Hearing Improvement Research Articles (Page 1)

Tympanic membrane perforations are typically repaired using surgical tympanoplasty techniques, which involve various grafting materials and approaches. While effective, traditional tympanoplasty methods can require significant operative time and technical skill. This study evaluates a novel sutured patching (SP) tympanoplasty technique, comparing its efficacy and outcomes to conventional tympanoplasty (CT). This prospective study included 44 patients with small, central, dry tympanic membrane perforations. SP utilized tragal cartilage sutured to a silastic sheet, applied via a transcanal approach. Patients were monitored postoperatively for pain, subjective hearing improvement, and audiological outcomes. Follow-up occurred at 6 days, 4 weeks, and 6 months post-surgery. Data were analyzed using t-tests, χ2 tests, and linear regression. Both SP and CT achieved 100% graft integrity at 6 months. Preoperative ABG was lower in the SP group (16.0 ± 10.4dB) compared with the CT group (22.2±7.66dB, P = 0.032), with comparable postoperative ABG values (SP: 6.90±5.80dB; CT: 9.57±6.01dB, P = 0.143). SP demonstrated significantly shorter operative times (27.9±8.27 vs. 87.1±25.9min, P < 0.001) and reduced postoperative pain (VAS: 2.00 vs. 5.00, P < 0.001). Patients in the SP group reported quicker subjective hearing improvement (median: 1 vs. 24.5d, P < 0.001). Sutured patching tympanoplasty offers comparable audiological outcomes to conventional tympanoplasty, with the added benefits of reduced operative time, less postoperative pain, and faster perceived recovery. This technique is a promising alternative for suitable patients, particularly in resource-limited settings or high-risk surgical candidates. Further research is warranted to evaluate long-term outcomes and broader applicability.

The clinical data of petrous bone cholesteatoma (PBC) patients who underwent surgical treatment at Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, between January 2015 and December 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 45 patients aged (37.4±15.2) years were included, with 21 males and 24 females. Surgical approaches were selected according to Sanna classification and preoperative facial and auditory function. Facial nerve interventions were required in 34 cases, while hearing reconstruction was performed in six cases. The median (Q1, Q3) follow-up duration was 26 (12, 53) months, with seven cases of recurrence. Meanwhile, facial nerve function improved in six cases, hearing improvement was observed in four patients, and air conduction thresholds improved by 15-30 dB HL. The current article suggests that PBC presents with non-specific clinical manifestations. Selection of the surgical approach should be guided by the Sanna classification, aiming to completely remove the lesion while preserve facial and auditory function, and minimize postoperative complications and recurrence risk.

Endoscopic partial and total ossicular chain reconstruction in children: A multicentric study.

Otosclerosis is a progressive, autosomal dominant hereditary disease of temporal bone causing tinnitus, and conductive hearing loss. Stapes surgery is safe and effective treatment with evidence suggesting tinnitus improvement corelates with hearing restoration. This systematic review evaluates evidence related to tinnitus improvement and hearing restoration following stapedectomy. This systematic review was prepared in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis-P statement. The search included bibliographic databases like MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Library from inception until June 2024. The review included all studies reporting tinnitus severity and hearing outcomes post-stapes surgery. Outcome measures were tinnitus severity, hearing improvement, and timeframe of improvement. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024566593). The initial search generated 609 studies from multiple databases, of which 22 studies involving 2233 patients were included. Due to heterogeneity in study design, patient population, and outcome measures used, pooling of data for meta-analysis was not feasible. Most of the studies were prospective in nature (77.3%), conducted in university hospitals (45.5%), and the average mean age of patients ranged from 18 to 75 years, predominantly females (60.7%). Most studies reported improvement of tinnitus severity post-stapes surgery 15.7% to 64% (median 46.3%), only fewer studies noted worsening among 2.9% to 11% patients. Hearing outcomes were consistently positive among majority of the studies, and only a small subset of patients reported no improvement or worsening. There was a moderate-to-strong relation between tinnitus improvement and air-bone gap (ABG) closure (32%), tinnitus resolution versus ABG closure (55%). More than 50% of the studies reported adherence to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology quality assessment checklist. The systematic review indicates that stapes surgery improves degree of tinnitus severity and hearing outcomes and has moderate-to-strong correlation between resolution in tinnitus versus ABG closure. Most patients experienced significant improvement within 6 months.

Differential Effect of Two Transplantation Methods of Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Hearing Improvement in Simulated Aging Rats.

Objective: There is no consensus regarding treatment modalities for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and audiological outcomes of three-dose versus five-dose intratympanic dexamethasone administration as an adjunct to systemic steroid therapy in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 30 patients diagnosed with sudden sensorineural hearing loss between 2022 and 2025 who received combined oral steroid therapy and intratympanic dexamethasone. Patients were divided into two groups: 20 received three intratympanic injections, and 10 received five injections. Pure tone audiometry (PTA) and speech discrimination scores (SDS) were measured before treatment and within 10 days after completion of therapy. Changes in audiometric outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results: The mean age was 47.3 years in the three-dose group and 48.6 years in the five-dose group. Tinnitus was present in all patients, and vertigo in 20%. PTA improvement was 16.1 ± 10.4 dB in the three-dose group and 14.7 ± 11.5 dB in the five-dose group (p &gt; 0.05). The mean SDS improvement was 10.7% ± 14.6 in the three-dose group and 6.9% ± 11.5 in the five-dose group (p &gt; 0.05). Overall PTA improvement rates were 28.23% and 23.28%, while SDS improvements were 30.94% and 43.81% for three- and five-dose groups, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between protocols. Conclusion: Both three- and five-dose intratympanic dexamethasone regimens, when added to systemic steroids, yielded significant hearing improvements in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss. However, increasing the number of injections did not confer additional benefit. These findings suggest that a lower-dose regimen maybe sufficient, reducing procedural risks and patient discomfort. Larger, randomized controlled trials are needed to establish standardized dosing protocols. Keywords: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss, intratympanic steroid, dexamethasone, pure tone audiometry, speech discrimination score

This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of the Bonebridge BCI 601 and 602 bone conduction implants in our largest cohort to date of 355 patients. The patients had a wide age range and exhibited conductive, mixed, or single-sided deafness (SSD). All patients underwent Bonebridge implantation. Pre- and post-implantation evaluations included pure-tone audiometry, speech recognition tests, and free-field audiometry. Word recognition was measured using the Polish Monosyllabic Word Test, while speech reception in noise was assessed using the Polish Sentence Matrix Test. Subjective benefit was assessed using the APHAB questionnaire. Follow-up tests were performed 3-6 months after activation. Revision surgery was required in 17 patients (4.8%) due to complications, including implant removal in 5 cases. Reimplantation was successful in 4 of these. The APHAB questionnaire showed improved hearing function and all hearing tests also showed significant improvement. Active bone conduction implantation is an effective method for the rehabilitation of conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, and unilateral deafness. This large cohort study confirms significant hearing improvement and subjective benefits. The low complication rate supports the reliability of the Bonebridge system.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the influence of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea on hearing and the possibility of recovering cochlear receptor cells. Materials and Methods: Forty-two patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) were assigned to the study group. Patients underwent pure-tone audiometry and transient-evoked (TEOAE) and distortion-product (DPOAE) otoacoustic emissions before starting continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy and six months after CPAP therapy. Subjects were further divided into the following two groups: those who adequately used the therapy and those who did not adhere to treatment recommendations. Results: There is no significant difference in hearing thresholds for specific frequencies after six months of CPAP therapy. There is no significant difference in TEOAE and DPOAE SNR values at any frequency after 6 months of CPAP therapy. There is no significant difference in hearing threshold results for specific frequencies as a function of subject co-operation with treatment. After therapy, there is a significant difference in the SNR values in TEOAEs at 2 kHz and 4 kHz in subjects of the OSA target group, depending on co-operation, being higher in co-operative subjects, while there are no significant differences at other frequencies. There is a significant difference in the SNR results in DPOAEs, where they are higher in co-operative subjects at 1000, 6000, 7000 and 8000 Hz. Conclusions: The use of continuous positive airway pressure as a therapy for OSA has no effect on hearing and cochlear receptor cell recovery. Co-operation with CPAP treatment does not affect hearing threshold, but does affect cochlear receptor cell function, which is better at mid and higher frequencies in those who co-operate. These findings underscore the clinical significance of treatment adherence. Consistent adherence is associated with measurable improvements in hearing, particularly at higher frequencies, which cannot typically be evaluated in routine clinical practice using standard pure-tone audiometry. Our results emphasise the importance of promoting compliance with CPAP therapy not only for cardiovascular and neurological protection, but also for maintaining hearing health.

Evaluation of Middle Ear Compliance Post-Op and Its Association with Hearing Improvement Post-Op

Understanding clinical outcomes following tympanoplasty is essential for effectively counseling patients and providing a comprehensive perspective on its benefits and limitations. To evaluate the effects of tympanoplasty on ear-related clinical symptoms, hearing function, health-related quality of life (HRQol), and symptoms of depression and anxiety. A randomized, non-blinded clinical trial was conducted. Patients scheduled for tympanoplasty were compared with a control group of individuals on the surgical waiting list. A single academic tertiary care center. The study included 111 participants (41 males [36.94%], 70 females [63.06%]; mean age = 34.41 ± 12.78 years) with dry tympanic membrane perforations. Among them, 63 underwent tympanoplasty, with success and failure rates of 33:18 (64.71%: 35.29%) at 3 months, and 22:16 (57.89%: 42.11%) at 6 months. The remaining 48 served as controls, with 43 (89.58%) followed up at 3 months. Tympanoplasty was evaluated at three time points—preoperatively (T0), and postoperatively at 3 months (T3) and 6 months (T6). Primary outcomes included scores from the Arabic version of the Ear Outcome Survey-16 (EOS-16) and the Arabic Version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), assessed at T0, T3, and T6. For successful tympanoplasty: the OverallQ1-14 score ((30.41 ± 12.09), (15.36 ± 6.97) and (15.55 ± 6.88), n = 22, p < 0.001), for failed tympanoplasty: the OverallQ1-14 score ((25.69 ± 11.84), (21.94 ± 9.81) and (21.31 ± 11.85), n = 16, p = 0.3) and for controls: the OverallQ1-14 score ((27.02 ± 12.88) and (26.49 ± 13.26), n = 43, p = 0.59). Almost all distinct items showed statistical significance p < 0.05 after successful tympanoplasty against none after failure tympanoplasty while controls remained unchanged. Multiple linear regression equation of depression score (T3-T0) in successful tympanoplasty “Ydepression = (2.44 + 0.162xOverall + 0.156xAC) + Ɛdepression”. Successful tympanoplasty significantly improved ear symptoms, hearing function, psychosocial well-being, and overall health-related quality of life. Although it had no immediate or direct effect on depression or anxiety, improvements in hearing and quality of life were predictive of reductions in depressive symptoms. These findings highlight the broader psychosocial benefits of tympanoplasty and support its role in holistic patient care.Trial registration This study was registered with ANZCTR (ACTRN12625000436471) on 09/05/2025.

Abstract The 2025 iteration of the MarkeTrak survey offers a comprehensive analysis of hearing aid adoption trends in the United States, with a particular focus on the impact of over-the-counter (OTC) hearing aids introduced in 2022. This study explores evolving consumer behaviors, demographic shifts, and clinical and psychosocial factors influencing hearing aid uptake. Findings reveal a continued increase in overall adoption rates, with OTC devices serving as a critical access point for first-time users—particularly younger, more diverse, and cost-sensitive populations. Despite the affordability and accessibility of OTC devices, traditional hearing aids remain the preferred choice among individuals with more severe hearing loss and those seeking professional support. The report highlights key differences in service delivery, satisfaction, and repurchase intentions between user groups, underscoring the enduring value of professional care. Additionally, the emergence of hearing improvement features in consumer electronics, such as earbuds, signals a broadening of the hearing device landscape. These insights have significant implications for clinical practice, marketing strategies, and policy development, emphasizing the need for flexible, patient-centered care models that accommodate diverse consumer pathways and preferences.

NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2) patients are predisposed to develop multiple peripheral and central nervous tumors including bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VS). Decision on patient management, especially in large growing tumors, might be challenging concerning possible treatment-related complications and quality of life. Systemic therapy with bevacizumab has been reported to slow VS growth and improve hearing. Here, we present single-center outcomes of NF2 patients treated with bevacizumab. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 15 NF2 patients with morphologically diagnosed unilateral or bilateral VS indicated for systemic therapy with bevacizumab (5mg/kg every 2 weeks) in 2015-2022. Tumor growth rate, volume, and hearing thresholds were assessed before, during, and after first-line bevacizumab therapy. 15 patients (5 male, 10 females, mean age at the start of the therapy 30y, mean no. of bevacizumab cycles 35) and 25 tumors were evaluated. Radiologically significant (> 20% from the baseline) tumor volume reduction was observed in 5 patients. Notably, in patients with bilateral VS, volume reduction occurred on only one side. Three patients demonstrated a significantly reduced growth rate and tumor stabilization. Hearing improvement was documented in 1 patient, while another experienced significant hearing decline. Bevacizumab therapy may contribute to tumor shrinkage and hearing stabilization in NF2 patients. However, treatment response is variable, with meaningful tumor reduction and hearing improvement observed only in a minority of cases.

Abstract MarkeTrak has been monitoring trends within the hearing industry for nearly 40 years. The latest edition, MarkeTrak 25, examines adoption rates, satisfaction with devices and professionals, coverage for hearing aids, and more. In this survey, OTC hearing aids were added to the device list to understand how they fit into the market and whether OTC buyers are using professional assistance, even though it is not required by the FDA for purchase. Key findings indicate that the overall adoption rate for all hearing devices (including earbuds with hearing improvement features) has increased to over half, satisfaction levels with devices and professionals have remained stable and very high, and financial assistance has increased since the last survey.

Abstract Background The global rise in life expectancy and aging populations contributes to the increasing burden of age-related hearing loss. A Swedish study found significant improvements in hearing among 70-year-olds over the past four decades, particularly among men, with hearing loss prevalence decreasing from 53% to 28%, and from 37% to 23% in women. This study aimed to investigate the role of modifiable risk factors in improved hearing outcomes among 70-year-olds in Gothenburg. Methods This study is a part of the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort investigation. Two cohorts of 70-year-olds were included: one born in 1901-1907 (n = 674) and another born in 1944 (n = 1114). Audiometric, demographic, and health data were obtained from examinations conducted in the 1970s and 2014. Mediation analyses examined whether educational level, main occupation throughout life, smoking habits, and systolic blood pressure contributed to cohort differences in hearing. Results Three of the four variables-educational level, main occupation, and smoking habits-showed a mediating effect on hearing outcomes. In gender-stratified analyses, main occupation mediated the effect in men, while educational level did so in women. Systolic blood pressure showed no significant mediating effect. Conclusions Today's 70-year-olds in Gothenburg generally have higher education levels and occupations with less noise exposure, supported by industrial hearing conservation programs. Reduced smoking rates in later-born cohorts have also benefited hearing health. Understanding the relationship between modifiable lifestyle and environmental factors and age-related hearing loss is crucial for developing effective preventive strategies to promote hearing health in older adults. Key messages • Socioeconomic factors such as main occupation and educational level impact age-related hearing loss. • Smoking habits across the life course influence age-related hearing loss.

The optimal treatment and timing for sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) remain debated. This study aimed to determine if the hearing improvement and recovery time were better in the NAD+ group as compared to the control group. There was a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial conducted between June 2022 and June 2024. SSNHL patients were randomly divided into two groups: the NAD+ group (NAD+ plus standard treatment, n = 18) and the control group (standard treatment, n = 20). The primary outcomes were PTA improvement, recovery rate per Siegel's criteria, and average recovery time, measured from baseline to 3-month follow-ups. The study with 38 participants (average age 41.74 years, 78.98% male, 42.11% right ear, average Pre-PTA 76.88 dB HL) showed that the NAD+ group experienced significantly greater hearing improvement (40.21 dB HL) compared to the control group (23.06 dB HL, t = 2.722, p = 0.010). The effective rate was higher in the NAD+ group (94.44% vs. 60.00%, Z = -3.014, p = 0.003). Significant group × time interactions were noted in the NAD+ group (F = 2.867, p = 0.030), with greater improvements from 7 days to 3 months post-treatment. Recovery time was shorter in the NAD+ group (62.97 vs. 175.98 days, p = 0.028). Tinnitus and aural fullness improved more in the NAD+ group, especially after 3 months. Higher pre-treatment tinnitus and aural fullness scores were linked to better outcomes with NAD+ for SSNHL. NAD+ was more effective in improving hearing and reducing recovery time in SSNHL patients and also benefited tinnitus and aural fullness management.

Objective:This study was aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of tympanoplasty using auricular cartilage combined with balloon eustachian tuboplasty for the treatment of adhesive otitis media（adhesive otitis media, AdOM） under endoscopic. Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 60 patients with unilateral adhesive otitis media who visited Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University between January 2017 and February 2022. All patients were divided into three groups: ①conservative treatment group;②simple tympanoplasty group; ③tympanoplasty combined with balloon dilation group（BET group）. All patients were regularly assessed for the improvement of tympanic membrane morphology, hearing, and Eustachian tube function, as well as complications, after treatment. Results:There was no significant improvement in eardrum morphology, hearing, or eustachian tube function in the conservative treatment group（P>0.05）; both the simple tympanoplasty group and the BET group showed significant improvements in eardrum morphology and hearing after surgery（P<0.01）; In terms of Eustachian tube function improvement, the BET group showed significantly greater improvements in Eustachian tube manometry（TMM） and Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire（ETDQ-7） scores compared to the tympanoplasty alone group（P<0.01）. Conclusion:Tympanoplasty using auricular cartilage combined with balloon eustachian tuboplasty shows good clinical outcomes in the treatment of adhesive otitis media, significantly ameliorating patients' subjective symptoms such as tinnitus and ear congestion after surgery, thereby improving the patient's quality of life.

BackgroundTemporal bone fractures form a major skull-base injury subset, yet prognostic data—drawn chiefly from short-term Western cohorts—remain sparse. This study therefore investigated long-term audiometric and vestibular outcomes by otic-capsule integrity to refine recovery estimates and treatment efficacy.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1,871 adults with traumatic temporal bone fractures treated at a Level I trauma center in China (2014–2023). Patients were stratified by otic capsule status: sparing (OCS, n = 1,617) vs. violating (OCV, n = 254). Primary outcomes included pure tone audiometry and Dizziness Handicap Inventory scores assessed over 24 months. Statistical analysis employed mixed-effects models, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and propensity score matching. Two a priori hearing endpoints were used: “normal hearing” (PTA ≤25 dB HL) and “functional hearing recovery” (≥30 dB improvement from baseline).ResultsBaseline hearing impairment was significantly worse in OCV patients (84.6 ± 8.7 vs. 45.1 ± 8.5 dB HL, p < 0.001). At 24-month follow-up, functional hearing recovery (≥30 dB improvement) occurred in 90.4% of OCS patients, whereas 0% of OCV patients reached this threshold; return to normal hearing (PTA ≤25 dB HL) was observed in 38.5% of OCS patients and 0% of OCV patients. Multivariable analysis identified OCV fracture as the strongest predictor of severe hearing loss (OR 4.89, 95% CI: 3.42–6.99, p < 0.001). Complication rates were five-fold higher in OCV patients (31.5 vs. 6.1%, p < 0.001), including cerebrospinal fluid leak (13.8 vs. 2.0%) and meningitis (4.3 vs. 0.7%). Propensity-matched analysis demonstrated surgical benefit, with 7.6 dB hearing improvement compared to conservative management (p = 0.001).ConclusionsOtic capsule integrity represents the primary determinant of recovery following temporal bone fractures. OCV fractures demonstrate profound, persistent deficits with minimal recovery potential, while OCS fractures show excellent recovery prospects. These findings provide crucial prognostic information for patient counseling and treatment planning in temporal bone trauma management.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between symptoms of vertigo and vestibular functions and short-term hearing outcomes in patients with flat descending sudden sensorineural hearing loss （SSNHL）. Methods:A retrospective review was conducted of the vestibular symptoms observed in 48 patients with unilateral flat-down sudden sensorineural hearing loss treated at the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. Symptoms of vertigo and the results of cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials （cVEMP）, ocular VEMP （oVEMP）, caloric test and video head-impulse test （vHIT） were collected to determine whether these factors could predict therapeutic efficacy. Results:The symptoms of vertigo was not correlated with prognosis （P>0.05） or with abnormal vestibular functions （P>0.05）. Patients with abnormal cVEMP, oVEMP, caloric test or vHIT showed significantly lower effective rates （32.0%, 44.0%, 32.0%, and 24.0%, respectively）; the greater the number of abnormal tests, the poorer the outcome. Patients with all four tests abnormal gained only （3.13±15.97） dB HL in hearing recovery, whereas those with normal cVEMP, oVEMP, caloric test or vHIT showed better chances of hearing improvements by （29.22±20.31）, （31.18±21.59）, （26.17±21.31）, and （26.38±24.05） dB HL, respectively. Conclusion:Vestibular function effectively predicts prognosis in flat descending SSNHL. Patients with abnormal vestibular tests, regardless of symptoms of vertigo, responded poorly to treatment, whereas those with normal cVEMP, oVEMP, caloric test and vHIT results achieved better hearing recovery. Abnormal vestibular function implies more extensive and severe inner-ear lesions in patients with SSNHL.

Objective:To compare the preoperative presentation, intraoperative findings, and postoperative outcomes between middle ear cholesteatoma with tympanosclerosis （MECwTS） and middle ear cholesteatoma without tympanosclerosis （MECw/oTS）, thereby investigating the clinical characteristics of MECwTS. Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 120 patients with middle ear cholesteatoma. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of concomitant tympanosclerosis: the MECwTS group （n=49） and the MECw/oTS group （n=71）. All patients underwent preoperative evaluations including temporal bone CT, otoscopic examination, pure-tone audiometry, tympanometry, and assessment using the Zurich Chronic Middle Ear Inventory （ZCMEI-21） quality of life scale. All patients underwent canal wall down mastoidectomy with tympanoplasty. Concurrent ossicular chain reconstruction was performed: partial ossicular replacement prosthesis （PORP） in 83 cases and total ossicular replacement prosthesis （TORP） in 37 cases. Intraoperative disease severity was assessed using the Cholesteatoma Comprehensive Score Scale （CCSS）. Postoperative follow-up lasted at least one year and included pure-tone audiometry, otoscopic examination, and the ZCMEI-21 scale administered at ≥1 year post-surgery. Preoperative and postoperative air-bone gap （ABG） and ZCMEI-21 scores were compared between the MECwTS and MECw/oTS groups. Additionally, surgical efficacy was defined as a postoperative ABG ≤20 dB; the hearing improvement efficacy of PORP versus TORP was compared based on this criterion. Results: ①Preoperative ABG showed no significant difference between the MECw/oTS and MECwTS groups（P>0.05）. Postoperative ABG was （18.65±10.21） dB in the MECw/oTS group versus （22.55±9.53） dB in the MECwTS group, demonstrating a statistically significant intergroup difference （P<0.05）. ②Intraoperative CCSS scores were significantly higher in the MECwTS group （8.04±2.18） compared to the MECw/oTS group （5.93±1.44） （P<0.05）. ③Preoperative ZCMEI-21 scores showed no significant difference between groups （P>0.05）. Postoperative ZCMEI-21 scores were （22.24±8.11） in the MECw/oTS group versus （27.02±7.21） in the MECwTS group, indicating a statistically significant difference （P<0.05）. ④Postoperative ABG ≤20 dB was achieved in 54 patients （65.06%, 54/83） in the PORP group and 16 patients （43.24%, 16/37） in the TORP group. This difference in efficacy rates was statistically significant （P<0.05）. The overall efficacy rate for ossiculoplasty was 58.33% （70/120）. Conclusion: Patients with MECwTS exhibit more severe middle ear and mastoid pathology compared to those with MECw/oTS, resulting in poorer postoperative hearing levels and quality of life outcomes. Both PORP and TORP implantation can improve postoperative hearing to some extent; however, PORP appears to offer superior hearing improvement efficacy compared to TORP.

Cochlear implantation in patients with keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome: A systematic review.