count is 10.91±1.05 and 10.22±0.83 respectively when platelet count in between 1.5- 2.5 lakhs/mm3 and &gt;2.5 lakhs/mm3. Mean Platelet count came 2.59±0.58 lakhs/mm3 and 1.89±0.62 respectively when Hb between 9 – 11 gm/dl and &gt;11 gm/dl. Conclusion: The reason for the relationship between low and high platelet count on hemoglobin level may be linked to the normal physiology of hematopoiesis where the origin of all blood components occurs in the bone marrow. This leaves scope for further research to use in therapy like Plateletpheresis where lower hemoglobin concentrations meant higher platelet yield and vice versa.

Prevalence of Anaemia among Adolescent Girls on Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) and Non WIFS Group in Rural Schools of Mangalore, Karnataka; a Comparative Study

Background: Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) Programme is an initiative to decrease the burden of anaemia among adolescents studying in Government schools.&#x0D; Objective: To assess the difference in prevalence of anaemia among Government school-going adolescents girls on WIFS as compared to private school girls not on WIFS.&#x0D; Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescent girls, 7th to 10th standard in Government schools (on WIFS) and private schools (not on WIFS). The sample size in each group was 104, selected by multi-stage sampling. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire, clinical examination and haemoglobin estimation. Chi-square test and Unpaired t test used to compare the categorical and continuous variables respectively.&#x0D; Results: The prevalence of anaemia among the school children in government schools was 51% and in the private schools it was 64.4%. The mean haemoglobin was 11.77 ± 1.41 and 11.34 ± 1.49 in government and private school girls, respectively, which was statistically significant (p=0.013).&#x0D; Conclusions: The prevalence of anaemia among the government school girls was lesser as compared to the private schools girls, suggesting the role of WIFS in the reduction of prevalence of anemia. WIFS programme may be extended to private schools as well.

Prevalence of post-partum anemia and associated factors among women attending public primary health care facilities: An institutional based cross-sectional study.

BackgroundSevere post-partum anemia is an important cause of maternal deaths and severe morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. In Tanzania, little information is available to guide health care professionals in ensuring good health of women after delivery. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of post-partum anemia and associated factors among women attending public primary health care facilities.Materials and methodsAn institutional based cross sectional study was carried out. Women in post-partum period (the period from child birth to six weeks after delivery) attending the public primary health care facilities from October to December 2019 for children vaccination were recruited. The prick method was used to obtain blood for haemoglobin estimation. Post-partum anemia was defined as a haemoglobin level of less than 11g/dl. Participants found anaemic were asked to undertake malaria and helminths parasites tests from blood and stool samples respectively. The samples were examined by an experienced laboratory scientist on study sites according to the Tanzania national standard for medical laboratories protocols.ResultsA total of 424 women were enrolled with mean age of 27.8 years (SD 5.93). Most of the participants 234(55.2%) had primary education and nearly half 198(46.7%) of them were house wives. The overall prevalence of post-partum anemia was 145(34.2%). Among the anaemic participants, 34(23.5%) had positive blood slide for malaria parasite while 15(10.3%) had positive test for stool helminths infection. Delivery by vaginal route and low parity were protective against post-partum anemia (p<0.001).Other factors that were associated with post-partum anemia included absence of a marital partner (p<0.001) and inter pregnancy interval of less than two years (p<0.001). The risk of post-partum anemia in women with less than two years interval between their last two pregnancies was about 18 times more as compared to women with more than two years interval between their last two pregnancies, (COR = 18; 95% CI 8.617–38.617).Women without marital partners were 10 times more likely to get anemia as compared to married women, (COR = 10; 01.910–54.935).ConclusionsThe prevalence of anaemia among post-partum women found in this study points to a situation of public health problem according to WHO cut-off values for the public health significance of anaemia. Inter pregnancy interval of less than two years and absence of a marital partner were associated with post-partum anemia while delivery by vaginal route and low parity were protective against post-partum anemia. Strategies should therefore be put in place to encourage thorough health education and promotion programs among both pregnant and post-partum women.

Impact of blood donor characteristics on quality of packed red blood cell concentrates.

Impact of blood donor characteristics on quality of packed red blood cell concentrates. To determine the impact of donor factors on the quality of packed red blood cell concentrates. The analytical cross sectional study was conducted on 505 whole blood donors after approval by the Institutional Ethics Committee and written informed consent from blood donors. Two mL EDTA sample was collected for pre-donation haemoglobin estimation and all relevant donor details were recorded. Whole blood was collected in 350mL double blood bags. PRBCs were prepared as per the departmental SOP. Volume of each PRBC was recorded and sample from each bag was taken for estimation of total haemoglobin content and haematocrit. Of 505 blood donors, 459 (90.9%) were males and 324 donors (64.2%) were less than 30 years of age. The majority of the donors were repeat donors (61%, n=308 repeat donors), vegetarians (52.9%, n=267 vegetarians) and non-smokers (92.7%, n=468). Mean haemoglobin was found to be significantly higher in males (14.9 vs. 13.3; P≤0.001), donors more than 30 years of age (15 vs. 14.7; P=0.042), repeat donors (14.9 vs. 14.7), non-vegetarians (15.1 vs. 14.6; P≤0.001) and smokers (15.3 vs. 14.8g/dL; P=0.020). PRBC units prepared from male blood donors, repeat donors and non vegetarians had significantly higher mean volume and mean total haemoglobin content. Strong positive correlation was observed between haemoglobin of the blood donor and total haemoglobin content of the PRBC and volume of blood collected. Donor characteristics do have effect on total haemoglobin content of packed red blood cells.

Improving hemoglobin estimation accuracy through standardizing of light-emitting diode power

Nowadays, hemoglobin monitoring is essential during surgeries, blood donations, and dialysis. Which are normally done using invasive methods. To monitor hemoglobin, a non-invasive hemoglobin meter was developed with five fixed light-emitting diode (LED) wavelengths at 670 nm, 770 nm, 810 nm, 850 nm, 950 nm and controlled using an Arduino Uno embedded development board. A photodetector with an on-chip trans-impedance amplifier was utilized to acquire the transmitted signal through the finger using the photoplethysmography (PPG) principle. Before the standardization of LED power, we had tested the designed system on fifteen subjects for the five wavelengths and estimated the hemoglobin with an accuracy of 96.51% and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.57 gm/dL. To further improve the accuracy, the LED power was standardized and the PPG signal was reacquired on the same subjects. With this, the accuracy improved to 98.29% and also reduced the RMSE to 0.36 gm/dL. The designed system with LED power standardization showed a good agreement with pathology results with the coefficient of determination R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.981. Also, Bland–Altman analysis was used to evaluate the designed system and it showed good agreement between the two measurements.

Prevalence of anaemia and associated factors among antenatal women in rural Kozhikode, Kerala.

ABSTRACTContext:Anemia in pregnancy is a significant public health concern with detrimental aftereffects on maternal and fetal well-being universally, especially in developing countries like India.Aims:To estimate the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women in rural areas of Kozhikode by hemoglobin estimation and to study the selected factors associated with anemia.Settings and Design:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 295 antenatal women in all three trimesters residing in six selected panchayats of Kozhikode district from July 2016 to March 2017.Materials and Methods:The cluster sampling method was followed. Data were obtained from antenatal women, applying a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Hemoglobin estimation was done using the Humacount 30TS automated hematology analyzer.Statistical Analysis Used:Data were analyzed using SPSS 18 software.Results:The prevalence of anemia was 40%. Of this, 30.5% had mild anemia and 9.5% had moderate anemia. There were no cases of severe anemia. The prevalence was more in the second trimester. Factors such as excess menstrual blood loss prior to present pregnancy, early age at first delivery, trimester, and parity were found to be significantly associated with anemia.Conclusion:Anemia continues to be a serious public health problem. Health system should pay more attention on different factors that contribute to anemia, and planners should formulate an apt policy and implement necessary changes in existing programs.

Association of hemoglobin level and packed cell volume with gestational diabetes mellitus

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of insulin resistance that develops in the second trimester of pregnancy. This type of diabetes ends after delivery. GDM poses serious health hazards to both the mother and the baby. Pathology behind this carbohydrate intolerance is insulin resistance. The previous studies have pointed out that this insulin resistance is due to oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Free radicals can be generated by iron. Since pregnancy is a condition where iron requirement rises, universal iron supplementation is given. According to the previous studies, excess iron can cause free-radical mediated injury leading on to diabetes. Supplementation of a prooxidant irrespective of body iron stores may be more harmful than beneficial. Hemoglobin and PCV are two hematological parameters that reflect body iron stores. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare hemoglobin and PCV values in pregnant woman with and without GDM. Materials and Methods: A case–control study was done in the obstetric department of a tertiary care center in south India from August 2010 to December 2010.The study included 85 cases and 85 controls. Cases were pregnant women at 24–28 weeks of gestation with gestational diabetes who attended the obstetric OPD during the study period. GDM was diagnosed as per ADA guidelines. Controls were pregnant women at 24–28 weeks gestation without GDM as per ADA guidelines. Data for the study were collected using a preformed tested questionnaire. All subjects were provided with iron supplementation according to the national programme. Estimation of hemoglobin and PCV was done with 2 ml of blood sample obtained by venepuncture using an automated analyzer. The association of elevated hemoglobin and PCV with the risk of developing GDM was tested using Chi-square analysis. P ≤ 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: Hemoglobin in cases and controls showed a significant difference by Chi-square analysis (P = 0.004). PCV in cases was significantly higher than in controls by Chi-square analysis (P = 0.003). Conclusion: The study found a statistically significant association between higher maternal hemoglobin level and PCV with GDM.

Evaluation of Pediatric Anemia in Rural Population of Maharashtra, India

INTRODUCTION: World Health Organization showed that the prevalence of anemia among children of 6–59 months was 42.6% globally in 2011 and 59% in India. Fourth National Family Health Survey, 2016, shows 58.6% of Indian children are anemic, of which 53.8% are in Maharashtra, especially among rural children. AIMS: The aim of the study was to study the morphologic and cytometric evaluation of anemia in pediatric population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted after obtaining approval from the ethics committee. All patients that came to outpatient department and inpatient department between 2016 and 2018, satisfying the inclusion criteria were included. Routine investigations performed were hemoglobin estimation, blood indices, and peripheral blood smear examination. RESULTS: The total number of pediatric patients that were found to be anemic was 400 (54.9%). Toddlers, aged 6 months to 6 years, were most anemic (48.0%). Moderate severity of anemia was seen most frequently (50.5%). Microcytic hypochromic anemia (67.0%), iron deficiency anemia was the most common cause seen (65.2%). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of anemia in children is essential to be constantly monitored to identify causes, formation of intervention strategies, and ensure already formed national programs are effective.

Prevalence of Anaemia in Women with Unsupervised Medical AbortionAn Observational Study

Introduction: According to American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and other organisations such as the Society of Family Planning (SFP) and American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), abortion services are considered as an essential component of comprehensive healthcare. Such services are considered as a time-sensitive issue, as delay in getting comprehensive abortion services may be associated with significant impact on physical health, wellbeing and mental health of the individual. Aim: To determine proportion of women presenting to Gynaecologyy Outpatient Department (OPD) with unsupervised use of abortion pills and to estimate the percentage of anaemia among these women. Materials and Methods: The present observational study was conducted on 148 women attending the Gynaecology OPD in People’s Hospital and seeking treatment for complications due to unsupervised use of abortion pills during the study period of 18 months. A thorough history was obtained and a thorough physical examination was conducted. Haemoglobin estimation and Ultrasonography (USG) was done to determine complications. Data was compiled using MS Excel and results were expressed in terms of frequency and percentages and mean±SD. Results: During the study period, a total of 360 cases with abortions were registered, of them 150 cases were unsupervised attributing to 41.7% cases. Out of 150 females with unsupervised abortions, 2 females did not give consent to participate and thus a total of 148 females were enrolled. Consumption of unsupervised abortion pills resulted in incomplete abortion in 77 (52%) cases, while complete abortion was reported in only 22 (14.9%) cases. Other complications observed in a few cases were septic shock, in 7 (4.7%) haemorrhagic shock in 4 (2.7%), secondary infertility in 3 (2%), inevitable abortion in 3 (2%), ruptured ectopic pregnancy in 3 (2%) and chronic ovarian ectopic in 1 (0.7%). Missed abortion was documented in 20 (13.5%) cases after complete examination and in 8 (5.4%) cases viable intrauterine pregnancy was diagnosed. Mild, moderate and severe anaemia was observed in 19 (12.8%), 98 (66.2%) and 12 (8.1%) females respectively. Conclusion: The unsupervised use of abortion pills not only increases maternal morbidity but also has been associated with life threatening complications such as septic shock, haemorrhagic shock, ruptured ectopic pregnancy etc. Anaemia is one of the most common complication of unsupervised pill consumption and preventing the latter may obviate the need for blood transfusion.