Heavy Metal Concentrations Research Articles

Heavy Metals Distribution in Mangrove Leaves in Various Sudanese Coastal Zones at The Red Sea

<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;">Mangrove ecosystem contamination, especially in the Red Sea region, has caused major concerns on a worldwide scale. The heavy metal accumulation typical of a mangrove species, </span><em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;">Avicenna marina </span></em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;">L. (</span><em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;">A. marina</span></em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;">) leaves and soluble salts in sediments have not been studied on the Red Sea coast of Sudan.  The present study investigates the two nutrients calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) and heavy metals such as barium (Ba), titanium (Ti), and strontium (Sr) in the mangrove species </span><em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;">A. marina</span></em><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;"> in the leaves of six different locations in the Red Sea coastal area, as follows: (Hamasyat (HM) Keligo (KG), and Enkfel (EK) of the Gulf of Dunnabeb, and three sites were selected in the south of the Sudanese coast as follows: (Amarat Island (AM), Ibn Abbas Island (BN), and Ras Kassar (RK). The results demonstrate that the maximum calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) concentrations in mangrove leaves were 35.9 mg/kg and 4.10 mg/kg recorded at RK and AM, respectively, in the south region of the Red Sea. The heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg) vary between different locations. The higher concentration of heavy metals in mangrove leaves increased as Ba was 1.1 mg/kg in the EG north region. While Ti (0.5 mg/kg) and Sr (2.80 mg/kg) higher concentrations were recorded in AM and EK, respectively, in the south area than in the other experimental sites.   Heavy metals and soluble salts in sediments are continuously monitored in mangrove habitats to ensure they keep within allowed limits. These results could be useful as a database for prospective ecological research, preservation efforts, and long-term sustainable management of the Sudanese mangrove ecosystems throughout the Red Sea coastal.</span></p>

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals contaminated mining sites of eastern india using soil and moss.

The blooming industrialization and urbanization is leading to increased mining operations. These intensified mining activities emit heavy metals into the environment, posing serious threats to ecosystems. Hence, this study focused on assessing heavy metal pollution in mining soil, utilizing mosses as bioindicators. The ecological risk, geo-accumulation factor, and contamination factor have been calculated to know the harmful effect of heavy metals on ecosystem. The study covered three distinct mining sites of eastern India within Odisha: Jajpur's Sukinda Valley (SP1, Cr), Keonjhar's Joda-Barbil (SP2, Fe and Mn), and Sundargarh's Koira-Joda (SP3, Fe). The collection of 48 soil samples through random sampling revealed significant variations in heavy metal concentrations. SP1 recorded Cr concentration of 6572 ± 445mg/kg and Ni of 8042.47 ± 501.38mg/kg, surpassing eco-toxicological levels. The storage site in SP2 exhibited the highest Fe concentration at 9872 ± 502mg/kg, and Mn levels in SP3 were at 7884 ± 432mg/kg. Storage areas in all three regions held the highest concentrations of heavy metals. Mosses in studied area demonstrated as potential bioindicators for monitoring heavy metal pollution. EF and Igeo assessments showed Cd, Pb, Hg, and other heavy metal contamination compared to earlier investigations. This study indicated higher ecological risks for Pb, As, Cu, Ni, and Zn. The Hyophila involuta accumulates Mn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Fe, and Hg, while Barbula arcuata accumulates Mn, As, and Cu in SP1. Hyophila involuta and Trematodon longicollis accumulate Mn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Fe, Hg, and Zn in SP2. Trematodon ambiguous accumulates Cd, Fe, and Ni, while Fissidens diversifolius accumulates Mn, Cr, Hg, As, Cu, and Zn in SP3. These findings emphasize the necessity of monitoring heavy metal pollution in contaminated zones using moss as a potential bioindicator.

Utilization Status of Oil-Based Drilling Cutting Pyrolysis Residues in The Field of Building Materials

The exploitation of shale gas generates a large amount of oil-based drill cuttings, which are harmful to the environment due to their content of petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and organic pollutants. Thermal desorption technology is one of the main techniques for treating oil-based drill cuttings. This paper focuses on oil-based drilling cutting pyrolysis residues and summarizes its current research status in the construction materials field. Currently, the application of oil-based drilling cutting pyrolysis residues has achieved certain results in road fill, cement production, ceramsite production, and wall materials, and further exploration and development are needed in the future to develop high value-added products and expand the pathways for the high-value utilization of oil residues.

Pollution Characteristics, Risk Assessment, and Source Analysis of Heavy Metals in Soil from a Typical Abandoned Antimony Smelting Factory

Considering the surface soil （0-20 cm） from a typical abandoned antimony smelting factory area in Dachang Town, Qinglong County, Guizhou Province, as a case study, a total of 14 soil samples were systematically collected from both within and outside the smelting factory area. The analysis focused on the pollution status, distribution characteristics, and potential ecological risks of heavy metals such as Sb, As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, and V in the soil. Additionally, an evaluation and analysis of pollution sources were conducted. The results showed that the mean concentrations of heavy metals including ω（Sb）, ω（As）, ω（Cd）, ω（Cr）, ω（Pb）, ω（Cu）, ω（Zn）, ω（Ni）, and ω（V） in the surface soil of the abandoned antimony smelting factory ranged from 4.58 to 15 049.33 mg·kg-1. With the exception of Cr and Ni, all values exceeded the background values of soils in Guizhou province. The single factor pollution indices of Sb and As were 83.61 and 7.01, respectively, indicating severe contamination. In contrast, Pb fell within the non-polluted to slightly polluted range. The comprehensive potential ecological risk of soil heavy metals was characterized by severe potential ecological risk levels for Sb, As, and Cd, while the remaining heavy metals fell within a range of moderate to substantial potential ecological risk levels. The assessment of the geoaccumulation index revealed that the soil in the study area was primarily contaminated by Sb and As, predominantly exhibiting contamination levels ranging from moderate to severe. The results from the RAC method suggested that Sb was the dominant focus for remediation in this abandoned smelting factory. The two primary pollutants, Sb and As, exhibited elevated levels in leachate toxicity, acid-soluble fraction, available fraction, gastric phase, and intestinal phase in terms of bioavailable content, indicating a certain potential hazard. Further, correlation analysis indicated a certain correlation between the total amount of heavy metals and leachate toxicity, available fraction, acid-soluble fraction, reducible fraction, oxidizable fraction, gastric phase extractable fraction, and intestinal phase extractable fraction. The APCS-MLR model indicated that the sources of Sb, As, Zn, Cu, and Cd were primarily industrial, while the sources of Cr and V were mainly natural, and Pb originated mainly from mixed sources.

Machine learning-assisted risk evaluation of heavy metals in the Hainan gold mining region, China.

This study employed machine learning (ML) to thoroughly investigate the impact of informal mining activities on the distribution and pollution status of heavy metals in soils near private gold mines in Hainan Province, southern China, a region known for its ecological sensitivity and economic importance. By systematically collecting surface soil samples and samples at depths of 0.5-1m from 175 drilling sites, a comprehensive quantitative analysis was conducted on major heavy metal elements, including lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and zinc (Zn). Combined with evaluation methods such as the Pollution Load Index (PLI), Normalized Pollution Index (NIPI), and Ecological Risk Index (ERI), the study revealed a high level of soil pollution at informal mining sites. The findings indicated that the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, and Zn in surface soils significantly exceeded the background values for soils in China, with a pronounced positive correlation observed between these heavy metal elements in both surface and deep soil profiles (r > 0.5). Furthermore, leveraging the heavy metal content in surface soils and the constructed environmental indicators, the predictive accuracy for metal content in deep soils was found to range from R2 = 0.27 to 0.68, suggesting that informal mining activities have led to substantial variations in metal content across different soil profiles. Through the application of a random forest model for predictive analysis of the PLI, NIPI, and ERI, high prediction accuracy was achieved (R2 = 0.78, 0.86, and 0.60, respectively). The study demonstrates that informal mining activities not only elevate the risk of soil pollution but also alter the distribution patterns of heavy metals. Also, this study provides a crucial foundation for the scientific assessment of soil quality and potential environmental hazards, while also affirming the efficacy of ML techniques in forecasting soil quality parameters.

Pollution of Heavy Metals in Topsoil of Remote Mountainous Areas in Western Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

Heavy metals from anthropogenic emissions have had a negative impact on the ecological environment in remote regions. A total of 69 topsoil samples were collected from 13 remote mountainous areas in the western Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau at altitudes of 2 563-4 037 m, and the concentrations of ten heavy metals in the samples were determined. Enrichment characteristics and pollution sources of heavy metals in topsoil were discussed by referencing the enrichment factor （EF）, positive matrix factorization （PMF）, and Pb isotopes. The results showed that the average concentrations of Al, Fe, Cu, V, and Zn in the topsoil were lower than the soil background values in Yunnan Province； the average concentrations of Ni and Pb were similar to the background values； and the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Hg were 1.8-3.6 times higher than the background values. The average EF values of Pb, Cr, and Ni were 3.8, 3.4, and 2.3, respectively, showing moderate enrichment according to the EF classification criteria； the average EF values of Cd and Hg were 15.2 and 10.0, reflecting significant enrichment； and the average EF values of the other metals ranged from 1.1 to 1.9, displaying none-weak enrichment. Combining the comparisons of heavy metal concentrations and ratios in topsoil and bedrock and the EF and PMF results, Al, Fe, V, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in topsoil were considered primarily from detrital sources, and the spatial concentration variations of the metals should have been mainly regulated by the parent material. Cadmium, Hg, and Pb were obviously polluted by anthropogenic emissions, and the main sources were non-ferrous metal smelting and coal combustion. The areas with relatively high Cd, Hg, and Pb pollution were mainly distributed in the Jiaozi snow mountain, Bitahai watershed, Luoji Mountain, and Laojun Mountain areas. Anthropogenic emissions contributed 23.8% of the accumulation of heavy metals in the topsoil.

Assessment of Some Heavy Elements in Selected Fruits from the Markets of Anbar Governorate: Implications for Human Health

Eating fruit can be a useful way to enhance health and reduce the risk of many diseases. At the same time, if this fruit exceeds the permissible limit, it can be a source of diseases dangerous to human health. Therefore, this issue presents a complex and multifaceted challenge. The current study aims to assess the concentration of certain heavy metals (chromium, iron, nickel, copper, manganese) in the pulp and peels of selected fruits from the markets of Anbar Governorate, Iraq. Ten types of fruits were selected (quince, fig, orange, apple, banana, mango, watermelon, carrot, pomegranate, kiwi) and compared with internationally permissible limits. The concentrations were measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The results indicated the concentration of some metals exceeding limits of the international standard. For instance, it was noted that the concentration of Ni in the peels very high and the samples that exceeded the international limit were; A2 – B2 – C2 – K2 – M2 – P2 – S2 where samples had 6.548, 3, 3.645, 3.323, 17.516, 4.290 and 5.258 mg/L of Ni. In the pulp, nickel was found at high concentrations exceeding the international limits in samples (A1 - B1 - C1 - K1 - M1 - O1 - P1 - S1), with concentrations of (23.645 - 3.968 - 6.226 - 13.645 - 2.355 - 8.806 - 19.129) mg/L. The highest Ni was found in apple pulp at 23 mg/L while the lowest concentration of Ni was found in orange peel and fig pulp at 0.097 mg/L.

Interpretable machine learning for predicting heavy metal removal efficiency in electrokinetic soil remediation

Electrokinetic remediation (EKR) presents a promising approach for polluted soil remediation, leveraging electric fields to mobilize contaminants and facilitate their removal. Accurate efficiency prediction is crucial for optimizing EKR processes, reducing costs, and minimizing environmental impact. However, the EKR efficiency is influenced by numerous complex factors, making it challenging to predict outcomes reliably. This study introduces a novel approach for developing interpretable machine learning (ML) models tailored for efficient and unbiased EKR efficiency prediction based on material properties and experimental conditions. A large experimental dataset comprising 185 tests was compiled, encompassing various EKR parameters, heavy metal concentration, soil characteristics. A structured ML workflow was devised, evaluating diverse ML algorithms and employing model-agnostic interpretation methodologies to uncover intrinsic correlations between removal efficiency and pertinent attributes. Among the investigated ML models, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) exhibited the best performance. Bayesian optimization was applied to further enhance its capabilities. The optimized XGB model demonstrated superior predictive accuracy on the test set, with an RMSE of 0.255, an MAE of 0.158, and an R² of 0.82. Moreover, SHapley Additive exPlanations analysis was employed to interpret the contributions of the input variables. Among inputs, electrode distance emerged as the most significant factor influencing EKR efficiency, followed by area, electrolyte species, and remediation duration. This research not only advances the predictive capabilities for EKR efficiency but also provides crucial insights into the underlying factors influencing remediation success, paving the way for more efficient and scalable applications in environmental management.

Comparative pharmaceutical evaluation of different samples of Yellow orpiment (Haratala) and Ayurvedic mineral formulation (Rasamanikya)

Background: The present work aimed to study the Physical and Physico-chemical Properties of raw Haratala (Yellow Orpiment), processed Haratala, and its self-prepared formulation Rasamanikya with different market preparations of Rasamanikya by using advance methods such as ICP-AES (qualitative and quantitative analysis), XRD and FEGSEM so that the particle size and elemental content can be estimated and compared in all the samples. This is an attempt to study the classical method of preparation as well as effect of purification process on the constituents of the drug and their size. Methods: Raw Patra Haratala (Orpiment) and three different samples of Rasamanikya were procured from authentic sources. Shodhana (purification) of Haratala was conducted by two different methods. Rasamanikya was prepared from the Haratala processed by two different methods. All the eight samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis, ICPAES, XRD and FEGSEM. Results: Arsenic content is decreased in all the samples except CSH in comparison with ASH. In ICPAES, number of elements is reduced in CSH, KSH and RMCSH in comparison with ASH whereas it is increased in RMKSH, RMMSA, RMMSB, and RMMSC. XRD analysis reveals that Average Crystal Size is minimum in RMMSA and maximum in RMMSC. Average Lattice Strain is minimum in ASH and maximum in RMMSC. Orpiment was detected in all the samples except RMKSH, RMMSB and RMMSC. FEG SEM indicates that the gross particle size of all the samples varies from 1um to 100nm at resolution ranging from 200 to 100000 magnifications. The nanoparticles are visualized at 50000 to 100000 magnifications. Conclusion: Advanced techniques like ICPAES, XRD and FEGSEM are very helpful in estimating the heavy metal content and particle size in Ayurvedic medicine. It is necessary from safety point of view. Small size particles increase the absorption of the drug in the body which causes increase in the bioavailability and potency of the drug. Hence the dose of the formulation may be reduced. Thereby the untoward effects of the high doses can be avoided.

Production of hydroxyapatite utilizing calcium and phosphorus in sewage sludge incineration ash

Sewage sludge incineration ash (SSIA), enriching the most of phosphorus (P), could be named as promising P source for P recycling and management. The novel strategy including extraction of P from SSIA by acid (HCl), purification and separation to obtain Ca liquid and Al-P liquid that could produce hydroxyapatite was investigated in this study. The P acid leaching rate was 97.9 % from SSIA at 0.2 mol/L HCl for 2 h. In P purification, P combined with Fe and Al to form precipitation (Al-P and Fe-P) with the increase of pH (<4.0). At a pH of around 4.0, the separation of Ca in the liquid phase was maximized, while Al-P and Fe-P precipitated out. Then, the Al-P precipitation could be dissolved in NaOH solution (0.2 mol/L) to separate Fe-P precipitation, that obtaining the Al-P liquid. What’s more, the high P content (P2O5, 25.5 %) in P product could be produced directly under 1.5 Ca/P molar ratio, which could be used in P fertilizer. The heavy metal content in the P product were far below the Chinese, American and EU fertilizer regulation, indicating that its environment safety. The Ca and P elements leached out during the acid leaching process were eventually recombined to form hydroxyapatite by wet-chemical purification. The cost of P recovery from SSIA was $3.06/kg P product demonstrating commercial potential of this strategy.

Mud matters: exploring the quality and composition of Estonia's curative mud deposits

The study focuses on the current state of curative mud deposits in Estonia as of 2022, examining changes over the past decade and providing essential information on curative mud quality. Total of 64 curative mud samples were collected in 2022, marking the first investigation into hazardous substances such as phenols, petroleum products, and pesticides. The study encompassed analyses of organic and mineral matter content, grain size, microbiology, and heavy metal concentrations, totalling 1649 measurements. Comparisons with previous data revealed stable organic matter concentrations in lake and marine sediments over the last decade. Microbiological contamination in curative mud samples was relatively low, indicating cleanliness. Petroleum product concentrations varied, with Haapsalu at 42 mg/kg, Värska at 118.6 mg/kg, and Käina below the limit of quantification. Phenol concentrations were generally below the limit of quantification, except for Värska. Pesticides were found in Värska samples, but in other sediments, levels were below the limit of quantification. Average heavy metal concentrations in curative mud decreased between 2013–2014 and 2022, remaining below the target value. The study's results are crucial for curative mud-related entrepreneurship in Estonia, facilitating compliance with the new regulatory standards. The comprehensive data obtained will contribute to the consistency and efficacy of curative mud-related practices in the country.

Evaluating monsoon season heavy metal contamination in groundwater of Uttar Dinajpur District using pollution indices and Principal Component analysis

Heavy metal contamination in groundwater poses significant environmental and public health challenges globally. This study investigates the presence and distribution of heavy metal contamination in groundwater within Uttar Dinajpur District, India, focusing on zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and lead (Pb). Groundwater samples were collected and analysed for heavy metal concentrations, and statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, histograms, box plots, Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) analysis, Metal Index (MI) analysis, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were conducted to assess contamination levels, spatial distribution, and potential sources. Results indicate varying levels of heavy metal contamination across the district, with manganese, iron, and lead frequently exceeding permissible limits, posing potential health risks. The PCA revealed common sources and relationships among heavy metals, aiding in understanding contamination patterns. The study underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and targeted interventions to manage heavy metal contamination in groundwater, emphasizing the need for further research to develop effective mitigation strategies.

Heavy Metals Analysis of Breweries Effluent used in Soil Cultivated with Glycine Max (L.) Merr. Accessions with Biochar Augmentation

Beer production has promulgated the prevalence of heavy metal contamination in the environment (soil and water bodies). The magnitude of breweries wastewater-effluent effect discharged on soil and its effect on crop quality in terms of growth and physiology must therefore be investigated. This study aims to assess the level of seven heavy metals (HM) (lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe)) in breweries wastewater-effluent and its effect on the growth of Glycine max accessions (TGM-3990, TGM-1348, TGM-1732, TGM-2175 and TGM-928) as well as the influence of biochar soil amendment in the induction of HM tolerance in G. max. Effluent properties were analyzed using the A1 portable TDS/EC meter. HM in the wastewater-effluent was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The experiment was set up in a complete block design. 3 seeds G. max accessions were planted in 7kg of sterilized soil (control, effluent and biochar treatments). Growth parameters were taken using standard methods, while the total photosynthetic pigments (TPP) were determined using the atLeaf chlorophyll meter. The wastewater-effluent recorded an electrical conductivity (EC) of 928µS/cm, total dissolved solids (TDS) (464ppm), Temperature (31.9-32.6°C) and pH (5.37). Results for HM concentration showed; Pb (0.20mg/L), Ni (&lt;0.001mg/L), Cr (0.03mg/L), Cu (&lt;0.001mg/L), Cd (&lt;0.001mg/L), Zn (&lt;0.001mg/L) and Fe (8.74mg/L). The trend shows that Fe˃Pb˃Cr˃Cd˃Cu˃Ni˃Zn. Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn were significantly below the World Health Organization (WHO) and Waste Water Forum (WWF) permissible limit, while Fe and Pb significantly higher. G. max accessions TGM-928 (80%) and TGM-3990 (80%) had better germination percentage (GP), TGM-1348 (60%) had the lowest GP, while TGM-2175 recorded no germination in all treatments. At 6 weeks after planting (WAP), it was observed that irrigation of G. max accessions with breweries wastewater-effluent significantly (p=0.001) stimulated growth parameters such as shoot length for TGM-3990 which recorded; Treatment=19.53±0.94cm; Control=17.10±0.67cm; Biochar=40.83±1.01cm) while TGM-1732 had the highest shoot growth (T=38.57±1.53cm; C=25.00±0.00cm; B=82.33±5.70cm) when compared to their controls. TGM-3990 (T=32.20mg/kg, C=34.10mg/kg, 43.30mg/kg) recorded the least TPP contents, while TGM-928 (T=51.00mg/kg, C=45.60mg/kg, B=43.50mg/kg) recorded the highest TPP in all treatments. Amelioration of soil with biochar significantly (p=0.001) stimulated growth above the effluent treatment and control. Similar trend was observed for leaf area, petiole length, leaf number, stem girth and internode length. This study has shown that breweries effluent has the potential of growth enhancement in G. max cultivation and in combination biochar application reduces the need for additional fertilizer application.

Heavy metal accumulation and interaction dynamics in Brachidontes pharaonis: a bioindicator study in the Red Sea.

This work evaluates utilizing the native mussel Brachidontes pharaonis as a bioindicator and sentinel organism for monitoring heavy metals Cu, Zn, and Cd along the Red Sea coast of Egypt. Samples were collected from four coastal locations, and the concentrations of heavy metals in the mussels' tissues, shells, seawater, and sediments were analyzed. Subsequently, bioassay experiments were conducted by exposing the organisms to single, binary, and tertiary metal mixtures, and the accumulation of heavy metals was determined to elucidate the dynamics of metal-metal interactions. Field samples revealed significant variations in heavy metal concentrations in the mussels' soft tissues across different locations, with Zn ranging from 58.1 to 121.0µg/g dw (dry weight), Cu ranging between 18.3 and 36.7µg/g dw, and Cd ranging from 0.3 to 1.04µg/g dw. Conversely, the shells exhibited minimal spatial variations, with much lower contents of Cu (ranging from 1.9 to 2.8µg/g dw) and Zn (ranging from 1.8 to 1.9µg/g dw). However, the shells accumulated Cd at higher levels (ranging from 1.4 to 2.1µg/g dw) compared to the soft tissues. Following a 96-h bioassay experiment, the soft tissues displayed a linear accumulation of metals with increasing exposure dose, with Cd showing the highest accumulation rate (approximately threefold) followed by Zn (twofold) and Cu (1.7-fold). In binary and tertiary exposures, the metals exhibited a general antagonistic interaction, affecting each other's accumulation. On the other hand, the accumulation of heavy metals in the shells after the 96-h bioassay exposure did not follow a consistent linear pattern, suggesting that accumulation during this short experimental period occurs primarily through adsorption rather than the biological pathway.

The influence of Cu2+ and Pb2+ on the characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) from Mucor mucedo and its relationship with pyrene biodegradation

The bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be facilitated by the presence of heavy metals (HMs) via extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). However, the variability of EPS characteristics influenced by HMs in relation to PAHs degradation remains uncertain, particularly in the case of fungi. It is therefore crucial to elucidate the impact of HMs on the characteristics of EPSs and their interaction in the process of PAHs biodegradation. The present study observed the cell membrane of Mucor mucedo under conditions of Cu2+ and Pb2+ stress, as well as determining the characteristics of EPSs. The findings demonstated that the presence of HM ions led to a disruption of the fungal cell membrane. The production of EPSs, the content of their main components and EPS property exhibited changes in accordance with the increasing concentration of HMs. It is noteworthy that the degradation of pyrene was enhanced as the concentration of HMs within the range of 0–80 mg L−1, particularly in the presence of EPSs. A positive correlation was observed between pyrene degradation and the total organic carbon, total nitrogen, polysaccharides, proteins, and surface tension of EPSs. It was thus demonstrated that pyrene biodegradation was enhanced under the stress of HMs (less than 80 mg L−1) by varying the characteristics of EPSs. The conceptual framework outlines the pyrene biodegradation process by EPSs under HM stress. This study provides new insights into the potential mechanism by which HMs influence the biodegradation of PAHs through the involvement of EPSs.

Analysis of Fibropapillomatosis in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Confirms High Content of Heavy Metals.

In recent decades, there has been an increase in European wild ungulate populations, often associated with a decline in health and spread of disease. This is true for the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), the most common European cervid, with populations apparently affected by fibropapillomatosis, an increasingly common cancer. To date, however, there has been little research into this disease, thus many interactions remain unclear and descriptions of tumour composition are poorly validated. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence and concentration of toxic heavy metals in roe deer skin tumours. Our results confirmed the presence of virtually all the metals tested for, i.e., Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Cr, Mn, Al, Co, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, and Fe, with the highest average concentrations found for Cr (0.99 mg/kg-1 ± 2.23 SD), Cd (0.03 mg/kg-1 ± 0.03 SD), and Hg (0.02 mg/kg-1 ± 0.02 SD), exceeding FAO limits for meat from slaughtered animals. We also observed a significant positive relationship between heavy metal concentration and age, especially for Pb, As, Hg, Mn, Se, Al, Zn, and Ni. Our findings provide a strong baseline for further research on the impact of fibropapillomatosis, not only on the welfare and health status of game but also on the final consumer of venison, which in many respects is regarded as a high-quality, ecological, and renewable wild resource. While deer with this disease are not considered qualitatively or medically defective, they could represent a potential reservoir of substances toxic to humans and could affect substance levels in adjacent tissues or the animal as a whole.

A comparative study between the efficacy of fertigation and spraying procedures in terms of the content of Cadmium (Cd) and Arsenic (As) in greenhouse cucumber.

A comparative study between fertigation and spraying procedures in terms of the status of Cadmium (Cd) and Arsenic (As) in greenhouse cucumber was conducted as a two-factor split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran in 2023. The main and sub-factors were respectively fertigation and spraying that were used in two levels [the maximum permissible concentration of Cd and As in granular triple super phosphate fertilizer (25ppm Cd and 50ppm As) and the minimum permissible concentration of these metals in granular triple super phosphate fertilizer (5ppm Cd and 5ppm As)]. Spraying was done in three modes (spraying of leaves, leaves and fruit, and fruit). On average, the results showed that the order of the concentration of Cd in plant tissues (DW) was as leaf (0.284mg/kg) > fruit peel (0.102mg/kg) > fruit peel + flesh (0.054mg/kg) > fruit flesh (0.044mg/kg). This order for As was as leaf (0.608mg/kg) > fruit flesh (0.127mg/kg) > fruit peel + flesh (0.109mg/kg) > fruit peel (0.072mg/kg). Based on the measurements, the spraying procedure accumulated more amounts of Cd and As in the fruit (i.e., peel + flesh) than the fertigation procedure. In general, it is concluded that under soilless culture, the status of heavy metals in plant tissues of greenhouse cucumber is related to the nature of the metal, the organ exposed to the metal, and the fertilization procedure. Because there is the risk of contamination of vegetables grown in the areas fertigated and sprayed with poor-quality nutrient solutions in terms of the content of heavy metals, the frequency of fertigation and spraying needs to be monitored continuously for the quality of the vegetables cultivated in greenhouses.

Impact of fertilizer levels and treated sewage water on heavy metal uptake,growth, agrometeorological indices, and quality of wheat

A field experiment was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India to study the agro-physiological, agrometeorological, heavy metals, and quality parameters of wheat under different fertilizer levels and treated sewage water application on sandy loam soil. Among varieties, signifi- cantly higher yield attributes viz effective tillers and yield were observed with variety HD 3086 being at par with WH 1105 over HD 2967, WH 1124, and DBW 90. A higher value of agrometeorological indices viz. thermal (2.67 kg/ ha/0 C day), helio-thermal (0.77 kg/ha degree day hr), and photothermal (0.23 kg/ha degree day hr) use efficiencies were found with variety HD 3086 over other varieties. Among fertilizer levels, significantly higher yield attributes and grain yield were found with 125 % RDF over 75 and 100 % RDF. Significantly higher values of thermal, heliothermal, and photothermal use efficiencies were observed with the application of 125 % RDF over 75 and 100 % RDF Neither the varieties nor the fertility levels bring any significant variation in normalized difference vegeta- tion index and canopy temperature. However, varying levels of fertilizer did have a substantial impact on chloro- phyll content. Similarly, quality parameters viz. hectoliter weight and protein content were not affected significantly by varieties and fertilizer levels. However, sedimentation value was significantly affected by varieties and fertilizer levels. Heavy metal concentration was found in wheat grain, but these were within the permissible limit.

Differences in quality between canned and pouched tuna packed with various media

Canned and pouched tuna products may be present in different liquid media such as brine, different types of oil and sauces in the markets. Limited reported information about the pouched tuna products and the differences between them in different liquid media available in Turkish markets. pH values of CW and PW were lower than the others. TBA values of all groups were found to be below the limits for development of an objectionable odor/taste. Omega 6/omega3 ratio was determined very high in CS and PS. On the other hand, higher content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were found in CW and PW when compared with others (CO, CS, PO, PS). Heavy metal contents of tuna products, they were found to be safe according to limits for arsenic, mercury, lead and cadmium levels. L* values of all canned tunas (CO, CS, CW) were significantly higher than the pouched tunas (PO, PS, PW). b* values of both CW and PW were lower than the other groups. CW got the significantly lowest overall quality, color and taste scores when compared with the others. As a matter of fact, pouched tuna products especially PW were recommended for health purposes.

Prediction of soil heavy metal content around mine tailings using multiple methods combined with transformed hyperspectral reflectance data

The extensive accumulation of tailings can potentially cause heavy metal contamination in the surrounding farmland soil. Accurately predicting the spatial distribution of heavy metals in farmland soil is crucial for assessing the potential environmental hazards of tailings.This study focuses on the spatial distribution and the quantitative prediction of heavy metals (chromium (Cr), vanadium (V), and copper (Cu)) in soils surrounding mine tailings using advanced spectral data analysis and multiple prediction models. The original hyperspectral reflectance data were processed using first-order differential (FD), second-order differential (SD), reciprocal logarithmic (LR), and continuum removal (CR) transformations to highlight the positions of characteristic bands. Multiple linear regression (MLR), stepwise linear regression (SLR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), random forest (RF), and back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) models were used to establish inversion models for Cr, V, and Cu based on bands with high correlation coefficients. The performance of the inversion models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and residual predictive deviation (RPD). The results indicate that the raw hyperspectral data from the measured soil exhibit a weak response to heavy metal content in the study area. However, applying FD, SD, and CR transformations significantly enhances the sensitivity of soil spectral data to heavy metal concentrations, facilitating subsequent modeling. Among these, the SD transformation is particularly beneficial for modeling the Cr and Cu elements in the soil. For the V element, the FD transformation yields data that are more suitable for modeling. Regarding the inversion models based on the measured spectral data, the BP-ANN model exhibited the best predictive performance. Specifically, when combined with SD spectral data, the BP-ANN achieved the highest predictive accuracy for Cu content (R² = 0.85, RPD = 2.12). The RF model demonstrated the next best performance, with its optimal inversion model also utilizing SD spectral data for predicting Cu content (R² = 0.76, RPD = 1.90). On the other hand, the MLR model exhibited the poorest performance and is unsuitable for predicting heavy metal content in the region using the measured spectral data. This study highlights the potential of spectral data in environmental monitoring and provides a technical reference for the inversion assessment and regulation of heavy metals in farmlands surrounding tailing sites.