Compared with the bronze process, Nb<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub>Sn strands prepared by the internal-tin (IT) process have higher Sn contents and can generate more Nb<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub>Sn phases, making it the main method for preparing Nb<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub>Sn strands with high critical current density. The Nb<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub>Sn phase formed after heat treatment is a brittle intermetallic compound, and the filament damage and performance degradation under low-temperature and high-magnetic-field conditions need attention. During use, the compression and tensile strains on the strand can lead to performance attenuation. Therefore, it is important to study the relationship between performance degradation and the preparation process for the practical application of the strand. By optimizing the strand design and heat treatments, we prepared Nb<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub>Sn strands with different mechanical properties. The critical current densities under different magnetic fields were tested. The internal local strain of the filaments was analyzed, and the relationship between heat treatments, and the mechanical properties of the strand were improved, enhancing its engineering application prospects.

Interactions between dairy proteins and aroma compounds: A comprehensive review of mechanisms, processing effects, and analytical methods

Non-ferrous metallurgical slags as SCMs - a study of reactivity and hydration mechanism of a pyro-metallurgical slag before and after heat treatment

A residual stress control strategy with heat treatment in cylinder girth weld of pressure vessels: Effect of heating sequence and frequency

We present first preliminary surface impedance measurements on Tl-1223 films in dc magnetic fields, in view of potential applications for the next generation Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh) at CERN. The Tl-1223 samples were produced through laser ablation, with nominal thickness of 1<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m and grown on a thick LaAlO<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> substrate. The presence of Tl-1212 phase identified by XRD and BSE microscopy, could be avoided by changing the oxygen partial pressure during heat treatment. The high-frequency transport properties of the samples were characterized using microwave resonant devices, at fixed frequencies of 14.9 GHz, 24.2 GHz and 26.7 GHz, in the temperature range 40 K to 140 K. An external applied static magnetic field up to 12T was applied. Samples from subsequent batches exhibited huge improvements in the microwave properties, confirming the progress in the deposition technique.

A residual stress improvement technique for performing local post weld heat treatment of the weld between tube sheet and shell

Unraveling the multi-scale mechanism of egg components in improving the freeze-thaw stabilization of frozen raw noodles.

This article aims to predict the crack-initiating defects and to estimate the fatigue limit of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V specimens with Murakami ’s empirical area -parameter model. For this purpose, fatigue specimens are manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) using different process parameters and selected heat treatment methods. The specimens are scanned using xCT in two different manners: first full in reduced resolution to scan the complete geometry, and second the ROI in high resolution.. Afterwards, the specimens are tested cyclically in the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime. Crack-initiating defects are analysed post-mortem using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The defect population is examined in the xCT data, in which crack-initiating defects are identified. Using the empirical area -parameter model, the effect of defects on the potential fatigue location is determined. An outlook is given on the performance of the empirical area -parameter model on the prediction of crack-initiating defects and fatigue strength of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V specimens. • Lack-of-fusion defects dominate fatigue failure in LPBF Ti-6Al-4V. • El-Haddad fatigue-limit estimates are feasible but show high scatter due to defect size variability. • xCT can image large and small defects even when defect size approaches voxel size. • Low-contrast small defects appear in xCT but hinder precise quantitative analysis. • Defect morphology affects failure, requiring methods beyond the area -parameter model.

Oil-water interfaces stabilized by whey protein colloidal particles: Evolution of interfacial rheology during subphase exchanges using simulated digestive fluids

Enhancing the transformation-induced plasticity effect in steel-based binders through deformation-induced martensitic transformation requires careful control of the austenite stability. This study investigated the effect of binder fraction on the thermal stability of austenite in the WC-(Fe,Ni) system with different binder contents within the WC + binder + graphite equilibrium region. Binder martensite fractions and carbon content across different binder fractions were compared using electron microscopy. Thermodynamic-based calculations, accounting for variation in binder carbon content, provided a baseline for distinguishing the roles of the binder fraction and chemical composition on the thermal stability of the austenitic binder. Samples with lower binder fractions and comparable binder carbon content revealed relatively similar martensite fractions, whereas the one with the highest binder fraction and the lowest carbon content exhibited the highest value. The predicted martensite fractions were comparable and in good agreement with the measured values for lower binder fractions. • WC and graphite evolution during different heat treatments control the binder carbon content and strongly affect the thermal stability of the austenitic binder. • Binder fraction variation showed little to no impact on the thermal stability of the austenite at comparable carbon contents. • Thermodynamic-based calculations predicted comparable martensite fractions at lower binder fractions in good agreement with the measured values. • Considering only binder chemical composition, thermodynamic-based calculations provide a baseline for predicting thermal stability of austenitic steel-based binders.

With the rapid development in the field of fast-pulse accelerator magnets, the central magnetic field and its rate of change have been continuously increasing, imposing higher demands on the loss and critical current density matching of NbTi superconducting wires. Herein, increasing the number of superconducting filaments to reduce their diameter is an effective method to decrease the wire's losses. In this paper, a novel 80442-filament NbTi/Cu5Ni superconducting wire with an ultra-low loss has been successfully fabricated by combining the triple-stacking method, bundle drawing with aging heat treatments. When the wire diameter is approximately 0.8 mm, the superconducting filament diameter can be reduced to 1.9 μm. At 4.2 K of temperature, the hysteresis loss of the superconducting wire can be reduced to 21.8 mJ/cm<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> at ±3 T of magnet field, and the critical current density reaches 2462 A/mm² and the n value exceeds 20 at 5 T, achieving a relatively good performance matching. This is primarily attributed to that after further refining of the filament, the high-resistivity Cu5Ni matrix can provide a higher suppression on the coupling between NbTi filaments. Additionally, the annealing treatment can significantly enhance the thermal stability of the wire, while exerting only a minimal impact on its room-temperature mechanical properties.

When using tool steels with martensitic microstructure, the hardness is regarded as one of the main criteria defining its wear properties. The premise is that the harder the material, the greater the sliding wear resistance. This is especially common when using tool steels, as the highest possible hardness is pursued, but the influence of the microstructure is often neglected. Presence of different carbides in terms of fraction, type and size (morphology) in martensitic matrix has different effects on wear, especially if matrix hardness changes. The objective of this study was to establish a correlation between the fraction and morphology of V and Cr-rich carbides in tool steel with its microstructure, fracture toughness, and overall influence on material sliding wear resistance. To achieve this, commercially available tool steels (Mat. No. 1.2379 cold work tool steel and modified Mat. No. 1.2367 hot work tool steel) were selected, exhibiting notably diverse microstructures, particularly in terms of carbide fraction and morphology. To enable a direct comparison, both steels underwent heat treatment to attain three distinct hardness levels: 45 +/-1 HRC, 49 +/-1 HRC, and 54 +/-1 HRC. Sliding wear resistance and behavior under various contact conditions were correlated with microstructure, specifically focusing on hard carbides. Additionally, the study examined the effect of wear particles being trapped within or removed from the tribological contact. It was observed that the sliding wear behavior is significantly influenced when the microstructure comprises a martensitic matrix with a higher fraction of carbides, particularly coarse eutectic M 7 C 3 carbides, especially if the matrix hardness is insufficient. Matrix hardness plays a crucial role in preventing carbide detachment from the matrix. Plastic deformation of the tempered martensite matrix, along with carbide cracking and detachment from the matrix, was identified as contributing factors intensifying wear during the wear process. • Comparative wear study of tool steels with different carbide fractions at similar hardness levels. • High carbide fraction increases wear when matrix hardness is insufficient to retain carbides. • Hot work tool steel with low carbide fraction shows superior fracture toughness and wear resistance in specific conditions. • Detached carbides may act as third-body particles, accelerating wear in high-carbide steels. • In situ wear particles removal reduces wear for high-carbide steels. • In high-carbide steels carbides fracture and detachment is the main damage mechanism, while plastic deformation prevails in low-carbide steels.

Evaluation of probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain GXMU-G1 against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and isolation and purification of its bacteriocin.

This study aimed to systematically map and analyze the scientific literature on the cyclic fatigue resistance of nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments, using bibliometric and science mapping techniques. Eight hundred eighty-one publications indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection between 1980 and 2024 were analyzed. Bibliometric performance indicators, keyword co-occurrence networks, thematic maps, and co-citation analyses were utilized. Data were processed using Bibliometrix, a comprehensive R-based science mapping software. Trends in publication volume, author and journal productivity, influential articles, thematic evolution, and international collaboration patterns were evaluated. There has been a steady increase in publication output over the last four decades, with a significant acceleration after 2010. Thematic mapping revealed that keywords such as "cyclic fatigue," "reciprocation," "heat treatment," and "fracture resistance" have been central to the field. Citation analysis identified key foundational studies frequently referenced in fatigue testing methodology. International research collaborations were most prominent among North American, East Asia, and European institutions. This bibliometric study underscores the clinical importance of innovations in NiTi rotary instrumentation, particularly for enhancing cyclic fatigue resistance. By identifying key research trends and thematic clusters, the study provides valuable guidance for clinicians and researchers aiming to optimize instrument durability, reduce procedural complications, and advance endodontic practice.

Pressure-driven selective sublimation and electron-beam-induced sputtering during high vacuum heating observed by electron microscopy.

This study successfully developed a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) stabilized by Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide (PCP) for the efficient delivery of Lactobacillus acidophilus (La). Characterization of the extracted polysaccharide revealed an average molecular weight of approximately 1.27×105Da. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) scanning and Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the high purity of PCP and revealed its characteristic pyranose and furanose ring structures. Atomic force microscopy observation showed a non-helical, entangled network morphology. The emulsion system maintained a probiotic survival rate of 63.75% under simulated gastrointestinal digestion, retained 50.2% viability after heat treatment at 70°C, and preserved stable bacterial counts after 28 days of storage at 4°C, demonstrating significantly superior protection (p<0.05) compared to the gum arabic-based system. Mechanistic analysis indicated that the amphiphilic structure of PCP enables the formation of dense interfacial films and gel networks, effectively shielding the probiotics from environmental stress. These findings confirm the potential of PCP-based HIPEs as a green and efficient probiotic delivery carrier for functional food applications.

Proteins are usually used in food emulsions and foams due to their nutritional values and functionality. Heat treatment may induce changes in protein functionality, for instance its ability to physically stabilize emulsion droplets during emulsification at droplet formation time scales. We hypothesized that the interfacial adsorption of proteins largely determines the emulsion stability during emulsification, and that it is affected by protein structure, which in turn is sensitive to temperature. Whey protein solutions were pre- or real-time heated for various combinations of temperature and time. Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed to characterize the structural changes in proteins after the heating and cooling treatment received. A microfluidic tensiometer was used to link dynamic interfacial tension reduction at (sub)millisecond time scales to these structural changes. Depending on the heating conditions, we found structural changes at the level of individual protein molecules, as well as protein aggregation taking place. Firstly, when using real-time heating, the interfacial tension decreased faster with increasing temperature due to enhanced mass transfer, and even to moderate changes (unfolding) in protein structure. The time needed to lower the interfacial tension by 1 mN/m reduced from about 22 to 2.5ms as the temperature increased from 20 to 70°C. Additionally, high (pre- and real-time) heating temperatures and long heating times may facilitate protein aggregation in the continuous phase. These aggregates may diffuse and adsorb slower, but exhibit improved interfacial interactions at (sub)second time scales. These insights strengthen our understanding of the correlation between protein structure and heating-related protein functionality at time scales that closely resemble those encountered in large scale emulsion production, which connects emulsion formulation with process design.

Yogurt is a popular functional dairy product prized for health benefits and nutritional value, especially as a significant source of high-quality proteins. In recent years, the research on the processing-induced modification of milk protein structure to regulate its nutritional properties has attracted much attention. Although yogurt processing has been extensively studied at the physicochemical level, novel processing technologies continue to emerge. At the same time, increasing attention has been directed toward digestion-driven nutritional functionality, calling for a renewed, digestion-oriented interpretation of processing-induced protein modifications and their downstream physiological relevance. The review synthesizes current knowledge on how key yogurt processing technologies-standardization, homogenization, heat treatment, and fermentation-govern milk protein structural transformations, gel network formation, and bioactive peptide generation. Particular emphasis is placed on linking processing-induced protein changes with gastrointestinal digestion behaviors, including gastric emptying, enzymatic hydrolysis, and nutrient absorption. Precisely, processing-driven protein denaturation, aggregation, redistribution, and hydrolysis collectively determine yogurt matrix architecture and its digestive fate. Structural features of the yogurt matrix modulate gastric emptying kinetics, whereas protein conformational changes influence enzymatic accessibility and hydrolysis rates. Fermentation-associated proteolysis further alters the profile and availability of absorbable peptides and amino acids. This review may help for advancing yogurt production from standardized processing toward precision nutrition design and for developing functional yogurts with targeted digestive and health benefits.

Critical role of Psl polysaccharide modulated by AmrZ for biofilm formation and cold adaptation in the spoilage bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Effect of heat stress and GlyNAC supplementation on jejunal morphology, hepatic inflammation infiltration and distribution of GSH content in chickens.