Community Health Workers (CHWs) are trusted community members well-positioned to address the opioid epidemic from the frontlines through education, stigma reduction, and connection to culturally competent care, yet do not regularly receive training in this area. This study evaluated changes in CHW knowledge and attitudes toward opioid use before and after a standardized Opioid Overdose Prevention and Response (OOPR) training. CHWs (N = 78) 18years of age or older who were employed, volunteering, or in CHW training in Arizona between January and February 2024 participated in a 60-min evidence-based OOPR training, completing online surveys pre- and post-training. Elements of training and assessment mirrored the Opioid Overdose Awareness and Reversal training (OOART) by Bascou and colleagues (2022). Paired Sample T-Tests assessed changes related to (1) opioid overdose knowledge, (2) self-confidence in using naloxone and handling overdose situations, (3) Narcan-related risk compensation beliefs, (4) attitudes towards naloxone usage and overdose reversal, and (5) attitudes toward individuals with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). Participants were predominantly female (72.8%), with nearly half identifying as Hispanic/Latinx/Spanish (46.2%). The mean age was 37.69 (SD 13.4) years; 96.2% were employed full-time, with 60.2% reporting at least six or more years of CHW experience. Overall, training improved knowledge and confidence response, with 74.6% feeling capable of using naloxone effectively post-training. Overall, this intervention increased participants' perceived knowledge of overdose response, though some gaps persisted, including inaccuracies in key areas of factual knowledge. Individual feedback and/or booster training may further enhance both the accuracy and retention of knowledge in this population.

There are approximately 24,600 women and girls with FGM/C currently living in Switzerland. Women and girls with FGM/C have health care needs related to FGM/C that Swiss health workers may not have adequate knowledge to address, or they may experience attitudes toward FGM/C and/or communities which practice FGM/C that result in poor experiences of care. Further, there are no current studies that assess Swiss health worker clinical practice in the care of this group. The aim of this study was to survey a national sample of Swiss health workers using a conceptual framework and valid measures of health worker knowledge, attitudes, and practices for care of women and girls with FGM/C. We conducted a cross-sectional web-based survey of multidisciplinary health workers including physicians, nurses, and midwives employed at the five Swiss University hospitals. 467 health workers completed the full survey. General knowledge of FGM/C and its associated health complications was high; however, knowledge of management of those complications was low. Health worker attitudes toward FGM/C overwhelmingly opposed the practice but demonstrated neutral or ambivalent attitudes toward ethical challenges and the provision of FGM/C-related care. There is a clinically important gap between health worker knowledge and practice with deficits in interpreter use, mental health screening and referral, and clinical documentation. This study is the first national assessment of health care provider knowledge, attitudes, and practices for FGM/C-related care in Switzerland. There are significant opportunities to improve health worker knowledge for FGM/C care, promote attitude and values clarification, and ensure that clinical practice is aligned with evidence-based practices for high quality FGM/C care. Competency-based strategies for health worker education can improve health care quality and outcomes for women and girls with FGM/C.

Nigeria continues to report over 2000 new leprosy cases annually. This retrospective study reviewed leprosy case records from 2006 to 2023 at a teaching hospital (TH) and a leprosy treatment referral centre (LTRC) in Lagos, Nigeria. Demographic, clinical and treatment data were analysed and challenges highlighted. At the TH, 96 patients with leprosy were seen. The median age was 34.6 years (range 11-79); 61 (64%) were male; and 75% had multibacillary disease. At the LTRC, 354 patients were seen. The median age was 39.8 years (range 7-85); 230 (65%) were male; and 349 (98.6%) had multibacillary disease. Late presentation was common in both centres. Most patients received multidrug therapy at the LTRC, but of 450 patient records overall, 52 defaulted from care (19 from the TH; 33 from the LTRC). Between 2017 and 2023, 25% of patients (37 of 149), including 2.7% aged < 15 years, presented with grade 2 disability. Leprosy cases have declined in Lagos, but delayed presentation, inadequate frontline diagnostic capacity and weak surveillance systems contribute to sustained morbidity. Strengthening health worker knowledge and surveillance in an integrated approach is essential for leprosy control. Teaser text.

Background: Vaccination is among the most cost-effective public health interventions globally, yet its impact depends entirely on the potency of vaccines at the point of administration. In Nigeria, inadequate cold chain management—characterized by erratic electricity supply, aging equipment, and variable health worker practices—threatens vaccine integrity and undermines immunization program outcomes. Objective: This study aims to (1) assess cold chain infrastructure status and equipment functionality in health facilities in Kano, Lagos, and Enugu States; (2) evaluate health worker knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding cold chain management; (3) examine associations between cold chain management practices, vaccine potency indicators, and immunization coverage; and (4) identify contextual factors and stakeholder perspectives that inform strategies for cold chain system strengthening.Methodology: A convergent parallel mixed-methods design with an embedded proxy sub-study will be employed. Quantitative data will be collected from 384 health workers across 48 facilities in three purposively selected states (Kano, Lagos, Enugu) using validated structured questionnaires and facility observation checklists. Vaccine potency will be assessed using validated proxy measures including Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM) staging and digital temperature logger data (LogTag TRID30-7R). Qualitative data will be gathered through 24 key informant interviews. Data integration will employ joint display tables and mixed-methods framework analysis. Results: Findings will provide multi-state empirical evidence linking cold chain management to vaccine potency outcomes, inform national policy on immunization logistics, and guide strategic investment in infrastructure, training, and monitoring systems across Nigeria’s geopolitical zones.Conclusion: The study revealed that mobile phones of healthcare providers have high bacterial contamination and can harbor varied bacterial species and serve as a fomite in self- and cross- patient transmission of hospital acquired infections. Guidelines on standard precautions must be instituted in various healthcare settings as a way to curb the high prevalence of nosocomial infections

To explore the prior knowledge and attitudes of community health workers (CHWs) in Ecuador regarding chronic malnutrition in children (CMC) in order to identify the needs and improve their capabilities to address this issue in their communities. A cross-sectional exploratory study with a mixed-paradigm social approach. A virtual questionnaire adapted from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) survey was administered to 111 CHWs from Ecuador's Ministry of Health, operating in communities prioritised by the state due to high rates of Chronic Malnutrition in Children (CMC). The questionnaire assessed knowledge and attitudes regarding anaemia, CMC, drinking water, breastfeeding, complementary feeding and feeding during pregnancy. Descriptive and bivariate analysis was performed using SPSS V.24.0 for the closed questions, and qualitative analysis through deductive coding using MAXQDA for the open questions of the questionnaire. The mean knowledge score was 6.6/9 points (SD 1.43). Significant differences were observed based on experience (p<0.05), with lower scores among CHWs with less than 1 year of experience. While 88.3% identified at least one cause of CMC, only 60.4% could identify consequences. CHWs showed greater knowledge about feeding during pregnancy and breastfeeding practices than about complementary feeding (44.14% adequate responses). CHWs reported high confidence in providing advice on CMC prevention, breastfeeding and nutrition during pregnancy, but lower confidence in using the country's dietary guidelines. Qualitative analysis revealed important barriers such as families' lack of financial resources and limited access to drinking water. The results demonstrate the need to improve CHWs' understanding of adequate nutrition from pregnancy to 2 years of age, and the use of the country's dietary guidelines. It is necessary to strengthen their capacity to identify CMC risk factors in communities and better understand its consequences so they can promote behavioural changes and mobilise their communities to address this issue.

Previous trials in Africa and Asia, including Bangladesh, showed that community health workers can effectively treat young infants (7-59 days) with fast breathing and children (2-59 months) with chest indrawing pneumonia at home with oral amoxicillin using enhanced integrated community case management (iCCM) protocols. However, the Enhanced Management of Pneumonia in Community (EMPIC), its pneumonia-specific component, has not yet been applied in routine government health systems. Here, we developed a protocol for a feasibility study on the integration of EMPIC into community clinics in Bangladesh through existing government health systems. This study will adopt an implementation research approach that integrates quantitative and qualitative methods. A delivery package will be co-developed with stakeholders to introduce enhanced pneumonia management through government systems in three phases within community clinics of selected upazilas in Kushtia and Dinajpur districts. We will use the plan-do-check-act cycle framework to evaluate implementation, track progress, identify gaps, and test potential solutions. Data collection methods will include health facility assessments, data extractions from routine registers and monthly reports, household surveys, and community follow-ups of under-five children with pneumonia on days 7 and 14 post-treatment. The primary outcome is high (i.e. ≥80%) and effective coverage (i.e. patients receiving the full course of pneumonia treatment) of pneumonia treatment in under-five children. Secondary outcomes include treatment failure rates among under-five children with pneumonia; availability of commodities and supplies for pneumonia management; health worker knowledge, caregiver awareness and care-seeking practices regarding childhood pneumonia; pneumonia prevalence among under-five children; community clinic utilisation for pneumonia-related symptoms by under-five children; and treatment compliance. Our findings may inform the evidence-based scale-up of enhanced pneumonia management in Bangladesh and other low- and middle-income countries, contributing to improved community-level management of childhood pneumonia.

BACKGROUND:In Iran, the assessment and preparedness of households for disasters is managed by primary health care (PHC) staff through disaster risk reduction management programs (DRRMPs), particularly the disaster assessment of readiness and training (DART) program. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health workers regarding household preparedness within this framework.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This cross-sectional study included 423 health workers from Isfahan Medical Sciences University in 2023. Participants from various levels of health care attended training workshops and completed the household disaster preparedness index (HDPI) questionnaire, the (Federal Emergency Management Agency) FEMA questionnaire, and a knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questionnaire. Targeted sampling was used for respondent selection, and data analysis was conducted using Spearman, Chi-square, and Mann Whitney U tests with SPSS 27.0.RESULTS:The mean age of participants was 38.31 years, with 64.5% being female. About 70.1% had a bachelor’s degree, and 44.2% had less than 10 years of work experience. Only 2.1% and 0.9% of respondents were classified as “Most Prepared” according to the HDPI and FEMA questionnaires, respectively. Knowledge was negatively correlated with attitude (r = −0.366). Statistically significant differences were found between practices and home ownership, education level, age, and work experience (all P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:The findings reveal that health workers lack sufficient positive attitudes and performance regarding household preparedness in emergencies. Thus, a systematic framework is needed to enhance their knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to disaster preparedness (DP) for policy making in this area.

Key players and determinants improving human papillomavirus vaccination coverage in Cameroon: a cross-sectional nationwide health workers survey.

Zika virus infection became a global concern after the 2015 outbreak in Latin America. Primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, Zika virus can also spread sexually and vertically, leading to various complications. Although its circulation in Burkina Faso has not been clearly established, the presence of the vector and serological evidence raises a real risk. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health workers in Bobo-Dioulasso to improuve care and prevention in a context of limited ressources and re-emerging threats. A cross-sectional study was conducted in public and private hospitals in Bobo-Dioulasso and its surrounding areas from August 2024 to February 2025. A pre-tested structured questionnaire, including a series of questions on these diseases, was used to assess healthcare workers’ knowledge specifically of Zika virus its causative agent, mode of transmission, and symptoms and their management practices with regard to its diagnosis, preventive measures, and treatment. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with study participants, including doctors, nurses, midwives, laboratory technicians, and medical assistants. The study conducted among 210 healthcare professionals in Bobo-Dioulasso reveals that 67.14% are aware of the Zika virus, primarily through the media 39.01% or workplace training 29.79%. However, some gaps persist: 71.63% wrongly believe that urban areas are more affected than tropical regions, and 54.61% are unaware of its main mode of transmission (mosquitoes). Although fever 54.61% and headaches 50.35% are well identified, nearly half confuse the symptoms with other diseases. In diagnosis, 58.87% knew appropriate testing methods, but 41.87% demonstrated insufficient knowledge. Only 46.8% know effective preventive measures, and 50.35% applied correct symptomatic treatment. The analysis revealed that 56.74% of healthcare professionals possessed a high level of knowledge, with significant variations on experience and profession. Among respondents with good knowledge, 69.49% had more than 15 years of experience, and those with better were more prevalent among doctors, laboratory technicians and nurses. The sector, i.e., public or private, did not influence the results, highlighting instead the importance of continuing training to fill in the gaps in order to reinforce their knowledge. This first assessment on Zika in Bobo-Dioulasso reveals that 67% of healthcare workers are aware of the virus, with 57% demonstrating adequate clinical proficiency. Although higher than in some countries, these results remain lower than in endemic areas, underlining the need for targeted training. The study thus provides a basis for strengthening epidemic preparedness in Burkina Faso and sub-Saharan Africa.

According to the National Safety Council, the incidence of accidents in the healthcare sector is 41% higher than in other industries. Furthermore, Nuruddin stated that 80-85% of workplace accidents are generally caused by unsafe behavior. Globally, of the 39 million healthcare workers, approximately 3 million are exposed to blood-borne pathogens, with over 90% of cases occurring in developing countries. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Occupational Safety and Health (K3) training on the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of health workers at the Pasangkayu 2 Community Health Center (UPT Puskesmas) in Pasangkayu Regency. This type of research is quantitative with a quasi-experimental design using the Untreated Control Group Design with Pretest and Posttest. The sample in this study amounted to 30 health workers selected by purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires before and after training. The results of the study showed a significant increase between before and after training in the knowledge (p = 0.000) and attitude (p = 0.001) variables. This indicates that K3 training is effective in improving cognitive abilities, forming positive attitudes, and improving safe work behavior of health workers at the Pasangkayu 2 Community Health Center (UPT Puskesmas). It is hoped that the results of this study can be a basis for the management of the Community Health Center and the Health Office to carry out K3 training on an ongoing basis as a form of preventive effort against work accidents and improving safety culture in the workplace

People with mental health issues (MHI) are disproportionately dependent on tobacco smoking and experience higher rates of smoking-related mortality compared to the general population. Mental health workers (MHWs) are well placed to address this burden, yet many lack the knowledge, confidence, or skills to support smoking cessation or tobacco harm reduction (THR). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a structured THR training session on the knowledge and attitudes of mental health workers in Malawi. A quasi-experimental pre-post study was conducted among 48 mental health professionals at two psychiatric hospitals in Malawi. Participants attended a structured training session on tobacco harm reduction. Baseline and end-line surveys assessed demographics, prior tobacco harm reduction exposure, knowledge, and attitudes. Knowledge scores were analysed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with descriptive statistics summarising categorical shifts and attitudinal changes. Only 25% of the participants had received prior training on tobacco harm reduction. A statistically significant increase in median knowledge scores from baseline (median = 6, interquartile range [IQR] = 5-7) to end line (median = 8, IQR = 7-9), Z = -5.72, p < 0.001, with a large effect size (r = 0.62) was observed. The proportion of participants classified as having 'Good' knowledge increased substantially from 21.3% at baseline to 68.1% at end line, while the 'Poor' knowledge category decreasing from 6.4 to 0%. A brief, well-structured training on tobacco harm reduction can help improve knowledge among mental health workers. Scaling up such training could help close a major gap in patient care for people with mental illness in Malawi and similar settings.

Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals experience higher rates of mental illness compared to cisgender populations. Accessing appropriate care remains challenging because of discrimination and a lack of provider knowledge. There is limited evidence exploring mental health worker views in a local setting. This study aimed to explore knowledge and attitudes of South African mental health workers in specialised psychiatric settings towards TGD people. This study was conducted at two specialist tertiary psychiatric hospitals in Johannesburg. A cross-sectional descriptive study utilising the Transgender Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs (T-KAB) scale was conducted among 150 mental health workers. Information on socio-demographic features, professional characteristics, and work experience was collected and analysed in relation to T-KAB scores. Participants demonstrated moderately favourable attitudes with a mean T-KAB score of 2.81/4.00. Professional category significantly influenced attitudes, with psychologists followed by medical doctors scoring the highest, and nurses and social workers scoring lowest. Age, sexual orientation, and religious affiliation were significantly associated with T-KAB scores, while years of practice, previous training in TGD-related care, and prior exposure to TGD patients showed no associations. Mental health professionals in South African psychiatric hospitals hold moderately positive attitudes towards TGD individuals, with significant variations across professional categories. Prior training and clinical exposure were not associated with attitudes. This study provides one of the first assessments of mental health worker attitudes towards TGD individuals in an African setting. Nurses constitute the majority of the workforce and demonstrate less favourable attitudes, which has implications for approaches to improve transgender-affirming mental healthcare in this setting.

A postpartum mother's knowledge of perineal wound care is crucial in wound healing and preventing infection. The purpose is to find out the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of postpartum mothers about perineal wound care. Type of research Analytical survey with a crosssectional approach, The research location is in the Work Area of the Sukaraja Health Center, the research was conducted in May-June 2025, The population is all postpartum mothers who gave birth in the working area of the Sukaraja Health Center and experienced perineal tears, the sample in this study amounted to 45 postpartum mothers who experienced perineal injuries with accidental sampling techniques. The instrument uses a questionnaire. Test the statistic with a chi-square. The results were obtained that the age of most of the people was 20-35 years old as many as 29 people (64.4%), education was mostly low as many as 23 people (51.1%), work was mostly not working as many as 25 people (55.6%) and parity was mostly primipara as many as 26 people (57.8%), knowledge was mostly lacking as many as 23 people (51.1%) and perineal wound care was mostly not carried out as many as 31 people (68.9%). The chi-square statistical test obtained a value of p=0.000 &lt;0.05, meaning that there is a meaningful relationship between the knowledge and attitude of postpartum mothers about perineal wound care in the work area of the Sukaraja Health Center. To increase the knowledge of postpartum mothers, health workers and health centers must provide educational information on how to properly treat perineal wounds..

BackgroundGlobally, 8 million babies are born with a congenital anomaly annually causing 240,000 neonatal deaths, with 95% disease burden in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Early neonatal screening, timely referral and management can lead to reduced disability and mortality. The WHO recommends employing lay health workers (HWs) as agents to promote health due to critical shortage of health service providers worldwide. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a learner-centered educational intervention to train lay HWs to screen neonates for external congenital anomalies and to refer affected families towards care.MethodsThe CARe (Congenital Anomalies Registry) educational intervention was designed for lay HWs, with a two-week classroom component followed by two weeks of hands-on training under guided supervision at a selected hospital in Karachi. A focused curriculum was developed. Fifteen HWs underwent pre-service training. Knowledge was assessed using pre-, post- and delayed post-tests; Sign test was used to determine the effectiveness of the educational intervention by assessing if the difference between the scores was statistically significant (p-value of < 0.05). Association of median test scores with demographic factors was examined using the Kruskal Wallis test. Concordance between HWs and a helpline physician in identifying anomalies was assessed using Gwet’s AC. Skills assessment was conducted using a checklist and two focus group discussions (FGDs) were organized to capture HWs’ perspectives on the curriculum.ResultsA statistically significant increase (p-value < 0.001) in knowledge of HWs was depicted by the post-test scores, not associated with any socio-demographic factors. Skills assessment scores showed that 11 out of 15 HWs were either ‘Good’ or ‘Excellent’ in clinical and communication skills. Gwet’s AC showed concordance at 0.93 with a p-value < 0.001, indicating ‘very good’ inter-rater agreement. Thematic content analysis of FGDs disclosed positive feedback on overall training, with specific emphasis on the effective strategies used by content trainers.ConclusionsThis study provides preliminary evidence that the CARe educational intervention was effective. From our experience, the results could be attributed to effective training, which was reliant on meticulous planning, honest execution of the plan, teaching expertise, attitude of trainers, supportive supervision and an enabling learning environment. HWs could potentially be utilized to deliver public health interventions effectively, especially amid healthcare workforce shortages in LMICs.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12909-025-08095-6.

Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease in the world and contributes to 10 million deaths every year. Non-adherence is an important factor in uncontrolled hypertension, thus leading to reasons for non-adherence to treatment or medication. This study aims to identify the factors related to adherence to treatment for outpatients at Leuwiliang Regional Hospital, Bogor Regency. This study used a quantitative descriptive approach with cross-sectional data. The study population consisted of all outpatient hypertension patients at Leuwiliang Regional Hospital in 2023. Sampling used the purposive sampling technique with a sample of 312 patients. Data were analyzed descriptively and analytically with the Spearman-rho correlation test. The results showed that the level of adherence among patients with hypertension was mostly moderate (39.7%). Treatment adherence was related to self-motivation (p-value = 0.000), but the relationship was weak, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.258. The level of knowledge, family support, and role of health workers did not have a significant relationship to the level of adherence. The correlation value between the level of knowledge and the level of adherence had a negative relationship, although it was not significant. These might be due to knowledge, family support, and the role of health workers might not directly influence the level of compliance but might be supported by other variables such as age, gender, education, patient access to health facilities, patient economic level, length of hypertension, economic profile, and patient hypertension level (length of hypertension), but in this study no relationship analysis was carried out.

Over the past 2decades, Uganda's climate policies have steadily evolved, with several frameworks and legislative measures enacted. However, the explicit consideration of health impacts remains limited, with gaps in ministerial coordination, undefined health targets, insufficient funding and limited community engagement. This commentary examines current governmental strategies through a health lens, assessing how health impacts, mitigation and adaptation measures are addressed-and identifying opportunities to better integrate health into climate policies. Progress could be strengthened by improving ministerial coordination, setting explicit health targets, increasing funding, enhancing preparedness for extreme events such as floods, droughts and extreme heat, as well as climate-sensitive health outcomes through meaningful community engagement. We also identify priority research needs: developing practical health indicators, investigating the knowledge and training of health workers and assessing effective methods for community engagement and policy evaluation. Our findings highlight the need for a clear, actionable research agenda to guide policymakers and to enhance health system resilience and climate policy effectiveness in Uganda.

The role of health workers as supporters and trainers in improving performance, providing motivation for Posyandu cadres to always be involved in all Posyandu activities. The level of knowledge of health workers in assessing basic Posyandu skills will greatly determine the quality of services provided. The formulation of the problem in this study through preliminary research conducted on health workers in 10 health centers in Medan City showed that the average value of their knowledge about Posyandu was 63.5 (target ≥ 70). This study aims to determine the effect of health worker training conducted by the Medan City Health Office. The study was conducted using a quasi-experimental method. The number of research samples was 30 people. The material provided was the latest concept and regulation on the integration of primary services at Posyandu. With interactive lecture training methods, group discussions, role play and field practice. The results showed that the mean pre-test value was 72.52 while the mean post-test value was 92.56, there was an increase in value of 29.81 and after being tested with Wilcoxon the p-value was &lt;0.001. The results show that there is a significant difference in the knowledge of training participants about integrated health posts. Knowledge variables according to age, gender, education, work unit, length of service are not factors that influence the pre-test and post-test scores of health workers. It can be concluded that the training that has been given has increased the knowledge of health workers from the post-test assessment conducted. The results of this study are expected to be a medium for evaluating the implementation of basic competency training for integrated health posts for health workers so that the next training period can provide better results.

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major public health concern in Nigeria, where mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) contributes significantly to chronic infections. This study evaluated the effectiveness of HBV PMTCT interventions implemented in Sardauna LGA (2023) and Kurmi LGA (2024) in Taraba State, comparing screening coverage, prophylaxis uptake, and childhood immunization outcomes across the two models of care. Methods: A descriptive analysis was conducted using programme data from both LGAs, encompassing HBV/HCV screening among pregnant women, women of childbearing age (CBA), and male partners; initiation of Tenofovir prophylaxis for HBV-positive pregnant women; and uptake of HBV birth-dose and subsequent childhood vaccinations. Health worker capacity-building outputs and step-down training outcomes were also assessed. Results: In Sardauna LGA, 2,426 individuals were screened, identifying 99 HBsAg-positive and 34 Anti-HCV-positive cases; all 56 HBV-positive pregnant women received Tenofovir prophylaxis. Similarly, Kurmi LGA screened 1,435 individuals, identifying 101 HBsAg-positive and 65 Anti-HCV-positive cases, with full prophylaxis initiation for all 58 HBV-positive pregnant women. Birth-dose vaccination within 24 hours was high in both LGAs—1,357 infants in Sardauna and 850 in Kurmi—although attrition across the vaccine series persisted, with only 1,005 and 484 infants completing the pentavalent schedule, respectively. Screening indicators fell short of five-year EMTCT targets, whereas infant vaccination and health workforce training exceeded expectations. Step-down training improved health worker knowledge, service readiness, antenatal care uptake, HBV screening rates, and birth-dose vaccination performance. Conclusion: The HBV PMTCT interventions demonstrated strong maternal prophylaxis coverage, improved service availability, and high birth-dose uptake across both LGAs. However, screening coverage for pregnant women, women of CBA, and male partners remained below targets, and vaccine completion rates showed notable drop-offs. Strengthening community outreach, improving facility-based deliveries, and enhancing follow-up systems are critical to achieving HBV EMTCT goals in Taraba State.

Background: Breast tumors as one of the causes of death rates in Indonesia increase every year. For this reason, several breast tumor detection methods are currently needed to be developed to track the presence of cancer early on. Breast examinations can be carried out routinely and independently, namely by self-examination of the breasts (BSE). This method is an examination technique to find out whether there are lumps in a woman's breasts. Research Objective: To determine the factors that influence awareness compliance in breast tumor patients at the Bhayangkara Brimob Hospital Surgical Clinic. Research Method: The research approach used in this research is cross-sectional. The population in this study was 501 breast tumor patients in 2023. In the Slovin formula, the sample required is 83 respondents. The sampling technique for respondents used a simple random sampling technique. The instrument in this research was to use a questionnaire. Researchers used the Chi Square test with a confidence level of 95% or a significance level of 5%. Research Results: The results of statistical tests on the relationship between knowledge and conscious compliance showed a P value = 0.029. The relationship between motivation and conscious compliance obtained a P value = 0.000. The relationship between support from health workers and awareness of compliance was found to have a P value = 0.007. Conclusions and Suggestions: There is a relationship between knowledge, motivation and support of health workers with conscious compliance in breast tumor patients at the Bhayangkara Brimob Hospital Surgical Clinic. Suggestions for hospitals to create educational classes for patients, especially women of childbearing age, to be aware of early detection of breast tumors

Understanding frontline health workers knowledge and attitude about different facets of oral cancer identification and management is important in development and evaluating interventions to promote timely cancer diagnosis yet there is a lack of validated, culturally relevant measurement tools. This study aimed to develop and validate a new questionnaire (HWOCI-Q) to assess KAP of frontline health workers on oral cancer identification. The study was conducted in seven phases. In phase I, 46 English language items across five domains were generated through a literature search. In phase II and III, face and content validity were assessed using Cohen's Kappa and the Content Validity index at both the item-level and scale-level by 13 subject matter experts. In phase IV and V final English questionnaire with 54 items were prepared and then rigorously translated into local Hindi. Finally, in phase VI and VII, pilot testing of the tool and reliability analysis using Cronbach's alpha were conducted. The new semi-structured, questionnaire called the Health Worker's Oral Cancer Identification- Questionnaire (HWOCI-Q), comprised of 54 items under five domains. The final questionnaire had an overall Cohen's Kappa of 0.93, an S-CVI/Ave of 0.94, and Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.82 indicating excellent validity and reliability. This study indicates that the developed questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the KAP of frontline health workers on oral cancer identification. Thus, it represents a valuable tool that may contribute to more positive evidence-based research in future.