Healthy Milk Research Articles

The untargeted lipidomic profile of quarter milk from dairy cows with subclinical intramammary infection by non-aureus staphylococci

This observational study determined the lipidome of cow milk during subclinical intramammary infection (IMI) by non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), also defined as coagulase-negative staphylococci, using an untargeted approach. Among the pathogens causing bovine IMI, NAS have become the most frequently isolated bacteria from milk samples. Although the application of system biology approaches to mastitis has provided pivotal information by investigating the transcriptome, proteome, peptidome, and metabolome, the milk lipidome during mammary gland inflammation remains undisclosed. To cover this gap, we determined the milk lipidome of 17 dairy cows with IMI caused by NAS (NAS-IMI), and we compared the results with those of healthy quarter milk from 11 cows. The lipidome was determined following a liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry approach. Sixteen subclasses of lipids were identified in both groups of animals. From 2,556 measured lipids, the abundance of 597 changed more than 10-fold in quarter milk with NAS-IMI compared with healthy quarters. The results demonstrate the influence of NAS-IMI on the milk lipidome, implying significant changes in lipid species belonging to the family of triacylglycerols and sphingomyelins, and contribute to the understanding of inflammatory processes in the bovine udder, highlighting potential novel biomarkers for improving mastitis diagnostics.

Postpartum acyclicity and its management in bovines

Prolonged ovarian acyclicity after parturition is one of the major problems faced by Bovine (Cattle and Buffalo) owners under field conditions. The present study was conducted on pre-selected 18 healthy and high milk producing crossbred cattle and Murrah graded buffaloes of Meerut region that did not show heat signs for 60-120 days’ post-partum. The ultrasonographic studies and gynaecological examination of genitalia further revealed absence of any perceptible follicular or luteal structures (smooth ovaries). The animals were initially dewormed using Fenbendazole (5 mg/Kg Body weight) followed by oral supplementation of chelated mineral mixture (50 g/day/animal for 30 days). Furthermore, they received injection of Tonophosphan (Intervet, @ 10 mL I/M /animal/week) for four weeks. Finally, after completing the above treatment, all were given an injection of GnRH (@ 5 mL I/M, Receptal®VET) and the treated animals were monitored for oestrus detection. The oestrus was induced in 13 out of 18 bovines (72.22 %). Overall, the study revealed that the combined effect of dewormer, mineral supplementation, Tonophosphan and GnRH injection could be used successfully to induce heat and resume cyclicity in high yielding postpartum acyclic bovines. It also reflected the necessity for the need of improvement in the plane of nutrition in high yielding animals.

The Role Of Rural Women In Produclng Clean, Safe And Healthy Milk "A Stud At One Of The Villages In Tanta District, Gharbia Governorate"

The Role Of Rural Women In Produclng Clean, Safe And Healthy Milk "A Stud At One Of The Villages In Tanta District, Gharbia Governorate"

Personalized Profiling Reveals Donor- and Lactation-Specific Trends in the Human Milk Proteome and Peptidome

ABSTRACTBackgroundHuman milk is the most genuine form of personalized nutrition, whereby its nutritional and bioactive constituents support the changing needs of the growing infant. Personalized proteome profiling strategies may provide insights into maternal–infant relationships. Proteins and endogenous peptides in human milk play an important role as nutrients for growth and have distinct functionality such as immune defense. Comprehensive monitoring of all of the human milk proteinaceous components, including endogenous peptides, is required to fully understand the changing role of the human milk proteome throughout lactation.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the personalized nature of the human milk proteome and peptidome for individual mother–infant dyads.MethodsTwo individual healthy milk donors, aged 29 and 32 y and both of a normal BMI, were longitudinally observed over weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 postpartum. Milk collection was standardized. Comprehensive variations in the human milk proteinaceous components were assessed using quantitative LC-MS/MS methods.ResultsWe longitudinally profiled the concentrations of >1300 milk proteins and 2000 endogenous milk peptides spanning 16 wk of lactation for 2 individual donors. We observed many gradual and alike changes in both donors related to temporal effects, for instance early lactation was marked by high concentrations of proteins and peptides involved in lactose synthesis and immune development. Uniquely, in 1 of the 2 donors, we observed a substantial anomaly in the milk composition, exclusively at week 6, likely indicating a response to inflammation and/or infection.ConclusionsHere, we provide a resource for characterizing the lactational changes in the human milk proteome, encompassing thousands of proteins and endogenous peptides. Further, we demonstrate the feasibility and benefit of personalized profiling to monitor the influence of milk on the development of the newborn, as well as the health status of each individual mother–infant pair.

Intramammary infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus increases IgA antibodies to iron-regulated surface determinant-A, -B, and -H in bovine milk

The aim of this study was to identify virulence factors that have high immunogenicity. An in vivo-expressed Staphylococcus aureus antigen was identified by probing bacteriophage expression libraries of S. aureus with antibodies in bovine mastitis milk. Eighteen clones were isolated, and their proteins were identified as 5 characterised proteins (IsdA, Protein A, IsdB, autolysin, and imidazole glycerol phosphate dehydratase) and 13 hypothetical proteins. We focused on IsdA, IsdB, and IsdH as virulence factors that have a high immunogenicity and are capable of inducing a specific humoral immune response in S. aureus-infected quarters. The optical density (OD) values of IsdA and IsdB IgA and IgG antibodies in milk affected by naturally occurring mastitis caused by S. aureus increased significantly compared to those in healthy milk. In the experimental infection study, the OD values of IsdA- and B-specific IgA and IgG antibodies were significantly increased from 2 to 4 weeks after S. aureus infection compared to day 0 (P < 0.05). On the other hand, we demonstrated that milk from natural and experimental intramammary infections caused by S. aureus are associated with significantly higher IgA levels against IsdH (P < 0.05), but no significant change in IgG levels. Our findings facilitated our understanding of the pathogenicity of S. aureus in bovine mastitis, as well as the mechanisms by which specific humoral immune responses to S. aureus infection are induced. In addition, the results obtained could provide insight into how bovine mastitis can be controlled, for example, through vaccination.

LC-MS/MS Based Metabolomics Reveal Candidate Biomarkers and Metabolic Changes in Different Buffalo Species.

Simple SummaryMilk and dairy products have become the most common and an essential nutrition in human life, while dairy products with high nutritional value are attracting more and more attention. Buffalo milk contains higher protein, fat, lactose, and total solid contents and has been considered as the source of superior dairy products, such as mozzarella cheese, butter, ice cream, and yoghurt. Moreover, buffalo milk contains more unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) which are important for human health owing to their desirable physiological effects. However, the composition of milk seems to vary among different buffalo species and inadequate information is available about the underlying mechanism. Therefore, exploring the biomarkers of superior buffalo milk is crucial for the process of dairy products and buffalo breeding. In the present study, diverse significantly different metabolites were identified among the Mediterranean, Murrah, and crossbred buffalo, and the different metabolites were mainly enriched in fat synthesis related pathways which affected the end fat content in the milk. Moreover, these specific metabolites can be used as candidate biomarkers in the identification of milk quality and molecular breeding of high milk fat buffalo.Consumers have shown more and more interest in high-quality and healthy dairy products and buffalo milk is commercially more viable than other milks in producing superior dairy products due to its higher contents of fat, crude protein, and total solids. Metabolomics is one of the most powerful strategies in molecular mechanism research however, little study has been focused on the milk metabolites in different buffalo species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the underlying molecular mechanism of the fatty synthesis and candidate biomarkers by analyzing the metabolomic profiles. Milk of three groups of buffaloes, including 10 Mediterranean, 12 Murrah, and 10 crossbred buffaloes (Murrah × local swamp buffalo), were collected and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS was used to obtain the metabolomic profiles. Results showed that milk fatty acid in Mediterranean buffalo was significantly higher than Murrah buffalo and crossbred buffalo. A total of 1837/726 metabolites was identified in both positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI±) mode, including 19 significantly different metabolites between Mediterranean and Murrah buffalo, and 18 different metabolites between Mediterranean and crossbred buffalo. We found 11 of the different metabolites were both significantly different between Mediterranean vs. Murrah group and Mediterranean vs crossbred group, indicating that they can be used as candidate biomarkers of Mediterranean buffalo milk. Further analysis found that the different metabolites were mainly enriched in fat synthesis related pathways such as fatty acid biosynthesis, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, and linoleic acid metabolism, indicating that the priority of different pathways affected the milk fat content in different buffalo species. These specific metabolites may be used as biomarkers in the identification of milk quality and molecular breeding of high milk fat buffalo.

Positive maternal attitudes to following healthy infant feeding guidelines attenuate the associations between infant appetitive traits and both infant milk intake and weight

Appetitive traits influence food intake and weight gain throughout the life-course. Here, we investigated whether maternal attitudes to following healthy infant feeding guidelines could modify this association. Baseline data from 544 mother-infant formula-feeding dyads recruited to the Baby Milk Trial were included in this observational, cross-sectional analysis. Infant appetitive traits (food responsiveness and satiety responsiveness), maternal attitudes to following healthy infant feeding guidelines (self-efficacy, outcome-expectancy, intentions) and infant milk intakes were reported by mothers through questionnaires. Infant weight was measured using standard procedures. Associations between the maternal attitudes score or infant appetitive traits with infant milk intake and infant weight were evaluated in linear regression models adjusted for infant sex and age. To identify effect modification, the interaction term between the maternal attitudes score and infant appetitive trait was added to the model. Infants’ mean age and weight were 2.3 months (SD = 0.9) and 5.5 kg (SD = 0.9), respectively. The mean daily infant milk intake reported by mothers was 895 ml/day (SD = 215). Higher maternal attitudes score was associated with lower infant milk intake (Beta = −68.4 ml/day/unit (95% CI: 96.6, −40.2)) and infant weight (Beta = −0.13 SD/unit (−0.25, −0.02)). The maternal attitudes score showed interactions with infant food responsiveness on infant milk intake (p = 0.049), and with infant satiety responsiveness on infant weight (p = 0.01). In both cases, a higher maternal attitudes score attenuated the associations between infant appetitive traits and those outcomes. This analysis provides evidence that positive maternal attitudes to following healthy infant feeding guidelines attenuate the effects of infant appetitive traits on infant milk intake and body weight.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus from human breast milk ameliorates ulcerative colitis in mice via gut microbiota modulation.

Gut microbiota imbalance is one of the major causes of ulcerative colitis (UC). L. rhamnosus SHA113 (LRS), a strain isolated from healthy human milk, influences the regulation of gut flora. This study aims to determine whether this strain can ameliorate UC by modulating gut microbiota. Mouse models of UC were established using C57BL/6Cnc mice with intragastric administration of 3.0% (w/v) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). LRS was used to treat the mouse models of UC with 109 cfu mL-1 cell suspension via intragastric administration. To verify the effect of gut microbiota on UC, fecal microbiota collected from the mice after the treatment with LRS were also used to treat the UC mouse models (FMT). The severity of UC was evaluated based on body weight, colon length, disease activity index (DAI), and hematoxylin-eosin staining. The microbial composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The mRNA expression levels of cytokines, mucins, tight junction proteins, and antimicrobial peptides in the gastrointestinal tract were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) in the cecal contents of all mice were quantitatively detected by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Both LRS and FMT exerted excellent therapeutic effects on UC, as evidenced by the reduction in body weight loss, colon length, and colon structural integrity, as well as the increase in the DAI (disease activity index). LRS and FMT treatments showed similar effects: (1) an increase of total SCFA production in the cecal contents and the abundance of gut microbial diversity and flora composition; (2) decreases in two genera (Parabacteroides and Escherichia/Shigella) related to the DAI and the enhancement of SCFAs and IL-10 positively related genera in the gut microbiota (Bilophila, Roseburia, Akkermansia, and Bifidobacterium); (3) downregulation of the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin IL-6, and IL-1β, and upregulation of the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10; and (4) upregulation of the expression of mucins (Muc1-4) and tight junction protein ZO-1. Overall, L. rhamnosus SHA113 relieves UC via the regulation of gut microbiota: increases in SCFA-producing genera and decreases in UC-related genera. In addition, a single strain is sufficient to induce a significant change in the gut microbiota and exert therapeutic effects on UC.

Dynamic Changes in Microbiome Composition and Genomic Functional Potentials in Bovine Mastitis

We provide a mini review on the previously published study entitled “Microbiome Dynamics of Bovine Mastitis Progression and Genomic Determinants”, where we reported the possible dynamic changes in microbiome compositions favored by their genomic functional potentials in different pathophysiological states of bovine mastitis. Using the cutting-edge whole metagenome sequencing (WMS) approach, we reported distinct variation in microbiome composition and abundances across the clinical mastitis (CM), recurrent clinical mastitis (RCM), subclinical mastitis (SCM) and healthy (H) milk metagenomes (CM>H>RCM>SCM). Bacteria were the predominating microbial domain (>99.0% relative abundance) followed by archaea and viruses. Dynamic changes in bacteriome composition across the four metagenomes were numerically dominated by 67.19% inclusion of previously unreported opportunistic strains in mastitis metagenomes. This study also reported the unique and shared distribution of microbiomes across these metagenomes. In addition to microbiome composition and diversity, the study reported the association of several virulence factors-associated genes (VFGs), and antibiotic resistant genes (AGRs) in CM, RCM, SCM, and H-microbiomes. Functional annotation detected several metabolic pathways related to different episodes of mastitis. Therefore, the published data revealed that changes in microbiome composition in different types of mastitis, concurrent assessment of VFGS, ARGs, and genomic functional potentials can contribute to develop microbiome-based diagnostics, and therapeutics for mastitis, and carries significant implications on curtailing the economic fallout from this disease

Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of nipple and breast candidiasis: A review of the relationship between diagnoses of mammary candidiasis and Candida albicans in breastfeeding women.

Background:Breastfeeding mothers commonly experience nipple pain accompanied by radiating, stabbing or constant breast pain between feeds, sometimes associated with pink shiny nipple epithelium and white flakes of skin. Current guidelines diagnose these signs and symptoms as mammary candidiasis and stipulate antifungal medications.Aim:This study reviews existing research into the relationship between Candida albicans and nipple and breast pain in breastfeeding women who have been diagnosed with mammary candidiasis; whether fluconazole is an effective treatment; and the presence of C. albicans in the human milk microbiome.Method:The author conducted three searches to investigate (a) breastfeeding-related pain and C. albicans; (b) the efficacy of fluconazole in breastfeeding-related pain; and (c) composition of the human milk mycobiome. These findings are critiqued and integrated in a narrative review.Results:There is little evidence to support the hypothesis that Candida spp, including C. albicans, in maternal milk or on the nipple-areolar complex causes the signs and symptoms popularly diagnosed as mammary candidiasis. There is no evidence that antifungal treatments are any more effective than the passage of time in women with these symptoms. Candida spp including C. albicans are commonly identified in healthy human milk and nipple-areolar complex mycobiomes.Discussion:Clinical breastfeeding support remains a research frontier. The human milk microbiome, which includes a mycobiome, interacts with the microbiomes of the infant mouth and nipple-areolar complex, including their mycobiomes, to form protective ecosystems. Topical or oral antifungals may disrupt immunoprotective microbial homeostasis. Unnecessary use contributes to the serious global problem of antifungal resistance.Conclusion:Antifungal treatment is rarely indicated and prolonged courses cannot be justified in breastfeeding women experiencing breast and nipple pain. Multiple strategies for stabilizing microbiome feedback loops when nipple and breast pain emerge are required, in order to avoid overtreatment of breastfeeding mothers and their infants with antifungal medications.

Non-Dairy Alternative Milk for People with Lactose and Casein Intolerance

This study aimed to prepare healthy and tasty alternative milk for lactose and casein intolerance. Plant materials which used to prepare alternative milk were grated coconut, potato powder, corn grain, tiger nut, sorghum seeds, dry bean seeds, sesame seeds and cantaloupe seeds. Chemical, minerals, physical, sensory and color of the alternative milk were determined. Results showed that, there were significant differences between all milk samples in chemical composition (dry weight basis). Protein ranged between 18.26% in cantaloupe seeds milk and 2.10% in white corn milk. Coconut milk had high fat content followed by sesame milk and cantaloupe seeds milk. Ash ranged between 4.24% in dry bean milk and 0.74% in corn milk. Total solid was the highest in coconut milk. Cantaloupe seeds milk had the highest amount of phosphorus, magnesium and iron. Sesame milk had higher amounts of potassium, copper, zinc, manganese and selenium. TSS is higher in tiger nut and lowest value in cantaloupe seeds milk. Sedimentation stability was the highest in coconut and dry bean milk. Specific gravity of all milk types was not significantly different among all samples. Milk of coconut had the highest values in all sensory attributes for color, taste, flavor, mouth feel, texture and similarity of milk, respectively. Dry bean milk recorded the lowest value for all sensory attributes. Coconut milk had high L*. While a*-value higher in tiger nut milk. Milk of cantaloupe seeds had high b*-value.

INCIDENCE AND CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS BACTERIA IN BOVINE MILK

Milk is an essential source for the ingredients needed for infant growth and adult health. Healthy milk production is important for consumer safety. The aim of the present review article was to highlight on the incidence and control of the infectious bacteria in bovine milk. Raw bovine milk is considered as a vehicle for many infectious bacterial diseases such as Bovine Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Leptospirosis and Mycoplasma infection. The main microorganisms which isolated from bovine milk in cows with mastitis were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus agalactiae, Pasteurella spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Early and accurate diagnosis is necessary for achieving successful control programs against the infectious bacteria in bovine milk. For successful control of the infectious bacterial diseases in bovine milk, it is mandatory to follow preventive measures such as proper hygienic procedures regarding animal husbandry and handling, providing the cows with balanced nutrition, following vaccination programs against bacterial diseases, reporting of the notifiable diseases to the health authorities, meticulous inspection of the consistency and color of milk and pasteurization of milk. Vaccination programs provide protection of dairy farm animals by preventing or reducing bacterial infections which in turn can help safeguard dairy industry. The main treatment protocol of bacterial diseases in dairy cows is by using suitable antibiotics, so it is necessary to carry out drug sensitivity test before choosing the proper antibiotic. However, multidrug resistance (MDR) has become a growing threat regards the management of infectious bacterial diseases. Therefore, the introduction of alternative antimicrobial agents such as herbal treatment, probiotics, nanoparticles, and stem cells therapy is of absolute necessity to guard against bacterial multidrug resistance. Also, animal vaccinations are important tools for protection against many infectious bacterial diseases affecting bovine milk.

The Physiological MicroRNA Landscape in Nipple Aspirate Fluid: Differences and Similarities with Breast Tissue, Breast Milk, Plasma and Serum.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) target 60% of human messenger RNAs and can be detected in tissues and biofluids without loss of stability during sample processing, making them highly appraised upcoming biomarkers for evaluation of disease. However, reporting of the abundantly expressed miRNAs in healthy samples is often surpassed. Here, we characterized for the first time the physiological miRNA landscape in a biofluid of the healthy breast: nipple aspirate fluid (NAF), and compared NAF miRNA expression patterns with publically available miRNA expression profiles of healthy breast tissue, breast milk, plasma and serum. Methods: MiRNA RT-qPCR profiling of NAF (n = 41) and serum (n = 23) samples from two healthy female cohorts was performed using the TaqMan OpenArray Human Advanced MicroRNA 754-Panel. MiRNA quantification data based on non-targeted or multi-targeted profiling techniques for breast tissue, breast milk, plasma and serum were retrieved from the literature by means of a systematic search. MiRNAs from each individual study were orderly ranked between 1 and 50, combined into an overall ranking per sample type and compared. Results: NAF expressed 11 unique miRNAs and shared 21/50 miRNAs with breast tissue. Seven miRNAs were shared between the five sample types. Overlap between sample types varied between 42% and 62%. Highly ranked NAF miRNAs have established roles in breast carcinogenesis. Conclusion: This is the first study to characterize and compare the unique physiological NAF-derived miRNA landscape with the physiological expression pattern in breast tissue, breast milk, plasma and serum. Breast-specific sources did not mutually overlap more than with systemic sources. Given their established role in carcinogenesis, NAF miRNA assessment could be a valuable tool in breast tumor diagnostics.

The Relation between Biochemical Parameters, Milk Amyloid A, Somatic Cell Count, and Some Pathogens in Buffalo Milks

Being resistant to hard environmental conditions and diseases makes Buffalo to have its valuable milk. Microbial contamination may occur due to undesirable conditions such as mastitis, environmental contamination, and stress. If microorganisms are not removed from the milk, it causes many production disadvantages including inadequacy of production, failure of fermentation and shortening of the shelf life. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between somatic cells count (SCC), the presence of some pathogens, and milk amyloid A (MAA) in the buffalo milk. In addition, oxidative stress in buffalo milk was evaluated. For this purpose, 70 samples were collected and Enterobacteriaceae, coliform microorganisms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. analyses were performed. Biochemical parameters [Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)] and serological parameter (MAA) were measured. The SCC was not statistically different according to Enterobacteriaceae, coliform microorganisms, E. coli groups. While MDA, NO, SOD, and TAC values were not statistically different according to the SCC groups, GSH and catalase values were statistically different. MAA values were statistically significant compared to the SCC groups. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between MAA and MDA/SCC. Detection of MAA may prevent the mixing of healthy and mastitic milk. Therefore, more reliable buffalo milk products will be presented to consumption.

MiR-2382-5p Regulates Lipid Metabolism by Targeting NDRG2 in Mammary Epithelial Cells of Dairy Cattle.

microRNA is a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 22-24 nucleotides in length, which regulate a variety of biological processes, including lipid metabolism and triglyceride synthesis at transcriptional and translational levels by degrading target mRNAs or interfering with the protein production. In this study, the effect of miR-2382-5p on triglyceride levels was examined in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), and the results showed that miR-2382-5p could decrease the content of triglyceride. Furthermore, miR-2382-5p regulated the expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1beta (PPARGC1B), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), which are known to increase triglyceride decomposition in lipid metabolism. Luciferase reporter assay and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) validated that miR-2382-5p downregulated the mRNA expression of target gene N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) by specifically recognizing and binding to its 3'-untranslated region (UTR). Meanwhile, overexpression of NDRG2 led to increased triglyceride and cholesterol production in BMECs. In summary, this study suggested that miR-2382-5p regulated lipid metabolism by targeting NDRG2, which might be a potential target for molecular manipulation of milk fat composition to produce healthy milk. This study also provided basic data for further understanding lipid metabolism in dairy cattle.

Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Impedance Detection of Mycoplasma agalactiae DNA by Low-Cost and Disposable Au-Decorated NiO Nanowall Electrodes.

Nanostructured electrodes detecting bacteria or viruses through DNA hybridization represent a promising method, which may be useful in on-field applications where PCR-based methods are very expensive, time-consuming, and require trained personnel. Indeed, electrochemical sensors combine disposability, fast response, high sensitivity, and portability. Here, a low-cost and high-surface-area electrode, based on Au-decorated NiO nanowalls, demonstrates a highly sensitive PCR-free detection of a real sample of Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) DNA. NiO nanowalls, synthesized by aqueous methods, thermal annealing, and Au decoration, by electroless deposition, ensure a high-surface-area platform for successful immobilization of Ma thiolated probe DNA. The morphological, chemical, and electrochemical properties of the electrode were characterized, and a reproducible detection of synthetic Ma DNA was observed and investigated by impedance measurements. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) ascribed the origin of impedance signal to the Ma DNA hybridization with its probe immobilized onto the electrode. The electrode successfully discriminates between DNA extracted from healthy and infected sheep milk, showing the ability to detect Ma DNA in concentrations as low as 53 ± 2 copy number μL-1. The Au-decorated NiO nanowall electrode represents a promising route toward PCR-free, disposable, rapid, and molecular detection.

Preparation of Functional Ice Milk from Sweet Lupine flour

This study was proposed to investigate the possibility of utilization of sweet lupine (lupines albus) flour for producing functional ice milk for human consumption. Lupine consider a rich source of protein, minerals, antioxidant, and anti-microbial materials. Sweet lupine flour (SLF) was incorporated with skim milk powder at levels 5%, 15% and 25% respectively to produce healthy ice milk. Effect of replacement on chemical, physical, viscosity, meltdown, rheological, microbial quality and sensory evaluation. Protein, fat, ash, TS contents as well as pH values and overrun were increased in all samples which reconstituted with SLF compared to control. The acidity was decreased by increasing SLF compared to control. Also, the viscosity of mixes increased by increasing SLF compared to control. As well as melting down value decreased by increasing SLF. Texture profile was affected by replacement with SLF, the hardness increased by increasing the amount of SLF from 2049.49gf in control to 2347.98, 2937.19 and 3100.05 gf for 5, 15 and 25% SLF, respectively. The microbiological aspect was improved specially the sample contained 25% SLF which had the lowest total bacterial count. The sensory properties of ice milk especially sample contained 5% SLF had the highest overall acceptability compared with other samples.

Healthy milk snack

Cottage cheese and curd products are presented on the Russian dairy market. The latter are most popular with the addition of flavoring fillers, such as fruit and berry, nut and chocolate, and others. Despite the benefits of cottage cheese and curd products, fast food is currently in great demand. Fast food is food that is designed to satisfy hunger in a matter of minutes. It has both its advantages: fast, tasty, cheap enough; and cons: such products are high in calories, addictive, as they contain flavor enhancers, cause and exacerbate diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, etc. We offer an alternative to classic fast food – the curd product "Curd Fitness Candy". The manufacturing process of the curd product is carried out in the following sequence: acceptance and preparation of raw materials; drawing up a curd mixture and a mixture for glazing (according to the recipe); cooling; molding; glazing; second cooling; packaging and labeling. Technological equipment for the production of curd product includes molding and enrobing machines; refrigeration tunnel. The following ingredients are used as raw material sources for the curd base: cottage cheese, butter, granulated sugar and sweetener; for glaze: butter, melon or watermelon syrup, starch. In order to extend the shelf life of the product by 30%, in addition to the traditional starter culture, a protective culture is introduced in the development of the curd base. The curd product “Curd Fitness Candy” is tasty and healthy; not addictive; stored 30% longer compared to glazed curds without changing the quality characteristics; has an original shape in the form of a star, oval, rhombus, etc.; unconventional colored glaze using melon syrup, watermelon, etc.; colorful design of labeling material; small mass (per bite); rich vitamin and mineral composition; reduced amount of carbohydrates; It belongs to the group of products recommended for reduced nutrition.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Teat-Sealant and Antibiotic Dry-Cow Treatments for Mastitis Prevention Shows Similar Effect on the Healthy Milk Microbiome.

Lactating cows are routinely treated at dry-off with antibiotic infusions in each quarter for the cure and prevention of pathogenic intramammary infection, which remains the most common disease in dairy herds. This approach is known as blanket dry-cow therapy, usually effective for the prevention and cure of infections, but has been shown to potentially contribute to the emergence and spreading of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. Exploring the use of non-antibiotic treatments coupled with selective dry-cow therapy is necessary to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance and potential interference with milk microbiome balance. The impact of selective dry-cow therapy on the physiological milk microbiome needs to be carefully evaluated. In this small-scale trial, five healthy (no mastits, SCC <200,000 cells mL−1) second-parity cows from dry-off to 5 days after calving were sampled. For every cow, each quarter received a different treatment: (i) bismuth salnitrate (internal teat sealant, OrbSeal®, Zoetis, Italy), front right quarter; (ii) cephalonium dihydrate (Cepravin®, MSD, Italy), rear right quarter; (iii) benzathine cloxacillin (Cloxalene dry, Ati, Italy), rear left quarter. No treatment was applied to the remaining quarter (front left) which served as experimental control. For 16S rRNA gene sequencing, bacterial DNA was extracted from 5 ml of milk samples, amplified using the primers for the V3–V4 hypervariable regions and sequenced in one MiSeq (Illumina) run with 2 × 250-base paired-end reads. Bacteriological results confirmed that the quarters were all healthy. The phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were the most abundant for all treatments and controls at all three timepoints, accounting for over 80% of the entire milk microbiota composition. No significant differences were found between treatments and controls in terms of the major alpha and beta diversity indexes, revealing that antibiotic, and non-antibiotic treatments for selective dry-cow therapy did not alter significantly the milk microbiome of dairy cows. The milk microbiota composition showed a clear evolution over the lactation cycle, and the overall changes in the milk microbiota diversity over the lactation cycle were mainly independent of treatments.

The Milk Microbiota of the Spanish Churra Sheep Breed: New Insights into the Complexity of the Milk Microbiome of Dairy Species.

Simple SummaryIn the last decade, the number of studies focused on the study of the microbiota of different tissues, organs, or physiological fluids has considerably increased. The milk of dairy species is an important and continuous source of commensal, mutualistic and potentially probiotic bacteria. Second-generation sequencing technologies have been applied to characterise the milk microbiota of dairy cows, whereas the study of the sheep milk microbiota is scarce. In the present study, we aimed to explore the bacterial diversity and composition of milk samples from the Churra sheep breed, a rustic autochthonous breed from the region of Castilla y León (Spain). Moreover, this study tries to clarify the complex bacterial composition of sheep milk comparing the results presented here with previous research on the milk microbiota of the Assaf sheep breed. This assessment has shown that the milk microbiota of ewes from one flock of the Assaf breed is more diverse than the milk microbiota reported here for two different flocks of Churra sheep. The study also provides a step into a better understanding of the link between the bacterial milk composition in these two sheep breeds and somatic cell count, an indicator trait of subclinical mastitis resistance in dairy sheep.Milk from healthy animals has classically been considered a sterile fluid. With the development of massively parallel sequencing and its application to the study of the microbiome of different body fluids, milk microbiota has been documented in several animal species. In this study, the main objective of this work was to access bacterial profiles of healthy milk samples using the next-generation sequencing of amplicons from the 16S rRNA gene to characterise the milk microbiome of the Churra breed. A total of 212 samples were collected from two Churra dairy farms with a different management system. The core milk microbiota in Churra ewes includes lesser genera (only two taxa: Staphylococcus and Escherichia/Shigella) than studies reported in other dairy species or even in a previous study in Assaf sheep milk. We found that diversity values in the two flocks of Churra breed were lower than the diversity of the milk microbiota in Assaf. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination using Bray-Curtis distance separates samples based on their microbiota composition. The information reported here might be used to understand the complex issue of milk microbiota composition.