Heavy Fraction Research Articles

Recent advances in the NMR of fuel: a brief overview

Present review covers the most recent advances in the NMR studies of oil refining products - light fractions, different types of fuels, heavy fractions, and crude oil itself. By no means does it discuss NMR applications in this field in detail providing only a brief overview of different NMR methods used for structural elucidation of the oil refining products together with crude oil with particular emphasis on recent achievements and advances in this field.<br> The bibliography includes 48 references.

Pollution sources and metallic elements mobility recorded by heavy minerals in soils affected by Cu-smelting (Legnica, SW Poland)

Abstract Heavy mineral particles are widely used in Earth science studies to show sediment provenance and weathering conditions. Such particles are particularly useful in polluted soils surrounding mining and smelting facilities because heavy minerals are common by-products of these activities and may accumulate in the soils. As such, the particles are suitable indicators of metallic element carriers and their stability in the soil environment. In this study, we analyze heavy mineral particles in two soils surrounding the active copper smelter (Legnica, SW, Poland). We show that particles associated with different smelting activities dominate the heavy mineral fraction. We note the general absence of sulfides in the fraction indicating that these minerals might have been entirely dissolved, but timing of this dissolution is uncertain (before or after deposition within soils). Currently, the carriers of potentially toxic elements are mainly secondary Fe oxides. Studies aiming at better estimation of the proportion of metallic elements contained in heavy mineral particles are needed to fully use the potential of these phases in polluted soil studies. We estimate that Pb contained in Pb-rich silicate glass constitutes <0.5% of the total Pb budget and Pb contained in secondary Fe oxides is over 1% of the total budget, but these are minimal estimates.

Indirect effects of oil products on the environment

The article is focused on chemical and radioactive contamination of the environment during hydrocarbon production. The objective of the research is to present relatively unknown facts of indirect long-term environmental effects of hydrocarbon production. Traces of radioactive contamination of soils, ground- and surface water were studied, and also in drinking water in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The authors’ own field and laboratory studies were used. They were performed as part of the preparation of geochemical base map (GHO-1000) of 1:1000000 scale in the Republic of Bashkortostan and in the Ukhto-Izhemsky oil and gas bearing region. The methods applied for laboratory research were inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for soil and bottom sediment samples and atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AMS) for ground- and surface waters. It has been determined that in the areas affected by oil production the chemical pollution aspects include deterioration of the groundwater quality caused by associated water and oil products ingress into aquifers due to violation of the oil and gas well drilling techniques, and soil salination caused by frequent equipment breaks during oil production. Aspects of radiation contamination of the environment during oil production include the intake of radionuclides with associated water, and sometimes with heavy hydrocarbon fractions, as well as the consequences of underground nuclear explosions. It is concluded that the territories of hydrocarbon exploration, production and storage should be classified as areas of potential risk for radioactive contamination and chemical pollution (by inorganic compounds, including heavy metal salts). Uranium concentration in drinking water was determined by the INAA method (instrumental neutron activation analysis).

Insight into heavy metal chemical fractions in ash collected from municipal and industrial waste incinerators in northern Vietnam.

This investigation involved the collection of fly ash and bottom ash specimens from seven waste incinerators situated in the northern provinces of Vietnam, aimed at assessing the composition and distribution patterns of five chemical fractions of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, As, Cd Cu, and Zn) present in incinerator waste ash. The outcomes reveal that fly ash exhibited a relatively elevated concentration of industrial waste metals (25-66%) such as As, Cd, and Pb primarily in exchangeable (F1) and carbonate fractions (F2), which are mobile forms susceptible to environmental dissolution and consequential bioaccumulation posing health risks to humans. The predominant states of the metals Cr, Cu, and Zn were identified as residual, Fe-Mn oxide, and carbonate, respectively, with their relative proportions showing minimal variation. Conversely, heavy metals were predominantly present in residual residue and Fe-Mn bound form (F3) in bottom ash derived from both residential and commercial waste incineration operations. The non-carcinogenic hazard indices (HI) associated with the examined metals, ranked for both adults and children, were as follows: Pb > Cr > As > Cd > Cu > Zn. Notably, the HI values for Pb, Cr, and As exceeded the permissible threshold (HI > 1) for children. However, the risk of As, Cd, and Pb-related cancer via exposure pathways remained within acceptable limits for both age groups. Conversely, the probability of carcinogenic effects attributable to Cr surpassed the permissible threshold (>10-4), indicating significant health concerns associated with heavy metals in waste incinerators for humans, particularly children.

Oxidative desulfurization of VGO using carbon nanostructures created by NTP-pyrolysis of fuel oil

Desulfurization of heavy oil fractions is complicated due to the high content of stable polycyclic systems including thiophene ring. Therefore, there is a need to develop new efficient and cost-effective desulfurization methods. The catalytic activity of carbon structures obtained by plasma-chemical pyrolysis of hydrocarbon feedstock (fuel oil, non-hydrorefined vacuum gas oil and catalytic cracking residue) was investigated in this work. The catalytic activity of carbon structures was investigated in relation to the process of oxidative desulfurization of light vacuum gas oil. The oxidation process was carried out at 60°C using ultrasonic dispersion for 1 minute. The oxidation products were extracted with furfural. As a result of oxidation followed by extraction, the sulfur content in gas oil decreased from 0.64 to 0.24% wt.

Mineralogy of the Vovchansk Zircon-Rutile-Ilmenite Deposit (Ukrainian Shield)

The article provides generalized data on the geological structure, the results of laboratory analyzes of the heavy fraction of the main placer-forming minerals of the Vovchansk zircon-rutile-ilmenite deposit, which was being developed by Demurinsky Mining and Processing Plant LLC in 2002. The geological structure of the Vovchansk deposit includes a complex of Precambrian rocks of the crystalline basement, the Paleozoic-Cenozoic weathered crust, the Paleozoic-Cenozoic sediments, and Quaternary deposits. The industrial concentration of heavy minerals is confined to the middle and upper parts of the Middle Sarmatian subsuite of the Neogene, composed of fine-grained, essentially quartz sands, with a total thickness of 0.4 to 63 m. The content of heavy minerals in the ore-bearing horizon of the deposit ranges from 93.8 to 485 kg/m3 (ilmenite from 37.6 to 242.6 kg/m3, rutile from 15.9 to 64.6 kg/m3, zircon from 2.9 to 9.4 kg/m3, sillimanite and disthene from 20.4 to 117.5 kg/m3). The content of major and minor elements-impurities in individual minerals of the ore-bearing horizon (178 grains) was determined: ilmenite (18 samples), rutile (40 samples), zircon (35 samples), sillimanite (30 samples), staurolite (25 samples), tourmaline (12 samples), ganite (8 samples), monazite (10 samples). The conducted research clarified the typomorphic features of minerals from the sands of the Vovchansk deposit, established their absolute age and probable original sources.

Determination of Ways of Improving the Process of Separation of Seed Materials on the Working Surface of the Pneumatic Sorting Table

Abstract The object of the study is the process of separation of seed material according to the seed density on the working surface of the pneumatic sorting table. The main defining design variables and linkage parameters of the equipment are analyzed, which realizes the process of separation of seed materials, and is coordinated with physical and mechanical variables of raw materials. The principles of modeling of seed material layer movement as a multiphase medium are provided. Under the effect of working surface vibrations and the power of an airstream the layer take on the properties of pseudoliquid. The criteria of chosen variables are presented, on which depend quality and quantity indicators of the separation process of seed materials according to the seed density. Optimal values of the separator linkage parameters are analytically determined and dependence diagrams are built. Secant lines of surfaces for a concrete crop (raw material) are performed. The “purity” of heavy fraction during the variation of indicated parameters is studied. It is proved that there are differences in types of the dependences: different decreasing of functions and increasing of airstream velocity. It is obvious that this nature is determined by difference in density of original raw materials. This way the smallest influence a change in the air-stream velocity causes to soybean raw material, as soybean has the biggest density. At the same time, the biggest affect is provoked on sunflower seeds, which have the smallest density among the used types of raw materials, as well as a triangle form. It is determined that the maximal frequency of the basic fraction, gained by the separation of wheat seed material on PST, is obtained under the airstream velocity in the range 1.3-1.5 m·s−1. For corn the rational air-stream velocity falls in the range 1.3-1.6 m·s−1, for sunflower – 1.2-1.4 m·s−1, for soybean – 1.2-1.4 m·s−1. These figures are valid under the condition of using the relevant rational decisions of frequency and amplitude of vibrations of pneumatic sorting table deck during the separation of grain mixtures, as well as longitudinal and transverse angles of inclination. The veracity of experimental studying results is proved by the corresponding theoretical models of the process.

Состояние фуллерена C60 в двухкомпонентной смеси газов

In this paper, the non-equilibrium state of a gaseous molecular system containing nitrogen, helium, and fullerenes is studied in the framework of the model of classical molecular dynamics. In such systems, the non-equilibrium state is determined by different states of single components. Here, the heavy fraction of the fullerenes can induce the internal non-equilibrium state associated with the difference between its translational and rotational temperatures. This paper proposes an original method for calculating the rotations of fullerenes in space, which does not use Euler angles and therefore has no consequential restrictions. The diffusion trajectories of fullerene particles are calculated, and the energy of their rotation is determined as the average temperature in the system of 300 K. The calculated results show that the internal non-equilibrium state of the fullerene fraction becomes apparent at pressures less than 10 atm. At pressures of a few tens of atmospheres, the rotational temperature of fullerenes coincides with their translational temperature.

Recovery of copper from pre-concentrated printed circuit boards (PCBS) by catalyzed acidic leaching

This study aimed to extract copper from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) through a sequential process involving physical pre-concentration via a shaking table, followed by acid leaching. A shredder and hammer mill were utilized to fragment the various components of the PCB into particles smaller than 1 mm. The shaking table pre-concentration tests revealed that the heavy fraction exhibited a copper grade of 56.4 % with a yield of 89.6%. Subsequent leaching of the copper concentrate using a solution containing 1 M H2SO4 and 4% (v/v) H2O2 at 50?C for two hours resulted in a copper extraction efficiency exceeding 95 % with a solid ratio of 2 % wt./v.

Use of an absorber for the regeneration of hydrotreating catalysts using a steam-air mixture

This article explores the processing of high-sulfur petroleum products into low-sulfur fuels without harming the environment. Specifically, it discusses the implementation of EURO-3 standards at the Bukhara Oil Refinery in Uzbekistan since 2022. The study examines the hydrodesulfurization process used to treat high-sulfur heavy fractions of oil. The primary aim of the research is to improve the method of oxidative regeneration of hydrotreating catalysts. Modern techniques are proposed for restoring the activity of used catalysts, one of which involves regeneration with a steam-air mixture. This new method offers numerous advantages over traditional approaches, including significant savings in energy and materials, reduced process duration, and decreased emissions of harmful gases into the environment. Consequently, this method not only enhances production efficiency but also plays a crucial role in protecting both the environment and human health.

Вплив вмісту фенолів на деякі експлуатаційні властивості вбирних олив

DOI: 10.31081/1681-309X-2024-0-1-15-21 Specialty 161. U.D.C. 66.074.382:665.004.12 INFLUENCE OF PHENOL CONTENT ON SOME OPERATIONAL PROPERTIES OF ABSORBENT OILS © S.V. Nesterenko, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, (State Enterprise “Ukrainian State Research Institute for Carbochemistry (UKHIN)”, 7 Vesnina str., Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine), A.L. Bannikov (National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", 2, Kyrpychova str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine) The shutdown of centralized processing of phenolic raw materials once again raises the issue of the need to implement the process of dephenolization of the wash oil and to consider the feasibility of standardizing the phenol content in it. This problem has a history as long as the use of a coal tar wash oil as absorbent for capturing benzene hydrocarbons. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of studying the effects of oil degradation initiators such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, resins, iron and corrosion products. The purpose of this study was to conduct an experiment to determine the effect of phenol content in the absorbing oil on certain characteristics. This was intended to provide additional arguments to justify the feasibility of implementing the process of dephenolization of benzene hydrocarbon absorbers. A mixture of phenols was added to the sample of working oil in the following approximate ratio, in which they are in the absorbing fraction, namely 30 % xylenol isomers, 5 % cresol isomers, 65 % higher phenols (β-naphthol). Electrochemical determination of the corrosion rate of the solution obtained from aqueous extracts of oil samples showed that the presence of phenols does not increase corrosion processes caused by the presence of aggressive components. It can even be argued that the presence of phenols somewhat reduces corrosion processes by forming a film on the metal surface or reducing the concentration of active components near its surface. It was found that oil with phenol additives above the usual phenol content does not show a significant increase in the tendency to coke formation. On the contrary, higher phenols are inhibitors of radical oxidation reactions, which occur up to a certain limit in the processes of coke formation. Moreover, phenols show some inhibitory effect in a fairly wide temperature range (430-800 °C). Keywords: absorbent oil, phenols, dephenolization of the heavy fraction, corrosion rate, coke number. Corresponding author: S.V. Nesterenko, e-mail: nesterhnamg@gmail.com

Plasma-chemical pyrolysis of a mixture of fuel oil and methyl tert-butyl ether

NTP-pyrolysis of heavy petroleum products is a difficult task due to high viscosity, low hydrogen-to-carbon ratio and tendency to polycondensation with formation of high-molecular products. The use of oxygen-containing compounds for NTP-pyrolysis can reduce the yield of polycondensation products due to internal oxygen. In the present work, NTP pyrolysis of fuel oil in the presence of oxygen-containing additive (methyl tert-butyl ether) was carried out at a current source voltage of 700V. The influence of the content of the doping component in the range of 5-15 wt% on conversion, energy consumption and product composition was investigated. At increase in the content of methyl-tert-butyl ether up to 15 wt% in fuel oil the energy consumption decreases and the yield of gaseous products increases from 21.7 to 47.9 wt%. Carrying out NTP-pyrolysis process in the presence of oxygen-containing additive leads to an increase in the depth of processing of heavy fractions.

Size-classified aerosol-bound heavy metals and their effects on human health risks in industrial and remote areas in Japan

Airborne aerosols were collected in six size classes (PM<0.1, PM0.1–0.5, PM0.5–1, PM1–2.5, PM2.5–10 and PM>10) to investigate aerosol health risks in remote and industrial areas in Japan. We focused on heavy metals and their water-dispersed fractions. The average concentration of heavy metals was 18 ± 25–86 ± 48 ngm−3 for PM<0.1, 46 ± 19–154 ± 80 for PM0.5–1 ngm−3, 98 ± 49–422 ± 186 ngm−3 for PM1–2.5, 321 ± 305–1288 ± 727 ngm−3 for PM2.5–10 and 65 ± 52–914 ± 339 ngm−3 or PM>10, and these concentrations were higher in industrial areas. Heavy metals emitted from domestic anthropogenic sources were added to the long-range transport component of the aerosols. The water-dispersed fraction of heavy metals contained 3.3–40.1% of the total heavy metals in each size class. The relative contribution of Zn and other species (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Mn, V and Cu) increased in the water-dispersed fraction. Smaller particles contained greater proportions of the water-dispersed heavy metal fraction. Carcinogenic risk (CR) and the hazard index (HI) were estimated for each size class. The CR of carcinogens was at acceptable levels (<1 ×10−6) for five particle size fractions. The HI values for carcinogens and noncarcinogens were also below acceptable levels (<1) for the same five size fractions. The estimated CR and HI values were dominated by contributions from the inhalation process.

Development and research of a new nanocomposition for elimination of asphaltene-tar-paraffin deposits

At long-operating fields, due to a drop in reservoir pressure and temperature in the bottom-hole zone of wells as a result of degassing, light oil fractions volatilize and heavy fractions deposit on the rock surface, which leads to weakened filtration and reduced productivity. On the other hand, these particles deposited in the pores hydrophobize the rock surface, and water passing through this surface mixes with the deposited hydrocarbons to form an emulsion. The emulsion formed reduces phase conductivity. For effective exploitation of this type of oil fields, compositions that have a stronger effect on the bottom-hole zone and are more economically feasible have been developed and their properties have been studied. As a result of these studies it was revealed that with the addition of small concentrations of metallic nanoparticles to compositions consisting of solvents and surfactants, the ability of the developed new composition to dissolve asphaltene-tar-paraffin deposits is significantly increased. Keywords: asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits; metal nanoparticles; surfactants; solvents; new composition.

Nitrogen-containing compounds of Kazakhstan petroleum vacuum gas oil

Relevance. The need to accumulate data on nitrogen-containing compounds of heavy fractions, the share of which in secondary oil refining is steadily increasing every year. With the weight of raw materials the amount of sulfur-, nitrogen- and oxygen-containing components in it increases. The high content of heteroatomic compounds has a negative impact on catalytic processing, the quality and performance characteristics of the products obtained, and the environment. One of the widespread processes for upgrading crude oil, in particular, vacuum gas oil, is hydrotreating. However, during the catalytic hydrodesulfurization of heavy distillates the reactions of hydrogenolysis of organic sulfur compounds are inhibited in the presence of nitrogen-containing compounds. At the same time, the degree of hydrodenitrogenation of heavy oil fractions is relatively low. It is known that petroleum nitrogen-containing compounds are divided into nitrogenous bases titrated with acid solutions and nonbasic nitrogen compounds. Nitrogenous bases are represented mainly by alkylbenzo- and alkylnaphthenobenzo derivatives of pyridine. Nonbasic compounds may include benzologs of pyrrole and amides. Determining the composition of nitrogen-containing compounds in vacuum gas oil and studying their transformations during hydrotreatment is an important and actual problem. Aim. Comparative study of high- and low-molecular nitrogenous bases and nonbasic nitrogen-containing compounds of vacuum gas oil of Kazakhstan oil before and after hydrotreating. Objects. Samples taken before and after the catalytic hydrotreatment of vacuum gas oil from Kazakhstan oil. Methods. Hydrotreatment, elemental analysis, potentiometric titration, benzene cryoscopy, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, structural group analysis. Results. The paper introduces a comparative characteristic of the composition and structure of high and low molecular weight nitrogenous bases from the original and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil. Under the conditions of hydrotreatment, the total removal of nitrogen was 6.56 wt %, and the content of Nbas. decreased by 36%. At the same time, nitrogenous bases in the hydrotreated product are characterized by low molecular weights. Using IR spectroscopy, similar structural fragments were identified in the nitrogen compounds of the original and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil: pyridine rings (1573–1574 cm–1), carboxylic (3209–3225 and 1701–1709 cm–1) and sulfoxide (1032–1033 cm–1) groups. Among the nitrogen-containing compounds of the original vacuum gas oil, amides (1647–1648 cm–1) were identified, which are absent in the composition of nitrogen-containing compounds of the hydrotreated vacuum gas oil. Hydrocarbon skeletons of molecules include aromatic (1599–1602 cm–1) and aliphatic fragments (2860–2960 and 1454–1460, 1377, 723–727 cm–1). In accordance with the results of the structural group analysis, the averaged molecules of high and low molecular weight nitrogenous bases of the original and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil are represented by naphthenoaromatic structures with different alkyl framing. The differences observed between the values of individual structural parameters of the nitrogenous bases average molecules of the original and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil may indicate the compounds transformations under study during hydrotreatment.

Investigation of the effect of alumina porous media on the polyethylene waste pyrolysis with continuous feed

This study investigates the pyrolysis of polyethylene waste in a continuous-feed mode to provide novel insights into recycling waste plastics. Alumina (Al2O3) porous media has been introduced into the pyrolysis reactor to study its effect on continuous-feeding plastic waste pyrolysis. The pyrolysis product yields, oil fractions, and gas components have been determined under varying porous media structures, i.e., thickness and pore size, and operating parameters, i.e., temperature and gas-carrying velocity. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first attempt to investigate the influence of porous media pore size on the thermal decomposition of waste polyolefin in continuous feeding mode. The results reveal that higher thicknesses and smaller pore sizes of porous media can enhance the properties of pyrolysis oil with lower heavy fractions (>C20). The aromatization of light olefins is triggered when the temperature exceeds 520 °C, resulting in a rapid increase in light fraction (<C12) in pyrolysis oil. Moreover, the gas-carrying velocity determines the pyrolysis product distribution by regulating the volatiles' residence time.

Understanding catalytic hydrotreating of hydrothermal liquefaction nitrogen-rich biocrude in a two-stage continuous hydrotreater

Hydrothermal liquefaction biocrude from non-lignocellulosic feedstocks often shows properties, such as a high presence of inorganics, oxygen and especially a high nitrogen content, which are challenging in view of hydroprocessing for the production of drop-in biofuels. In particular, nitrogen removal requires severe conditions, that might compromise continuous operations and affect the yield of the different hydrocarbon fractions. This work demonstrates the possibility of successful long-time continuous operations for microalgae biocrude, a feed with a high content of metals and nitrogen, thanks to a multi-stage approach with different sulfided catalysts. Whereas hydrodeoxygenation was achieved at relatively mild conditions, nitrogen removal was challenging. By using a number of advanced characterization techniques, among which FTICR-MS, it was possible to unveil how nitrogen removal takes place at different reaction severities, in terms of temperature, WHSV and pressure. High nitrogen removal needs high temperature (∼400 °C) and low space velocities and is associated with a high H2 consumption. This causes also a remarkable change in the boiling point distribution, which is shifted to products in the gasoline range, while the yields of middle distillates are marginally affected by hydrotreating severity. This seems to be a consequence of the denitrogenation mechanism, promoting the fragmentation of larger molecules in the heavy fractions of biocrude.

The relationship between site history and human health risks: Lessons from 13 years of contaminated land risk assessments in Victoria, Australia

AbstractSite history is widely recognized as one of the key determinants of the nature and scale of contamination that is likely to be present at a location. While there is vast anecdotal and empirical evidence on the relationship between site history and risk of exposure to pollution, few attempts have been made to systematically collate data across sites to rigorously identify such trends. This study presents an analysis of human health risk metrics extracted from all 1732 contaminated land environmental audits published in Victoria, Australia between 2006 and 2018. The contaminating activities found to be most likely associated with elevated risks to human health were service stations, fuel depots, dry cleaners, gasworks, mechanical parts manufacturers, imported fill and unknown offsite sources generating regional groundwater pollution (usually polluted with trichloroethene). The ten chemical contaminants most frequently assessed in human health risk assessment reports included (in order): benzene, C&gt;10–16 petroleum hydrocarbons, naphthalene, C6–10 petroleum hydrocarbons, xylenes, trichloroethene, toluene, ethylbenzene, benzo(a)pyrene, and tetrachloroethene. The findings of this report include recommendations to develop regulatory guideline values in Australia for trimethylbenzenes, heavy fraction petroleum hydrocarbons (C&gt;16), and trans‐1,2‐dicholoethene, and to strengthen the evidence base informing risks associated with light fraction petroleum hydrocarbons (C6–16) and trichloroethene. To the author's knowledge, this study is the first to extract risk metrics from environmental audit reports and provides a strong evidence base to help regulators, academics and commercial practitioners rank and prioritize sites based on their site history and associated risks.

The Hildebrand Solubility Parameter and Its Importance in the Scientific and Technological Scenario of Flow Assurance Operations

The Hildebrand solubility parameter has been applied in several areas of science and engineering, assuming a relevant role in new scientific developments and practical applications in industry. This review shows its importance and relationship with development of research in flow assurance activities, especially involving heavy fractions of oils such as asphaltenes, resins and wax. The examples described illustrate its relevance and scope in the approaches of interest of flow assurance. They also show that it is a versatile property for many new applications, including the development of methodologies to obtain more reliable values for the various petroleum fluids and theoretical developments for its estimation in a wide range of temperature and pressure.

Experimental Investigation on the Pyrolysis and Conversion Characteristics of Organic-Rich Shale by Supercritical Water.

Organic-rich shale oil reservoirs with low-medium maturity have attracted increasing attention because of their enormous oil and gas potential. In this work, a series of experiments on pyrolysis of the particle and core samples were carried out in a self-made supercritical water pyrolysis apparatus to evaluate the feasibility and benefits of supercritical water in promoting the transformation efficiency and oil yield of the low-medium maturity organic-rich shale. Core samples had a mass loss of 8.4% under supercritical water pyrolysis, and many microcracks were generated, which increased the pyrolysis efficiency substantially. The oil yield of shale pyrolysis could reach 72.40% under supercritical water conditions at 23 MPa and 400 °C, which was 53.02% higher than that under anhydrous conditions. In supercritical water conditions, oxygen-containing compounds are less abundant than in anhydrous conditions, suggesting that supercritical water can inhibit their formation. Also, supercritical water conditions produced higher yields for light fraction, medium fraction, and heavy fraction shale oil than those under anhydrous conditions. These results indicate that supercritical water pyrolysis is feasible and has excellent advantages for low-medium maturity organic-rich shale.