Heating Network Research Articles

Weather-Based Prediction of Power Consumption in District Heating Network: Case Study in Finland

Accurate prediction of energy consumption in district heating systems plays an important role in supporting effective and clean energy production and distribution in dense urban areas. Predictive models are needed for flexible and cost-effective operation of energy production and usage, e.g., using peak shaving or load shifting to compensate for heat losses in the pipeline. This helps to avoid exceedance of power plant capacity. The purpose of this study is to automate the process of building machine learning (ML) models to solve a short-term power demand prediction problem. The dataset contains a district heating network’s measured hourly power consumption and ambient temperature for 415 days. In this paper, we propose a hybrid evolutionary-based algorithm, named GA-SHADE, for the simultaneous optimization of ML models and feature selection. The GA-SHADE algorithm is a hybrid algorithm consisting of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) and success-history-based parameter adaptation for differential evolution (SHADE). The results of the numerical experiments show that the proposed GA-SHADE algorithm allows the identification of simplified ML models with good prediction performance in terms of the optimized feature subset and model hyperparameters. The main contributions of the study are (1) using the proposed GA-SHADE, ML models with varying numbers of features and performance are obtained. (2) The proposed GA-SHADE algorithm self-adapts during operation and has only one control parameter. There is no fine-tuning required before execution. (3) Due to the evolutionary nature of the algorithm, it is not sensitive to the number of features and hyperparameters to be optimized in ML models. In conclusion, this study confirms that each optimized ML model uses a unique set and number of features. Out of the six ML models considered, SVR and NN are better candidates and have demonstrated the best performance across several metrics. All numerical experiments were compared against the measurements and proven by the standard statistical tests.

Integrated energy cyber–physical system fusion modeling and operation state analysis under the cooperative attack

With the increasingly close coupling between the cyber system and the physical system, cyber attacks have a significant impact on the physical system by attacking the cyber system. As a cyber–physical system with multiple energy sources, integrated energy cyber–physical system (IECPS) is facing the risk of cyber attacks. However, the research on IECPS is still in the direction of operation optimization at the physical level, which cannot meet the requirements of system security and stability analysis under cyber cooperative attacks. Firstly, this paper analyzes the interaction mechanism between the energy network composed of electricity, heat and gas and the cyber network in IECPS, and put forward a layered modeling method of IECPS to analyze the influence of abnormal information flow caused by cyber attacks on energy flow. Secondly, based on the energy circuit method (ECM), a hybrid calculation method of IECPS energy-information flow is proposed to solve the model. Then, the load shedding state of IECPS and the tampering process of system control commands after the fake data injection attack are analyzed by using the proposed calculation method. Finally, the simulation analysis is carried out in an integrated energy system composed of IEEE 39-node power grid, 6-node heating network and 7-node gas network. The results show that, compared with the traditional Newton–Raphson method, the proposed IECPS hybrid calculation method can better obtain the change results of energy flow in the steady-state scenario and the cyber cooperative attack scenario, and identify the high-risk branches in the system, which is of great significance to the safe and stable operation of the energy system.

USE OF A TWO-STAGE COMBINED SCHEME FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS CONNECTION IN HEATING POINTS FOR HOT WATER SUPPLY OF INSULATED BUILDINGS

The article addresses the features of the functioning of centralised heat supply systems of residential micro-districts considering the improvement of thermal insulation of existing buildings. It also analyses the performance characteristics of hot water supply heaters installed on individual heat points of insulated buildings. The authors compared the heat transfer surface area of heaters and network water flow rate through the heating point for one-stage and two-stage combined schemes of connection of heat exchangers and heat networks. The analysis of calculation results showed that using a two-stage combined connection scheme reduces the consumption of network water through the individual heat supply unit compared to the one-stage scheme. However, the two-stage scheme causes the necessity to increase the heat transfer surface area compared to the one-stage connection scheme. We generalised the results by formulas for calculating water flow rate from distribution heat networks and heat transfer surface area. It is possible to use the obtained results to develop a strategy for reforming micro-district centralised heating systems. Using a two-stage combined connection scheme for hot water supply heat exchangers installed on individual heating points (IHP) of additionally insulated buildings reduces network water consumption through the individual heating point by 8–16% compared to a one-stage connection scheme. The device of a two-stage combined scheme in comparison with a one-stage scheme causes the increase of heat transfer surface area of heat exchangers of the hot water supply of individual heating points from one and a half to two times depending on the accepted design temperature of heating of cold water at the first stage of the heating unit. The results of calculations are approximated by equations, allowing, with acceptable accuracy, to compare the indicators of two-stage combined and one-stage schemes of connection of water heaters for individual heating points of insulated buildings. Keywords: centralised heat supply, individual heating point, water heaters, hot water supply.

The benefits of integrating industrial hydrogen production with district heating in Cold Climates with different building renovation levels

Green hydrogen has a significant potential in decarbonizing the energy system, and avoiding deforestation by replacing biomass fuels, meanwhile, implementing waste heat recovery from its production process can boost decarbonization in district heating networks. However, since hydrogen-consuming industries are often distant from district heating networks, waste heat recovery from electrolysis plants may cause additional cost of transferring hydrogen. This contribution investigates this systematic challenge by evaluating the possible benefits of integrating hydrogen production process into district heating networks and considering the additional cost of transferring hydrogen. In addition, this study quantifies the expected national system-level benefits of efficient building renovation strategies and the additional progress that coupling with hydrogen production could bring. Based on the results, while the economic benefits of importing waste heat from electrolysis plants into the district heating networks is relatively small (annually 100 M€, constituting roughly 0.4 % of the Finnish energy system annual costs), this study demonstrates its notable potential to reduce biomass consumption by 7 %. However, the required cost for transporting hydrogen in Finland is projected to be 0.1–0.2 €/kg. Moreover, the results reveal that buildings renovation in two levels of low-renovation and high-renovation can decline biomass consumption in the heating sector by 29 % and 40 %, respectively.

Optimising low-temperature district heating networks: A simulation-based approach with experimental verification

Fifth generation district heating and cooling systems are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability for working with low temperature of heat transfer fluids. Among the other benefits, this characteristic allows for a better exploitation of renewable energy sources. On the other hand, these networks require a fine design and precise management to exploit their full potential. Both these requirements can be met by using advanced simulation and optimisation tools. This research proposes a simulation tool purposely conceived for the design and the optimisation of fifth-generation district heating and cooling systems. This tool is capable of assessing the effects of each building-plant system on the whole district heating and cooling water loop, and to evaluate the effectiveness of diverse network morphology. These capabilities are due the level of detail of the mathematical modelling which takes into account the thermohydraulic characteristics of the network, each building thermo-physics properties, and the heat pump/chiller detailed operation. The described tool has been adopted to simulate an existing experimental network prototype (consisting of a central heat pump, behaving as thermal energy balancing station, and eight users), and the achieved results were compared to those experimentally obtained for validation aims. The capabilities of the validated tool have been demonstrated by investigating an innovative control logic (representing a further novelty of this research) for a “proof-of-concept” fifth-generation district heating and cooling network. In particular, by adopting a predictive control logic, the water loop temperature is dynamically optimised to minimise the entire network energy demand. The adopted control strategy has yielded significant primary energy savings, amounting to 10.3 MWh/year, with a rate of 6.5 % compared to the reference case characterised by a fixed network temperature. These results underscore the potential of the proposed method and demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed tool.

Optimisation of district heating network separation for the utilisation of heat source potentials

Integrating sustainable heat sources into district heating systems is crucial to reduce the mainly fossil-based heat supply in the building sector. However, integrating a heat source into an existing district heating system can be challenging due to non-matching temperature levels or unfavourable availability of the heat source intended for utilisation. To avoid the problems associated with heat source integration, i.e. utilisation in an existing district heating system, an alternative approach is to separate the district heating network into two independent networks. Thus, the separated network forms a standalone district heating system, which is supplied by the utilised heat source and can be individually transformed depending on the characteristics of the utilised heat source and the supplied buildings. In this way, complex design and control adaptions for the entire district heating system are avoided.This work presents a method for the automatic determination of optimal district heating separation depending on the given district heating network structure and the heat source that should be utilised. For this purpose, an optimisation model determines the separation based on predefined coherent areas in the network, while considering the potential of the heat source and the heat requirements of the buildings. The application of the presented method shows various network separations depending on the heat source conditions and the focused optimisation objectives. The subsequent network simulation identifies critical areas for insufficient heat supply from which various necessary measures could be derived.

Geospatial Analysis of Energy Poverty and Accessibility to District Heating Systems

This research paper undertakes a comprehensive geospatial analysis to investigate the relationship between energy poverty and district heating accessibility in Estonia. Utilizing ArcGIS Pro and statistical software, the study maps district heating systems, evaluates the energy efficiency of apartment buildings, and examines socioeconomic factors influencing energy poverty. By integrating GIS data with socioeconomic and building energy performance indicators, the research identifies areas where district heating is either absent or inefficient and correlates these findings with instances of energy poverty. Preliminary data may indicate a significant correlation between the lack of accessible district heating and increased energy expenses among lower-income households. The study also evaluates the impact of building energy efficiency on heating needs, revealing that older, less efficient buildings contribute disproportionately to energy poverty. Recommendations include policy interventions to expand and optimize district heating networks, alongside building renovation programs to enhance energy efficiency. This research contributes to the broader understanding of sustainable urban heating solutions and their role in mitigating energy poverty.

Integrating Low Temperature Waste Heat in District Heating Systems. Legal Framework and Pricing Mechanisms

ABSTRACT:Decarbonisation the heating sector is a key challenge for the European Union to achieve its ambitious goals of becoming the first climate - neutral continent in 2050. Decarbonising the heating sector is about reducing fossil fuel consumption and finding new scenarios based on renewables and restructuring the operation of district heating system. Recovering and integration waste heat into the district heating system has an enormous potential to meet the heating needs of households through non – combustion technologies while reducing carbon emissions. The heat from urban sources of waste heat is advantageous because the heat sources are, close to district heating networks and close to areas with high heat demand. However, there is still no legal or regulatory framework for the use of waste heat and no incentives for its use in district heating in the Member States of EU.This paper has two main objectives: firstly, to consider different pricing and cost determination scenarios when the waste heat is integrated into the district heating system. The heat tariff calculation model is based on the approved Latvian heat tariff calculation methodology. Secondly – to consider a mathematical model for the pricing of waste heat. The waste heat integration strategies are tested on the Case study of district heating system in Salaspils, Latvia. Simplified model of a waste heat recovery system that recovers heat energy from a wastewater treatment plant through heat pump integration is developed.

Exploring the Efficacy of Random Linear Parameter Models for Forecasting Heating Demand in District Heating Networks

The heating and cooling sector accounts for approximately half of global energy consumption, making it a pivotal focus for energy transition efforts. District heating and cooling networks have emerged as efficient, innovative, and dominant technologies in various regions. Accurate forecasting of heating demand within these networks is imperative for effective energy transition and responsive demand management. While existing forecasting techniques primarily concentrate on limited parameters such as ambient temperature and time of day, this paper explores the multifaceted impact of various factors, including ambient temperature, energy prices, number of consumers, building types, and solar radiation, on heating demand. Through a comprehensive study of these determinants, a robust and efficient forecasting model is developed in this research. Specifically, a novel Random Linear Parameter Model (RLPM) is introduced for hourly heating demand forecasting within district heating networks. The model's performance is assessed and compared with existing forecasting models, namely Linear Regression, ARIMA, and RLPM. A notable advantage of the Random Parameter Linear Regression model lies in its capability to recognize unobserved parameters influencing demand and account for unobserved heterogeneity, providing a robust framework for incorporating these factors into the forecasting process. This study aims to underscore the proposed approach's advantages in terms of accuracy and its ability to estimate the determinants of heating load, thereby offering reliable future forecasting. The findings have the potential to significantly contribute to optimizing district heating systems by delivering more nuanced and dependable predictions of heating demand.

Attracting Customers to District Heat Supply: The Case of Riga

District heating will be important in achieving future climate goals. Possibilities of using waste heat from different sources, e.g. subways, hospitals, shops, data centers, rivers are often discussed. Many district heating companies face the challenge of sufficient coverage of connected consumers in a city or region. To expand the operating area, companies should initially attract objects which are close to heat networks to lower the connection costs. The research question is how to attract existing buildings under construction to the district heating system. The present work uses system dynamics modeling for studying the possibilities of the Riga district heat supply company to increase consumer network. Modeling is based on historical data of residential buildings. The results show that old buildings choose to connect to the district heat supply when these are being renovated, or the individual heat supply equipment is out of order. The older the buildings, the more likely these will be connected to the district heating, however this decision may take at least 70 years. Renovation increases the probability of connection to the district heating, so the impact of subsidies for renovation is important. Regulation that requires connection to the district heating as a priority choice in case of renovation is also important.

Techno-Economic Model of District Heating Energy Hub: The Case of Latvia

Up to 60% of Latvia’s energy resources are used as fuel for district heating systems. Heating sector is an important emitter of greenhouse gases – especially carbon dioxide. Therefore, reduction of carbon emissions of district heating systems are crucial in Latvia’s decarbonization efforts. One of the solutions is integration of energy hub in the district heating network. There are many types of energy hubs, and the most suitable solution must be found in each case. A goal of this study is to find the best solution for Latvia’s district heating systems to achieve decarbonization and use of green (renewable) hydrogen. This coincides with European Union’s plans to increase the use of green hydrogen not only in industrial and residential application, but in heat production as well.To facilitate the plans of the European Union and Latvia’s decarbonization needs a mathematical model made in Microsoft Excel is used as a method to explore the techno-economic aspects of the energy hub and its integration in the district heating system. Several alternatives are considered, and green hydrogen is used in all of those. Results show the economically most feasible alternative. Calculations are made on an annual term basis, considering such factors as electricity and district heating price, required capacity of electrolysis apparatus for hydrogen production etc.From the model some results are apparent – the price of electricity has a sizable impact on the economic feasibility of the project, and the best use for green hydrogen economics-wise may differ throughout the year as the price of electricity, hydrogen, district heating and methane gas change.

Use of an Absorption Heat Pump to Lift the District Cooling Waste Heat Temperature for the District Heating Supply in Tallinn: a Technical and Economic Analysis

Absorption heat pumps can lift a lower temperature waste heat source to a higher temperature useful output. In that process, it uses less electricity as an input compared to heat pumps with electrical compressors. Therefore, in some cases, it can be used to lift a lower temperature waste heat source to a higher temperature useful output with less electricity consumption. Absorption heat pumps are not very widely spread in district heating, mostly because there aren’t many suitable waste heat sources or conditions needed to run them. Tallinn has a district heating system with an annual generation of more than 2 TWh and a goal to make it an entirely carbon neutral district heating system by 2030. Tallinn has also started to develop a district cooling network, and by the end of 2023, the installed capacity was about 6 MW. District cooling capacity is estimated to grow to around 100 MW in 2030. This paper investigates different types of absorption heat pumps and the possibilities of integrating an absorption heat pump to a district cooling plant with the purpose of using waste heat from the cooling plant for renewable heat generation, that can be used in district heating. Different technical aspects are examined to find a suitable production solution, are presented as results. From an economical point of view, the cost of heat to cover peaks with an absorption heat pump is calculated. The effect of reducing fossil fuel use in the Tallinn district heating network with an absorption heat pump is estimated.

A two-phase nonlinear optimization method for routing and sizing district heating systems

This paper presents a method to find the optimal topology, pipe sizing, and operational parameters of a district heating system under consideration of one design point. The current high costs of district heating systems set limits regarding the minimum heat demand density required for economic network expansions. Optimized routing with ideal pipe sizing and optimal operating parameters offers a potential for cost reduction. Therefore, this paper introduces a new two-phase method for district heating network expansion planning. This method consists of consecutive optimizations, starting with a mixed-integer linear programming followed by a nonlinear optimization. During the mixed-integer linear programming, the district heating system is optimized with continuous diameters, and the nonlinear pressure and temperature dependencies must be linearized. The resulting topology and the continuous diameters are afterward handed over to a nonlinear sparse sequential quadratic programming. The continuous diameters are discretized using a numerical continuation strategy that gradually forces the continuous diameter variables into discrete diameter choices. As a proof of concept, the district heating system for a small town with 400 consumers is optimized and analyzed. The two-phase optimization is performed in 251.68sec, and in most cases, discrete or near discrete diameters are achieved in a nonlinear continuous optimization.

Bi-level distributionally robust optimization model for low-carbon planning of integrated electricity and heat systems

Interdependence among diverse energy forms within integrated electricity and heat systems (IEHSs) holds the potential to harness cooperation effects. This paper proposes a bi-level optimization model for the low-carbon planning of IEHSs, which realizes the coordination between IEHSs and their upstream networks. The precise carbon emissions of IEHSs are traced through carbon emission flows of components, power distribution networks, and district heating networks. Moreover, the distributionally robust optimization approach is employed to account for the inherent uncertainty in renewable power outputs faced by IEHS planning, by incorporating the moment information into an ambiguity set. The bi-level distributionally robust planning model of IEHSs is initially reconfigured into a second-order cone structure, employing the strong duality theory, second-order cone duality theory, and linear decision rules. Subsequently, an iterative approach is introduced to attain convergence of the reformulated bi-level model. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach for reducing carbon emissions and economic costs of IEHSs.

Multi-objective placement and sizing of energy hubs in energy networks considering generation and consumption uncertainties

This paper presents the placement and sizing of energy hubs (EHs) in electricity, gas, and heating networks. EH is a coordinator framework for various power sources, storage devices, and responsive loads. For simultaneous modeling of economic, operation, reliability, and flexibility indices, the proposed scheme is expressed as a three-objective optimization in the form of Pareto optimization based on the sum of weighted functions. The objective functions of this problem respectively minimize the planning cost of EHs (equal to the total cost of construction of hubs and their expected operating cost), the expected energy loss of the mentioned networks, and the expected energy not-supplied (EENS) of these networks in the case of an N − 1 event. The problem is constrained by power flow equations and operation and reliability constraints of these network together with the EH planning and operation model, and flexibility constraints of the EHs. Then, to achieve unique optimal solution in the shortest possible time, a linear approximation model is extracted for the proposed scheme. Moreover, scenario-based stochastic programming (SBSP) is employed to model uncertainties of load, energy cost, renewable power, and accessibility of the mentioned network equipment. Finally, the obtained numerical results indicate the capability of the proposed scheme in enhancing the economic and flexibility situation of EHs and improving the reliability and operation status of energy networks along with achieving optimal planning and operation for EHs.

Dynamic control of district heating networks with integrated emission modelling: A dynamic knowledge graph approach

This paper presents a knowledge graph-based approach for the dynamic control of a district heating network with integrated emission dispersion modelling. We propose an interoperable and extensible implementation to forecast the anticipated heat demand of a municipal heating network, minimise associated total generation cost based on a previously devised methodology, and couple it with dispersion simulations for induced airborne pollutants to provide automatic insights into air quality implications of various heat sourcing strategies. We create cross-domain interoperability in the nexus of energy and air quality via newly developed ontologies and semantic software agents, which can be chained together via The World Avatar dynamic knowledge graph to resemble the behaviour of complex systems. Furthermore, we integrate the City Energy Analyst into this ecosystem to provide building-level insights into energy demand and renewable generation potential to foster strategic analyses and scenario planning. Underlying calculations use building and weather data from the knowledge graph in place of inherent assumptions in the official software release, facilitating a more data-driven approach. All use cases are implemented for a mid-size town in Germany as a proof-of-concept, and a unified visualisation interface is provided, allowing for the examination of 3D buildings alongside their corresponding energy demand and supply time series, as well as emission dispersion data. With this work, we outline the potential of Semantic Web technologies to connect digital twins for holistic energy modelling in smart cities, thereby addressing the increasing complexity of interconnected energy systems.

A methodology for feasibility analyses of district heating networks: A case study applied to greenhouse crops

In this article, the preliminary routing, sizing, and cost structure of a heat network that supplies energy, in an agrarian district, to greenhouses located around a cogeneration plant in the municipality of El Ejido (Almería) is presented. A genetic algorithm is employed to select a set of points of consumption (plots of land)–which indirectly determine the network routing over the road network–resulting in a project with a better net present value. To obtain the routing, the Steiner tree problem is solved through an approximation that involves several algorithms derived from graph theory and the use of georeferenced information. The design is constrained to ensure technical feasibility, so that the available thermal power from the plant, averaged for hourly periods over a year, is greater than the demand from the greenhouses. The said demand is calculated through an empty-greenhouse climate model, considering temperature setpoints compatible with the most common crops in the region. According to the results, a network of total length equal to 1.3464 km and an average pipe diameter of 0.1532 m would be required to annually supply 8621.4 MWh of heat to 12 points of consumption. The net present value of the project would be 6 417 900 €, considering a 3% discount rate and useful life of 30 years, with an initial investment cost of 1 723 300 € and an annual operation cost of 15 800 €year−1. A sensibility analysis of the variables with greater economic impact is also presented.

Analysis of operation of heat exchangers of hot water supply system in the scheme of reliable and safe heat supply of residential buildings

The scheme of internal heat supply of residential buildings with independent connection of the heating system to the external heating networks and connection of the heater of the DHW system in a parallel single-stage arrangement, providing reliability of heat supply and the necessary comfort in the premises due to the unrelated regulation of heat supply for heating, ventilation and DHW even in case of fluctuations in water intake, is considered. A mathematical model describing the non-stationary modes of operation of DHW system heaters under the conditions of implementation of this scheme is constructed and investigated. Calculations were carried out using this model, including numerical simulation on a computer using the Monte Carlo method. It is established that in this case, a decrease in the average heat transfer coefficient of the heater of the DHW system due to fluctuations in the flow of mains water following the daily change in water consumption at the DHW can be neglected, since this decrease lies within the usual error of engineering calculation, despite the fact that this coefficient depends on the flow in a nonlinear way, and its growth during the period of increased water intake for DHW does not fully compensate for the decrease during the reduction of water consumption. At the same time, it is proved that with a characteristic number of heat transfer units in a DHW system heater referred to the heated stream, the total amount of heat transferred can decrease quite noticeably, by an amount of 10 to 12 percent; however, with a rational choice of the heater size, such a decrease is within the limits allowed by the applied factors of margin when setting determination of the heat exchange surface.

How to better match predicted loads of district heating system: A novel control approach focused on coupling source and network by data-driven methods

Deconstructing the load forecast into appropriate control parameters is essential for effective intelligent heating control. Drawing from the predicted load, a novel heating control approach is proposed, emphasizing the integration of source and network. The heating regulation of the energy station is achieved through controlling the supply water temperature, while the thermal entrance of the heating network is regulated by adjusting the flow rate using valve control. The heat transfer mechanism influencing the regulation of District Heating Systems (DHSs) operation and the alignment of supply and demand are analyzed to deconstruct the four key factors: load, flow, load-flow ratio, and supply water temperature. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method is employed to formulate the parameter equations relating to supply water temperature and valve opening. Given the uncertainty interference in DHS in practice, the model undergoes periodic dynamic revisions. The model’s validity is confirmed by the empirical data from three different heating seasons. The average absolute deviation of the calculated supply water temperature and valve opening from the actual DHS is 0.42℃ and 1.12%, respectively. When implemented in an actual system, the approach effectively decreased gas consumption by 29.3% while effectively fulfilling heating requirements.

Features and subjects of the contract for the supply of electricity to the consumer

In this study, the author examines in detail one of the types of sales contract - the energy supply contract, which in the late 20th - early 21st centuries is a necessary element of the life of society, a mandatory condition for the development of the economy, since the supply of energy resources to one degree or another requires all physical and entities. Over the past ten years, Ukrainian civil legislation, which regulates contractual relations, in particular relations in the field of energy supply, has radically changed. In the Civil Code of Ukraine, a whole group of articles regulating relations related to the conclusion, execution and termination of contracts in the field of energy supply appeared. The legal norms governing the relationship between electricity suppliers and its consumers have undergone radical changes. The relationship between the owner of energy and the organizations that transport it (electricity and heat networks) is being built in a fundamentally new way. Today, the question of whether energy is a thing and whether it can be the object of property rights is problematic and debatable. To what type is the contract according to which the power plant (as a supplier) undertakes to provide the consumer with electric energy? Can such an activity be considered contractual, since the power plant undertakes to carry out the work, the necessary delivery of energy to the consumer, or is it still another activity? In the article, the author considered the rules for concluding an energy supply contract and the features of a universal service provider. Particular attention is paid to the supplier of the «Last Event», the powers and duties of such an entity are disclosed. The author concludes that the contract for the supply of electric energy to the consumer can be considered both as a public contract and as a connection contract. The basic requirements for the electricity supplier from the consumer, the legality of its activity, the possibility of switching to a new supplier are indicated. Special features of the energy supply contract include: provision of energy through the connected network; availability of consumer energy metering devices; the right of the counterparty (energy supply organization) under the energy supply contract to supervise the technical condition of the consumer’s current receivers in order to ensure safety and reliable energy supply.