Hemagglutinating Antibody Titers Research Articles

Evaluation of immunomodulatory effect of aqueous extract of aloe vera in Wistar albino rat models

Aim of the study wasto evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of Aqueous extracts of Aloe vera in Wistar albino rats using humoral immune response (antibody titre), a cellular immune response, and a neutrophil adhesion test after oral administration. : 24 healthy Wistar albino rats of either sex were divided into 4 different groups containing 6 rats for each immunomodulatory model. Group I ,the control group received gum acacia suspended in normal saline; Group II rats were treated with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg bw)whereas Groups III & IV received AloeVera aqueous extract at a dose of 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg, respectively. Each rat was antigenically challenged by injecting 0.1 ml of 0.5 × 10 SRBCs (suspended in normal saline) intraperitoneally. The study of humoral immune response was seen by measurement of antibody titre obtained on 20 day (7 day of Ag challenge) and 27 day (14 day of challenge) with sRBC considered the primary and secondary humoral immune response, respectively. For the cellular immune response, foot pad edema was calculated due to a hypersensitivity reaction after injection of sRBC into the .rat hind paw. A test of neutrophil adhesion is used to evaluate immunomodulatory activity. Aloe vera aqueous extracts at 250 mg/kg significantly improved a significant increase in paw edema volume indicated increased cell-mediated immunity, and elevated Ab titre on the 20th and 27th days served as a marker of increased humoral immune response. Additionally, AVE 250 mg/kg caused an increase in neutrophil adhesion, demonstrating its immunomodulatory effects. Aloe vera aqueous extracts at a dose of 250 mg/kg demonstrated immunomodulatory activity in a model using Wistar albino rats.Aloe vera extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg significantly increased hemagglutination antibody titers compared to the control group, indicating enhanced humoral immunity. This study demonstrates the immunostimulant properties of orally administered Aloe vera aqueous extract in Wistar albino rats. The extract increased antibody production, enhanced cell-mediated immunity, and improved neutrophil function. These findings support the potential of Aloe vera as a natural immunomodulator and warrant further exploration of its therapeutic applications.

Immunomodulatory effects of epiphytic Loranthus micranthus leaf extracts collected from two host plants: Psidium guajava and Parkia biglobosa

BackgroundImmunological abnormalities are implicated in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases. Due to the drug-related adverse effects of currently available orthodox immunomodulators, natural immunomodulators are being looked upon as potential agents to replace them in therapeutic regimens. This research aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory potential of L. micranthus extracts epiphytic on Psidium guajava (LMPGE) and Parkia biglobosa (LMPBE).MethodsPhytochemical screening and acute toxicity testing were carried out to identify the phytoconstituents and safety profiles of the extracts. The extracts’ innate and adaptive immunomodulatory potentials were determined in experimental animals using in vivo leucocyte mobilization, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, hemagglutination antibody titre, and cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression models. Levamisole was used as the standard drug throughout the study.ResultsCompared to LMPBE, LMPGE contained significantly (p < 0.05) more tannins, cyanogenic glycosides, saponins, reducing sugars, glycosides, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Furthermore, the groups treated with the extracts had a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the total number of leucocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and antibody titers relative to the untreated control. In the same way, the treatment raised TLC in cyclophosphamide-intoxicated rats, with 250 mg/kg b. w. of LMPGE and LMPBE recording 9712.50 ± 178.00 and 8000.00 ± 105.00 × 109 /L, respectively, compared to 3425.00 ± 2 5.00 × 109 /L in the untreated group. Overall, LMPGE was more effective.ConclusionsThe findings from this study suggest that L. micranthus epiphytic in Psidium guajava and Parkia biglobosa has possible immune stimulating potential.

Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities of methanol extract of Uvaria chamae leaves in rats

The immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of methanol extract air-dried, powdered leaves of methanol extract of Uvaria chamae (MEUL) was evaluated in this study using standard methods. Graded doses (50 mg/kg body weight, 100 mg/kg body weight, 200 mg/kg body weight and 400 mg/kg body weight) of the extract were administered to winster rats. The control group was given dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). Immunomodulatory effect was assessed by delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and haemagglutination. Antimicrobial activity of the extract against some clinical bacteria isolates was also conducted. The phytochemicals, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, steroids and terpenoids were detected. The extract showed dose related increase in cellular immunomodulatory activity as assesed by inflammed foot pad of the experimental animals with mean diameter ranging from 2.60±0.95 to 4.90±1.04 mm as against the control group which was 1.30±0.14 mm, (p&lt;0.05). There was significant increase in haemagglutinating antibody titre against sheep red blood cells which ranged from 272±21.27 to 1344±160.64 as against the control group which was 80±10.63 (p&lt;0.01). The methanol extract of Uvaria chamae leaf showed inhibitory activity against the test bacteria isolates. This work indicated that methanol extract of Uvaria chamae leaf has potential immunostimulatory and antimicrobial activity.

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activities of Ayapoonaga Chenduram, Seenthil Choornam and their Combination in Wistar Rats

Ayapoonaga chendooram (APNC) and Seenthilchoornam (SC) are two polyherbal Siddha formulations that traditionally have been used as a folklore medicine to treat rheumatism, orchitis, bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis (TB), and cough. In the present study, an attempt has been made to demonstrate the antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of individual APNC and SC and also in their combination (APNC+SC). The acute anti-inflammatory effect of APNC, SC and their combination was evaluated in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in wistar rats. Diclofenac sodium was used as reference drug for comparison. The immunomodulatory activity was evaluated in rats by studying the hemagglutination antibody (HA) titer, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions and the Ig E levels. The cyclophosphamide is used as an immunosuppressant.Diclofenac Sodium (50mg/kg) significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema, indicating its strong anti-inflammatory activity. APNC (65 mg/kg b.w.p.o) at 2nd hour and APNC+SC (13+200 mg/kg b.w.) at 3rd hour had shown moderate inhibition of paw edema, indicating their mild-moderate anti-inflammatory activity but statistically, no significant difference was observed (p&gt;0.05). Oral administration of APNC, SC, and APNC + SC for 21 days increases the left paw volume at 1st hour and 2nd hour resulting in hypersensitivity reaction in rats. The agglutination (dilution factor 1:200) was visually observed in APNC 130mg/kg b.w. (moderate agglutination) and in APNC + SC (high agglutination) results in humoral immunity. Mild increased levels of Ig E were observed in APNC (30 mg/kg b.w.), SC (200 mg/kg b.w.) and in APNC + SC (65+1000 mg/kg b.w.). Under the conditions of the present study, single oral administration of APNC, SC and their combination has shown mild anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan induced paw edema in experimental rats. The immunity has been stimulated by APNC (13mg/kg b.w.) and SC (2000mg/kg b.w.).

ODP110 Parathyroid Hormone Independent Hypercalcaemia Secondary to Granulomatous Inflammation: Could This Be Melioidosis?

Abstract Background Hypercalcemia has been described in patients with most granulomatous disorders, most commonly in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis, but never in melioidosis. Clinical Case A 45-year-old woman presented with two-day history of abdominal pain, nausea, lethargy and intermittent fevers during Darwin's wet season. Medications included daily methadone, diazepam and mirtazapine. On examination she was febrile with stable hemodynamics and left upper quadrant tenderness. Investigations revealed pancytopenia, deranged liver function tests with a cholestatic pattern, raised CRP of 53 (&amp;lt;5mg/L) and normal serum calcium. Blood cultures were negative but melioidosis serology was positive (indirect hemagglutination antibody (IHA) titer 1: 1280). Abdominal computed tomography demonstrated hepatosplenomegaly with peripheral splenic infarcts and a 7mm intrasplenic aneurysm, but no abscesses. PET showed no hypermetabolic lesions. After extensive investigation, she was treated for presumptive culture-negative melioidosis with intravenous meropenem. Clinically she improved despite gradual elevation in serum calcium which peaked at 3.31 (2.1-2.6mmol/L) five weeks after presentation. Initial biochemical investigations revealed suppressed PTH at 0.5 (1.4-9.1pmol/L), low 25-hydroxy-Vitamin D of 26 (50-150nmol/L), elevated phosphate at 2.43 (0.75-1.5mmol/L) and moderate renal impairment (eGFR 34mL/min/1.73m 2). Hypercalciuria was present with urine calcium to creatinine ratio of 812 (100-580mmol/mol). Her 1,25-dihydroxy-Vitamin D (calcitriol) was elevated at 219 (48-190pmol/L) suggestive of PTH-independent hypercalcemia. The patient remained asymptomatic of hypercalcemia and aggressive intravenous hydration produced minimal biochemical improvement. Renal impairment precluded bisphosphonate use. She was commenced on prednisolone 50mg while continuing intravenous meropenem. Serum calcium normalized in 10 days and prednisolone dose was gradually tapered. A liver biopsy was performed due to persistent liver derangement and histology showed granulomatous inflammation. She completed six weeks of antibiotics for melioidosis and was discharged on day 50, with a planned six months of eradication therapy. Outpatient follow-up demonstrated normal serum calcium after cessation of prednisolone with decreasing IHA titer (1: 320). We hypothesize that this case reflects PTH-independent hypercalcemia secondary to granulomatous inflammation, presumptively caused by melioidosis. The rise in calcium after commencement of antibiotics and normalization following initiation of glucocorticoid therapy, with no rebound post cessation, is consistent with successful therapy of an infection with granulomatous inflammation. Activated macrophages within granulomas have unregulated 1-alpha-hydroxylase expression which is thought to increase conversion of 25-hydroxy-Vitamin D to calcitriol and therefore increase intestinal calcium absorption. Treatment with glucocorticoids inhibits calcitriol synthesis leading to quick resolution of hypercalcemia. While use of glucocorticoids are commonplace in the management of granulomatous disease due to sarcoidosis, they have been increasingly recognized as an important risk factor for melioidosis, considered to result from suppression of innate immunity. However, use of glucocorticoids if required is not contraindicated once antibiotic therapy for melioidosis has commenced. Conclusion In areas where melioidosis is endemic, clinicians should be aware of hypercalcemia and the potential risks associated with its treatment. Presentation: No date and time listed

Immuno-Modulatory, Anti-Psoriatic Effects and Furanochromone (Khellin and Visnagin) Contents of Ammi Visnaga (L.) Hydeoethanolic Extract

Objectives: Psoriasis is a chronic skin inflammation disease, which is requires prolonged treatment, thereby interfering with the side effects of synthetic drugs. Traditional herbal medicine, and recent plant-based drugs, have been proven beneficial in reducing these side effects of synthetic drugs. Ammi visnaga L. species contains 2 furanochromones (khelline and visnagine) with a similar structure than psoralens that possess antipsoriatic activity. The objective of the present study was to verify the influence of extraction solvent on these two furanochromone content of Ammi visnaga and to study its immunomodulatory and antipsoriatic effect in vivo. Materials and Methods: In the present study, khellin and visnagin contents were compared between aqueous, hydroethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Ammi visnaga L. by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their immunomodulating and antipsoriatic effects were studied for the hydroethanolic extract, in vivo, by hemagglutination test after immunization using human erythrocytes and by Psoriasis-like dermatitis induced using ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiations of two hours, during 3 successive days or by application of 2 a formaldehyde and Complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) mixture (1:10 ratio) during 3 successive days. Results: Ethanol at 60% showed the best results in the extraction of furanochromones (khellin and visnagin), followed by ethyl acetate and then by water. This hydroethanolic extract at 100 mg/kg showed an immunostimulating effect of the humoral response, by increasing the value of the hemagglutination antibody (HA) titer. The same extract, at a dose of 300 - 600 mg/kg orally or 2-4% topically, has a considerable antipsoriatic effect, reducing the psoriatic severity score (erythema and squaling), the epidermal thickness and the leukocytic infiltration. Conclusion: the 60% hydroethanol extract is better in the extraction of furanochromones from Ammi visnaga. This extract has considerable immunostimulant and antipsoriatic effects.

Pharmacological Role of Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew in Preventing Cyclophosphamide-induced Myelosuppression and Modulating Innate and Adaptive Immune Response.

BackgroundCapparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew is reported to be practiced in the traditional system of medicine for the management of various immunological pathologies.PurposeThe current study was designed to evaluate the modulatory effects of C decidua on different immune responses.Research DesignC decidua was extracted in 70% methanol and the crude extract (Cd.Cr) was analyzed by FTIR and GCMS. In vivo models were employed to assess the actions of Cd.Cr on cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression, innate and adaptive immune responses.ResultsGCMS and FTIR analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids and lipids. Cd.Cr evoked a significant and dose-dependent increase in percent neutrophil adhesion (15.97 ± .81, 27.47 ± .79 and 38.35 ± 1.08) and the phagocytic index (3.1 ± .04, 3.96 ± .06 and 5.28 ± .13) at the doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg. Cd.Cr also potentiated haemagglutinating antibody titre, immunoglobulins and cytokines (interferon-γ and interleukin-2) production for 4 weeks, after exposure to sheep erythrocytes, and delayed type hypersensitivity reaction significantly (P < .05). The restoration of hematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activities, by Cd.Cr, indicated the prevention of cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression and oxidative stress.ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that C decidua holds immunomodulatory activity by thus possesses therapeutic potential for the management of immunological diseases.

Septilin, A Polyherbal Formulation Against the Immunosuppression Induced by Cyclophosphamide and Cisplatin in Swiss Albino Mice

Background: Septilin (Spt) is an ayurvedic drug formulation from Himalaya Drug Company and is well-known for its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Interest in the use of medicinal plants and herbal medicine as immunomodulators has currently been the subject of scientific investigation worldwide. Cyclophosphamide (CP) and Cisplatin (Csp) are widely used chemotherapeutic drugs and are known for their immunosuppressive effects. Methods: The present study evaluated the immune-stimulating activity of Spt (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg; PO/7 days) against CP (50 mg/kg) and Csp (10 mg/kg) induced immunosuppression in mice sensitized with sheep Red Blood Cells (RBC) by measuring Hemagglutination Antibody (HA) titre values and by determining the haematological parameters, such as Haemoglobin (Hb) content, White Blood Cells (WBC), RBC and platelet counts. Thymus index and differential counts of leukocytes were also determined. Results: Upon HA assay, the titre was significantly decreased in CP (59.40%) and Csp (62.16%) in the treatment groups (P&lt;0.001). An increase in the HA titre value in Spt-treated mice showed the stimulation of humoral immune response (P&lt;0.001). The results of haematological study in Spt-treated mice indicated stimulation of total leukocytes, RBC and platelet counts. Moreover, Spt treatment prior to the administration of CP and Csp prevented the loss of body weight and minimized their adverse effect on the mice thymus. Conclusion: Our experimental evidence suggests the immunostimulatory potency of Spt against the immunosuppression induced by chemotherapeutic drugs in mice. The study results are comparable with the immune-potentiating effects of standard immunomodulatory drug Levamisole (Lev). Hence, Spt may be used as an adjuvant to obviate the immune suppression induced by chemotherapeutic medications.

Immunomodulatory Activity of Aqueous Extract of Polyherbal Formulation on Macrophage Function and Humoral Immune Response against SRBCs in Mice

Several herbal formulation were not properly documented due to poor scientific data as well as poor standard regulation in preparation and marketing. The study evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Polyherbal formulation on Macrophages’ phagocytic function and Humoral immune response in Mice A total of Sixteen 16 Mice was used. Group I received normal saline, Group II-IV received 500 mg, 1000 mg, and 1500 mg of Polyherbal formulation respectively for 21 days each. The animals were sensitized and challenged with Sheep red blood cells at day 14th and 19th of the treatment respectively. On day 21st all the animals were injected with 0.1 ml Indian ink for carbon clearance assay and blood sample was collected at 1 minute and 15 minutes of the injection. The phagocytic function of Macrophages and humoral immune response were determined spectrophotometrically and Hemagglutination assay respectively. The results show that the highest carbonic particle clearances index (K) median score (Median=0.0228), Macrophage phagocytose index (α) median score (Median=3.249), organ weight index (g/100g) mean score (M=0.06633) and Hemagglutination antibody titre median score (Median=32.00) was recorded by Group IV when compared with other groups. The carbonic particle clearance (K) (p=0.02), phagocytic index of Macrophage (α) (p=0.03), and organ weight index (g/100g) (p&lt;0.0001) significantly increase with increase in the Polyherbal formulation concentration. Hemagglutination antibody titre against Sheep red blood cells (p=0.02) also significantly increased. The extract has potential immunostimulatory activity on both Macrophages’ phagocytic function and humoral immune response in mice thus could be useful in improving immune responses.

Astaxanthin Mitigates Thiacloprid-Induced Liver Injury and Immunotoxicity in Male Rats.

Thiacloprid (TCP) is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide with a probable toxic hazard to animals and human beings. This hazard has intensified the demand for natural compounds to alleviate the expected toxic insults. This study aimed at determining whether astaxanthin (ASX) could mitigate the hepatotoxic effect of TCP and diminish its suppressive effect on immune responses in rats. Animals received TCP by gavage at 62.1 mg/kg (1/10th LD50) with or without ASX at 40 mg/kg for 60 days. Intoxicated rats showed modulation of serum transaminases and protein profiles. The hemagglutination antibody titer to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and the number of plaque-forming cells in the spleen were reduced. The cell-mediated immunity and phagocytosis were suppressed, while serum interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were elevated. Additionally, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine levels were increased in the liver, spleen, and thymus, with depletion of glutathione and suppression of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the high mobility group box protein 1 genes were upregulated with histomorphological alterations in the aforementioned organs. Cotreatment with ASX markedly ameliorated the toxic effects of TCP, and all markers showed a regression trend towards control values. Collectively, our data suggest that the protective effects of ASX on the liver and immune system of TCP-treated animals depend upon improving the antioxidant status and relieving the inflammatory response, and thus it may be used as a promising therapeutic agent to provide superior hepato- and immunoprotection.

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory and Anticancer Properties of Methanolic Extract of Neolamarckia cadamba Linn. Fruits

Abstract: Background: The immune system plays an important role in various diseased conditions. Patients with compromised immune function are at increased risk of exposure. Thus, the evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of plant extracts may be helpful for prophylactic treatment approach. Objectives: The aim of present study is to evaluate the effect of methanolic extract of Neolamarckia cadamba Linn. fruits for antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anticancer properties using in-vitro and in-vitro models. Methods: In the present investigation, antioxidant property of methanolic extract of Neolamarckia cadamba fruits (NCM) was evaluated by superoxide radical and DPPH scavenging activity. The immunomodulatory property of NCM extract was analysed by determining cytokines release (IL-2 and TNFα) in murine primary thymocytes. The effects of NCM extract on humoral and cellular immunity was analysed under in vivo conditions. The anticancer activity of the extract was evaluated on Jurkat J6 cell line by MTT assay. Results: The methanolic extract of Neolamarckia cadamba fruits showed superoxide and DPPH free radical scavenging antioxidant activity and significantly increased the cytokines release (IL-2 and TNFα) in murine primary thymocytes. The increased hemagglutination antibody titre and neutrophil adhesion as well as the restoration of cyclophosphamideinduced myelosuppression and DTH response confirm the stimulatory effect of NCM on T cells. In-vitro results on Jurkat J6 cell line showed the significant increase in cell death confirming its anticancer activity. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the methanolic extract of the fruits of Neolamarckia cadamba possesses antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory property as well as anticancer potential, suggesting its therapeutic efficiency in the treatment of immune disorders as well as cancer. Key words: Neolamarckia cadamba, Immunomodulatory, Antioxidative, Anticancer, Cytokines, Neutrophil adhesion.

Immune Responses Induced in Chickens by Capsular Extract of P. Multocida Isolated From Farm Rat

An experiment was conducted to investigate the immune response induced in chickens by capsular extract of Pasteurella multocida isolated from rats wandering in and around the poultry farms. The rat isolate of P. multocida was isolated and identified by cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics, followed by capsular extract preparation and experimental vaccine development. The isolated P. multocida was found Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore forming rod occurring singly or pains and occasionally as chains or filaments in Gram’s-staining method. The isolates consistently produced acid from dextrose, sucrose and mannitol but not fermented maltose or lactose. The Capsular antigen was extracted and confirmed by acriflavine test. Finally, experimental fowl cholera vaccine was prepared. Primary vaccination was performed at the dose rate of 5.6×107 CFU/ml through intramuscular and subcutaneous routes in birds of group A (10 birds) and group B (10 birds) and group C (10 birds) were control birds. Secondary vaccination was similarly performed after 15 days of primary vaccination in groups A and B. The levels of pre-vaccination and post-vaccination sera were determined by passive haemagglutination test. The passive haemagglutination antibody titre was recorded on 15 and 35 days of post vaccination in groups A and B. It was demonstrated that experimental capsular extract fowl cholera vaccine conferred 100% protection (p&lt;0.01) against challenge infection and found to be safe. It could be suggested that after thorough field trial, the experimentally prepared capsular extract FC vaccine using rat isolate of P. multocida may be used side by side with conventional FC vaccine.&#x0D; Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(1): 117-124, April 2021

Specific Immunomodulatory Effect of Water Extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis herbs

Immunomodulators can alter immune system and work specifically and non-specific. Traditionally Stachytarpetha jamaicensis herbs is used to modulate immune system. This study aims to determine the humoral and cellular immune system activity of water extract of S. jamaicensis herb through hemagglutination antibody titer test and delayed type hypersensitivity tests in mice. The extract was made by boiling in distilled water. The doses of the extract were 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg bw and zymosan 10 mg/kg bw ip were used as a comparison. The parameter measured in the hemagglutination antibody titer test was the hemagglutination antibody titer value and lymphocyte count, while the parameters in the delayed type hypersensitivity test are the thickness of the hind footpad, percent inhibition of delayed type hypersensitivity response and and lymphocyte count. Test results showed extracts at dose of 50 mg/kg bw gave hemagglutination antibody titer value lower than control group, but the extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg bw produced antibody titer values higher than control group (p < 0.05). The extracts at all doses could inhibit the increasing of hind footpad thickness compared to control group (p < 0.05). The result also showed that there was increasing lymphocyte count compared to control group. It can be concluded that water extracts can affect humoral and cellular immune systems.

Immunomodulatory Activity on Specific Immune Function in Albino Mice Exposed to Extract and Fractions of Zapoteca portoricensis (Jacq) HM. Hernández Roots

Zapoteca portoricensis (Jacq) HM. Hernández popularly called “Elugelu” belongs to the Fabaceae family. It is reportedly used in traditional medicine as anti-diarrhoea, anticonvulsant, antispasmodic and in management of autoimmune disorders. The immunomodulatory activity of methanol root extract and fractions of Zapoteca portoricensis was evaluated using three experimental models: neutrophil adhesion, haemagglutination antibody (HA) titre and delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) of an immune response in mice. Five (5) groups of mice (n=5) were used; group I was the normal control; group II was the standard control (levamisole, 2.5 mg/kg) while groups IIIA–C, IVA–C and VA–C received graded doses (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) of methanol extract (ME), ethyl acetate fraction (EF) and methanol fraction (MF), respectively. Sheep red blood cells (SRBCs; 0.1 ml) were injected subcutaneously to sensitize the animals. The study results showed that the methanol fraction (MF) exhibited the highest percentage (46.12%) in neutrophil adhesion followed by the ethyl acetate fraction (EF) (37.06%) at 100 mg/kg dose, respectively, compared with the normal control. The highest percentage increase in both primary and secondary antibody titre was found to be ME (85.19%, 43.20%), EF (91.53%, 102.67%) and MF (128.31%, 111.89%) at 50 mg/kg dose, respectively compared to the normal control. The EF at the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg produced the highest percentage inhibition (56.57%, 58.33%) in DTH response, respectively, followed by MF (42.46%) at a dose of 25 mg/kg. Oral administration of Z. portoricensis exhibited immunomodulatory effects on specific components of the immune system in mice.

In vivo Immunomodulatory Potential of Aqueous Extract of Different parts of Terminalia catappa L.

Modulation of immunity is the most sought therapeutic effect as many human ailments arise because of imbalance in immune mechanisms. In the current corona virus disease scenarios also, the role of immunity to combat the dreadful virus has been well emphasized. Hence the present study aims at evaluating the immunomodulatory potential of aqueous extract obtained from the different parts such as bark, fruit and wood of Terminalia catappa. Based on the results obtained in acute oral toxicity and dose fixation studies, medium dose (250 mg/kg body weight) of selected plant extracts were administered for 14 d to swiss albino mice to evaluate nonspecific (Neutrophil adhesion, Phagocytic index) and specific (Hemagglutination antibody titer, Delayed type hypersensitivity) immunomodulatory properties. The results obtained for plant extract treated groups were compared with cyclophosphamide (immunosuppressant) treated and levamisole (immunostimulant) treated mice. From the data of the results obtained it could be concluded that selected parts of Terminalia catappa have immune stimulatory as well as anti-inflammatory properties, thereby proving their efficacy as true immunomodulators. Among the parts selected, fruits exhibited significant immunomodulatory potential followed by bark and wood.

Evaluation of the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity of Bakuchiol using RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines and in animal models stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Bakuchiol (BAK) has been reported to have a diverse pharmacological property as an antibiotic, anti-cancer, anti-hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory and anti-convulsant agent. This study aimed to elucidate the immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory mechanism of bakuchiol using lipopolysaccharide stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and various animal models. The present study has shown that BAK significantly suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in a dose-dependent manner and its oral administration significantly decreased delayed hypersensitivity responses as compared to control group. The assessment of immunomodulatory activity was carried out by the testing Hemagglutinating antibody (HA) titer, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses and phagocytic index by carbon clearance test. On the other hand, it showed significant decrease in circulating antibody titer and carbon clearance assay in a concentration-dependent manner. BAK has significantly potentiated the cellular immunity as well as humoral immunity by facilitating the footpad thickness responses in sheep RBCs in sensitized mice by significantly decreasing circulating antibody titer. Molecular studies revealed that BAK inhibited the activation of upstream mediator nuclear factor-κB by suppressing the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65. The responses were statistically significant as compared with the control (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01).

Assessment of Immunostimulating effect of Carica papaya-based Immunostimulatory Complexes Against Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections

Objectives: Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is a bacterial infection responsible for one-fifth of child mortality in Africa. The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate Carica papaya-based Immunostimulatory complexes against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. Methods: Leaves of the plant were harvested, air-dried, pulverized and the saponin content extracted using distilled water and but anole in a Soxhlet’s apparatus. The formulation of Immunostimulatory complexes was prepared using the ethanol injection method. Acute toxicity test and Immunological assays, namely: neutrophil adhesion, carbon clearance, hem agglutinating antibody titer were conducted using healthy laboratory mice. The results were compared to standard drug (levamisole). Results: The aqueous extract and butanol fraction yielded 7.45% and 0.38% saponin. At 5000mg/ kg body weight of administered immunostimulatory complexes, no death or behavioral changes were recorded. Neutrophil adhesion showed no significant increase (20.82±4.34) as against the levamisole (20.74±3.31). The increased phagocytic index (0.089± 0.017) showed better stimulation of reticuloendothelial system when compared to both controls (distilled water = 0.032 ± 0.001; levamisole = 0.071 ± 0.001).The lower Hemagglutination antibody titre value indicates the potency of the formulated ISCOM to elicit an immune response. The ISCOM dose (250 mg/kg body weight) significantly elevated hemagglutination antibody titre (7.81±1.60). Conclusion: It can be inferred from this study that Carica papaya leaves has immunomodulatory capacity and has significant saponin yield which could potentially serve as a component of Immunostimulatory complexes formulation. Carica papaya-based Immunostimulatory complexes exhibit improved immunogenicity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections.

Serological response to influenza vaccination among adults hospitalized with community‐acquired pneumonia

Ninety‐five adults enrolled in the Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community study with negative admission influenza polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests received influenza vaccination during hospitalization. Acute and convalescent influenza serology was performed. After vaccination, seropositive (≥1:40) hemagglutination antibody titers (HAI) were achieved in 55% to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 58% to influenza A(H3N2), 77% to influenza B (Victoria), and 74% to influenza B (Yamagata) viruses. Sixty‐six (69%) patients seroconverted (≥4‐fold HAI rise) to ≥1 strain. Failure to seroconvert was associated with diabetes, bacterial detection, baseline seropositive titers for influenza B (Yamagata), and influenza vaccination in the previous season.

Screening of the immunomodulatory and antibacterial activity of Termitomyces letestui (Pat.) Heim (Lyophyllaceae), an edible mushroom from Cameroon

Background Globally, Termitomyces letestui is used by different communities to treat various illnesses, including bacterial infection, although with limited scientific evidence. The current study aims to assess the immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties of the water extract of a wild mushroom, T. letestui in mice model. Methods The base study was completed following the standard methods and procedures using white mice Mus musculus. The immunomodulatory was investigated for humoral and cell-mediated response in both the normal and dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice. An immunostimulatory drug, levamisole, was used as reference. The treatment was done daily and the extract doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg bwt were used. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH), mice lethality rate and hemagglutination antibody titer were determined. Disc diffusion assay was performed using the Muller-Hinton agar to assess the effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad prism 5.0 a Software. Results T. letestui water extract (TLAE) provided significant inhibition zones against E. coli and S. aureus. TLAE=, along with the antigen (Salmonella typhi) showed a significant increase in the circulating antibody titer and reduced the lethality rate in mice. The extract also showed significant increase in the DTH response against S. typhi. Conclusions This preliminary study demonstrated that TLAE caused a significant immunostimulatory effect on both the cell-mediated and humoral immune systems in the mice and antibacterial property against E. coli and S. aureus.

Catechin rich butanol fraction extracted from Acacia catechu L. (a thirst quencher) exhibits immunostimulatory potential

Acacia catechu L., (Fabaceae) named as “catechu” is a plant, the decoction of heartwood of which is daily consumed as thirst quencher by a good percentage of the population in South India. The plant is mainly distributed in India and other Asian countries. It has been used in Indian traditional medicine for the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, colic, diarrhea, boils, skin afflictions, sores and stomatitis. The present investigation was aimed to study the immunomodulatory effects of different fractions of ethanol extract of A. catechu heartwood and HPLC analysis of the active fraction. Three fractions namely, butanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate were prepared from ethanol extract of A. catechu heartwood. Each of these fractions was assessed for its immunomodulatory activity. In vivo immunomodulatory activity was analyzed by sheep red blood cells (SRBC) specific hemagglutinating antibody titer, plaque-forming cell assay and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in Swiss albino mice. In vitro immunomodulating potential of the fractions was studied using murine peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes. Non-specific immune functions such as phagocytosis (nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay and cellular lysosomal enzyme assay), nitric oxide (NO) production and cytokine release (TNF-α and IL-10) were studied in macrophages. In addition, splenocyte proliferation was also studied. In the in vivo experiments, butanol and chloroform fractions showed an increase in antibody titer dose-dependently. At higher dose (400 mg/kg b. w.) treatment the butanol fraction produced an enhancement in the number of plaque-forming cells (antibody producing cells) in the spleen. SRBC induced DTH reaction was significantly increased with butanol fraction in a dose-dependent manner. Peritoneal macrophages showed an increased phagocytic response on treatment with butanol fraction (100 μg/mL) as evidenced by its effect on nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and cellular lysosomal enzyme activity. All three fractions inhibited the production of NO and the release of TNF-α. Interleukin-10 production was significantly increased after treatment with butanol fraction. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the butanol fraction showed the presence of high concentration of catechin. The results suggested that butanol fraction of ethanol extract of A. catechu heartwood had immunomodulatory effects on non-specific, humoral, and cell-mediated immune functions. This study may be useful in validating the rationality of daily consumption of decoction of A. catechu and also its use in traditional medicine system. The study also suggests the possible use of A. catechu in the immunostimulatory herbal preparations.