Health-promoting Lifestyle Research Articles

Associations Among PTSD, Cognitive Functioning, and Health-Promoting Behavior in Post-9/11 Veterans.

PTSD is associated with negative health behaviors that increase chronic disease risk, yet health behaviors and their determinants are not well investigated in this context. One understudied mechanism of health behaviors is cognitive functioning. Deficits in cognitive functioning may undermine engagement in health-promoting behavior, thereby increasing the negative impact of PTSD. We tested three hypotheses: (1) Greater PTSD symptom severity is associated with less health-promoting behavior; (2) greater PTSD symptom severity is associated with poorer cognitive functioning across verbal memory, processing speed, attention, and executive functioning domains; and (3) verbal memory and executive functioning exhibit indirect effects on the relationship between PTSD and health-promoting behavior. We examined associations between PTSD symptom severity (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV), cognitive functioning, and health-promoting behavior (Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II) in 124 post-9/11 veterans (average age = 37.82; 85.5% male; 63.7% White; 18.5% Black; 26.6% Hispanic). Cognitive domains examined included verbal memory (California Verbal Learning Test), processing speed (Digit Symbol Coding), attention and working memory (Digit Span), and executive functions (Trail Making Test and Stroop Interference). Regression analyses indicated that greater PTSD symptom severity was associated with less health-promoting behavior (B = -.0101, SE = 0.0016, P < .0001; R2 = 0.3052). Path analyses revealed that verbal learning and memory partially accounted for this relationship (R2 = 0.037- 0.043; P < .05). Therapeutic targeting of these relationships may have implications for the prevention of long-term disease impact in veterans; longitudinal research is needed to elucidate the potential impact on chronic disease.

Association of Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Health-Related Behaviors in Stroke Patients.

A cross-sectional study was carried out from March to August 2022 in the Vlora district regional hospital in Albania. The study included 150 out of 170 participants who met the necessary criteria, achieving an 88% response rate. Measurement tools included the Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Scale (FRS) and the Lifestyle Health Promotion Profile II (HPLP II). The patients' average age was 65.9 ± 9.04 years. Over 65% of the stroke patients suffer from diabetes, and 47% from hypertension. About 31% of them have a high risk of hyperlipidemia (mean TC = 179 ± 28.5). About 32% of the brain stroke patients manifested unhealthy behaviors, while 84% of them had a high risk of cardiovascular disease (FRS = 19.5 ± 0.53). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk was statistically associated with stress management behaviors (p = 0.008; OR = 0.20; CI = 95%). This risk was highest in the over-70 age group as well as in men. Brain stroke patients had a high probability of developing CVD. For better health among stroke patients, new evidence-based behavior change approaches must be introduced into preventative and management programs.

Beneficial and Impeding Factors for the Implementation of Health-Promoting Lifestyle Interventions-A Gender-Specific Focus Group Study.

(1) Background: The prevalence of dementia increases and so does the number of interventions that address modifiable risk factors for dementia. Recent evidence suggests that there are gender differences in the prevalence of those lifestyle factors as well as in the effectiveness of interventions. This study aims to identify differences in factors that benefit or hinder the effectiveness of interventions since a target group's perspective gets more relevant. (2) Methods: Two focus groups, a female (n = 11) and a male (n = 8) group, were interviewed, audio recorded and transcribed. Qualitative analyses were performed and main- and subcategories were identified. (3) Results: Main differences were observed including aspects of lifestyle changes (e.g., respective diet and importance of an active lifestyle) and gender-typical behavior and perception by relevant healthcare actors. (4) Conclusions: Identified differences might help to address and raise the efficiency of lifestyle interventions. Further, the importance of social aspects and retirement as an auspicious moment to start interventions were identified as relevant by study participants.

Lifestyle Changes Reduced Estimated White Matter Hyperintensities Based on Retinal Image Analysis.

This study evaluates if there is an association between lifestyle changes and the risk of small vessel disease (SVD) as measured by cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMH) estimated by the automatic retinal image analysis (ARIA) method. We recruited 274 individuals into a community cohort study. Subjects were assessed at baseline and annually with the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II Questionnaire (HPLP-II) and underwent a simple physical assessment. Retinal images were taken using a non-mydriatic digital fundus camera to evaluate the level of WMH estimated by ARIA (ARIA-WMH) to measure the risk of small vessel disease. We calculated the changes from baseline to one year for the six domains of HPLP-II and analysed the relationship with the ARIA-WMH change. A total of 193 (70%) participants completed both the HPLP-II and ARIA-WMH assessments. The mean age was 59.1 ± 9.4 years, and 76.2% (147) were women. HPLP-II was moderate (Baseline, 138.96 ± 20.93; One-year, 141.97 ± 21.85). We observed a significant difference in ARIA-WMH change between diabetes and non-diabetes subjects (0.03 vs. -0.008, respectively, p = 0.03). A multivariate analysis model showed a significant interaction between the health responsibility (HR) domain and diabetes (p = 0.005). For non-diabetes subgroups, those with improvement in the HR domain had significantly decreased in ARIA-WMH than those without HR improvement (-0.04 vs. 0.02, respectively, p = 0.003). The physical activity domain was negatively related to the change in ARIA-WMH (p = 0.02). In conclusion, this study confirms that there is a significant association between lifestyle changes and ARIA-WMH. Furthermore, increasing health responsibility for non-diabetes subjects reduces the risk of having severe white matter hyperintensities.

The relationship between depression, anxiety, e-health literacy, and health-promoting behavior in nursing students during COVID-19.

The purpose of this study was to identify the correlation between depression, anxiety, e-health literacy (eHL), and health-promoting behaviors among nursing students during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and to identify the factors affecting health-promoting behaviors. A cross-sectional study was conducted online, recruiting 301 nursing students recruited from 4 universities in the Chungcheng Province and Daejeon Metropolitan City in South Korea between May 28 and June 30, 2021. Data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 27.0. The general characteristics of the study participants were analyzed by frequency and percentage, and the degree of depression, anxiety, eHL, and health-promoting behaviors were calculated as averages and standard deviations. Differences in health-promoting behaviors according to general characteristics were analyzed using independent t tests and analysis of variance, and a post hoc Scheffe test was conducted. Correlations between depression, anxiety, eHL, and health-promoting behaviors were measured using Pearson correlation matrices. Stepwise multiple regression was performed to identify factors affecting health-promoting behaviors. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the average level of depression and anxiety was reported to be 3.93 (4.71) and 3.40 (4.30), respectively; 33.2% of nursing students experienced more than mild depression and 29.2% experienced anxiety. The average eHL level was 3.91 (0.56), and the average of health-promoting behaviors was 2.43 (0.45). Depression was positively correlated with anxiety (R = 0.734, P < .001) and negatively correlated with health-promoting behaviors (r = -0.198, P = .001), whereas eHL had a positive correlation with health-promoting behaviors (R = 0.347, P < .001). The factors affecting health-promoting behaviors were religion (β = -0.160, standard error [SE] = 0.048), current health status (β = -0.097, SE = 0.032), frequency of searching the Internet for health-related information in a week (β = -0.070, SE = 0.026), interest in health (β = -0.191, SE = 0.039), and critical eHL (β = 0.243, SE = 0.040); the explanatory power was 27.4%. Results demonstrate that during the COVID-19 pandemic, higher depression and anxiety among nursing students decreased health-promoting behaviors, while higher eHL increased health-promoting behaviors, and eHL was a major factor affecting health-promoting behaviors. These results contribute to the provision of basic data for the development of nursing intervention programs and educational strategies that can establish correct health-promoting behaviors by managing depression and anxiety among nursing students and improving eHL.

Action status and willingness to change health-promoting behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic among elementary school children: a study based on Prochaska’s stages of behavior change theory (TTM)

Background & aim:COVID-19 pandemic has significant effects on lifestyle and health-promoting behaviors and adolescence is a very critical period due to the importance of identity formation and individual behaviors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the status of health- promoting behaviors in the sixth grade male students attending elementary schools in Ardabil city based on Prochaska ‘s stages of behavior change (TTM).Materials & methods:This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on the 619 sixth grade male students attending elementary schools during 2021. The data were collected using two instruments (a researcher-made questionnaire and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II (HPLP-II) questionnaire). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 and one-way analysis of variance.Results:The majority of students in physical activity and healthy eating behaviors were in the pre-contemplation stage, 29.6% (183 people) and 33.1% (205 people), respectively. All dimensions of health-promoting behaviors were observed to have a significant relationship with the stages of Prochaska’s theory behavior change in students, their decision-making balance and self-efficacy scores (P < 0.001).Conclusion:The health of students is under serious threat due to the poor state of health-promoting behaviors and the weak desire to change behavior. By planning in educating the students, significant changes can be made in changing their behavior and improving their health.

The effect of telenursing education of self-care on health-promoting behaviors in patients with multiple sclerosis during the COVID-19 pandemic: A clinical trial study.

Multiple sclerosis is associated with decrease in health-promoting behaviors (HPBs) and require appropriate nursing interventions. Telenursing can play an important role in education of patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in which face-to-face education is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effect of self-care education with telenursing approach on HPBs in patients with MS. In this clinical trial, 68 patients with MS were selected using simple random sampling from Jahrom MS Society and randomly assigned to the intervention (n=34) and control (n=34) groups. In the intervention group, educational sessions were held three days a week for six weeks. Data were collected using demographic information and Walker's Health-Promoting Lifestyle questionnaires before and immediately after the intervention. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests using SPSS software (Ver. 21). Based on the findings, immediately after the intervention, the mean score of HPBs was significantly higher (p=0.005) in the intervention group (145.38±26.66) than the control group (129.18±22.35). The means of nutrition, exercise, health responsibility, and stress management were significantly different between the intervention and control groups immediately after the intervention (p < 0.05). results this study indicated that self-care education with telenursing approach was effective on HPBs in patients with MS. It can be beneficial to employ as an educative-supportive approach in MS patients.

Relationship Between Self-efficacy of Mothers and Health-promoting Behaviors of Their Adolescent Girls in Shiraz, Iran

Background &amp; Aims Adolescence is a period in which people are at risk of engaging in many health-threatening behaviors such as increased food intake, decreased physical activity, and increased developmental vulnerability which can be a threat to their future health. Counseling and changing their unhealthy behaviors can improve various aspects of their health, including mental and physical health. This study aims to determine the relationship between mothers' self-efficacy and health-promoting behaviors of their adolescent girls in Shiraz, Iran. Materials &amp; Methods In this study, participants were 384 high school female students (second term) and their mothers in Shiraz city in 2018. Mothers completed Sherer’s General Self-efficacy Scale and their girls completed Walker's Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLPII) questionnaire. Pearson or Spearman correlation test and t-test were used for statistical analysis in SPSS software, version 22. Results The mean HPLPII score of girls was 169.29±15.97. The mothers' mean self-efficacy score was 46.66±5.77. The results of Pearson's correlation test showed the direct and significant correlation of mothers' self-efficacy scores with health-promoting behaviors of girls and its domains (r=0.556, P&lt;0.05). Conclusion There is a direct significant relationship between mothers' self-efficacy and health-promoting behaviors of their daughters. Considering the importance of health-promoting behaviors and the effect of self-efficacy and living conditions on these behaviors, it is needed to develop strategies to improve people's lifestyle and healthy behaviors. Policy makers in the health system are recommended to promote self-efficacy of mothers by using cultural and educational programs.

Revision of brief health literacy assessment scale among the older adults and its reliability and validity test.

The development and validation of the specific health literacy assessment tool for older adults is the basis for conducting the research on health literacy among older adults. The existing health literacy assessment scale for older adults in Chinese mainland has some limitations, such as too many items and poor compliance during the survey. It is necessary to develop or introduce simplified assessment tools to support large-scale surveys in the future. This study aims to modify the brief health literacy assessment scale compiled by Taiwan scholars, and to conduct the test for the reliability, validity and the measurement equivalence across gender in the older population in mainland China. From March to April 2021, 508 older adults from Jinan, Shandong Province, China were selected by cluster sampling method to conduct a questionnaire survey using the brief health literacy assessment scale and health-promoting lifestyle profile. After 4 weeks, 83 of them were selected for retesting. SPSS 25.0 statistical software was used for descriptive analysis, item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and reliability test, and Mplus 8.0 was used for confirmatory factor analysis and gender measurement equivalence test. Each item of the scale had good discrimination, and there were significant differences in the scores of each item between high score and low score groups (P<0.05), and the coefficient of correlation between the scores of each item and the total score was between 0.721 and 0.891. Exploratory factor analysis extracted a factor with a characteristic root greater than 1, and the cumulative variance interpretation amount was 67.94%. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the single factor structure fit was good [χ2/df was 2.260, the Tucker-Lewis index was 0.973, the comparison fit index (CFI) was 0.982, and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.071]. The multi-group confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the brief health literacy assessment scale's configural equivalence, weak equivalence, and strong equivalence models were all accepted. The comparison results of measurement equivalence models showed that the changes of RMSEA were less than 0.015, and the changes of CFI were less than 0.01, indicating that the brief health literacy assessment scale had measurement equivalence between different gender groups. Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.945, and the test-retest reliability was 0.946. The correlation coefficient between health literacy and health-promotion lifestyles was 0.557 (P<0.05). The brief health literacy assessment scale has good reliability, validity, and measurement equivalence across gender, and can be used as an effective measurement tool for the health literacy of the older people in Chinese mainland.

Health-Promoting Behaviours following Primary Treatment for Cancer: A Rural-Urban Comparison from a Cross-Sectional Study.

To compare health-promoting behaviours among rural and urban residents following primary treatment for cancer. A cross-sectional survey collecting demographic variables and data pertaining to health-promoting behaviours, documented using the 52-item Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) measure, which is categorised into six subscales: (1) health responsibility, (2) spiritual growth, (3) physical activity, (4) interpersonal relations, (5) nutrition, and (6) stress management. Residence was defined using the U.K. Office for National Statistics RUC 2011 Rural Urban Classifications. The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) Decile was used to measure deprivation. Quantitative data were analysed using independent samples t-test and multiple linear regression. Qualitative data from open-ended questions were analysed thematically. In total, 227 participants with a range of cancer types completed the questionnaire. Fifty-three percent were residents in urban areas and forty-five percent in rural areas. Rural participants scored significantly higher on health responsibility (p = 0.001), nutrition (p = 0.001), spiritual growth (p = 0.004), and interpersonal relationships (p = 0.001), as well as on the overall HPLP-II (p = 0.001). When controlling for deprivation, age, marital status, and education, rural-urban residence was a significant predictor of exhibiting health-promoting behaviours. A central theme from the qualitative data was the concept of "moving on" from cancer following treatment, by making adjustments to physical, social, psychological, spiritual, and emotional wellbeing. This research revealed, for the first time, differences in health-promoting behaviours among rural and urban U.K. populations who have completed primary cancer treatment. Rural residence can provide a positive environment for engaging with health-promoting behaviours following a cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Effectiveness of health-promoting lifestyle training on mental well-being, vitality, and quality of life of elderly with diabetes

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of health-promoting lifestyle (HPL) training on the mental well-being, vitality, and quality of life (QoL) of the elderly with diabetes. This was a quasi-experimental study based on a pre-test–post-test design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population consisted of all elderly with diabetes who were members of the Diabetes Association of Ahvaz in 2021, of whom 40 elderlies were selected as the sample through the convenience sampling method. The participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The participants in the experimental group attended eight 90-min sessions of HPL training. The data were statistically analyzed using the multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-17. The mean ± SD of the post-test scores of mental well-being, vitality, and QoL was 39.90 ± 4.80, 23.00 ± 3.31, and 35.00 ± 6.13 in the experimental group and 33.85 ± 4.81, 17.80 ± 3.15, and 29.15 ± 4.67 in the control group. The post-test results revealed a significant difference between the two groups in all of these three variables, as the HPL training significantly improved the mental well-being, vitality, and QoL of participants in the experimental group. Health professionals are recommended to apply HPL training, along with other training and therapeutic methods, to improve the health-related characteristics of such patients.

Promoting Healthy Behaviors in Older Adults to Optimize Health-Promoting Lifestyle: An Intervention Study.

Introduction: Exercise intervention is the easiest and most effective way to promote human health. This study combined technology and exercise to improve the health behavior of the older adults through a physical activity intervention and to enhance a health-promoting lifestyle. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental research method was used to openly recruit 120 healthy male and female older adults over 65 years old (average age of males: 71.6 ± 1.25 years; average age of females: 72.3 ± 1.28 years), all of whom wore smart bracelets. The participants were monitored by special personnel during the same period of walking every Monday to Friday. All participants recorded their daily steps, distance walked, and calorie consumption data for a period of 8 weeks. Results: After 8 weeks of walking, all participants showed a positive medium−high correlation of various factors between healthy behaviors and the health-promoting lifestyle scales. In the post-tests of each factor of two scales, males had the highest correlation between regular physical activity and physical activity, and females had the highest correlation between regular physical activity and social support. The variabilities in the explanatory power of the health behaviors of males and females on the health-promoting lifestyle were R2 = 70.9% (p < 0.01) and R2 = 74.1% (p < 0.01), indicating that the variables of healthy behaviors have a positive effect on health-promoting lifestyles in male and female older adults. Conclusions: Walking interventions positively affect the health behaviors of older adults and encourage health-promoting lifestyles. The value of this study is in its contribution to health promotion and public health recommendations for older adults.

Investigation of the relationship between rational drug use and healthy lifestyle behaviours of university students.

the aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between rational drug use and healthy lifestyle behaviours of university students. this descriptive and cross-sectional study consisted of 1115 students from a university in the Southeast-East Anatolia Region in the autumn semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. In the collection of data, 'Student Introduction Form', 'The Rational Drug Use Scale' and 'The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II' were used. Ethical approval was obtained from the Batman University Ethics Committee. In addition, necessary legal permissions were obtained from the institution where the study was conducted and from the students. Descriptive statistics, number, percentage, independent t-test, ANOVA test and Spearman's rank correlation were used in the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 22.0 package software to analyse the data. the average age of the students was 21.31 ± 2.37 years, and their monthly drug expenditure was 142.63 ± 157.200 Turkish Lira. Some 28.1% of them were third-year students, 59% had graduated from Anatolian high school, 59.6% were living with their nuclear family, 49.1% had an equal level of income and expenditure, 7.7% had no chronic disease, and 9% had regular medication. Some 57.8% of them had health insurance. The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II scale mean score of the students was 124.12 ± 21.37 and the Rational Drug Use Scale mean score was 33.65 ± 6.75. A statistically significant difference was found between the students' class, income, and the total mean scores of the health-promoting lifestyle profile II scale (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was found between the school type, family type and income status of the students and the total mean scores of the rational drug use scale (p < 0.05). a strong positive correlation was found between rational drug use scale and the health-promoting lifestyle profile II scales.

Psychosocial Well-Being among Undergraduate Students in Hong Kong and Kazakhstan

This paper aims to provide comparative insights into the psychosocial well-being of Hong Kong and Kazakhstan undergraduate students, focusing specifically on the role of ethnicity and gender. The existing body of literature on students’ health-promoting lifestyle has shown how age, gender, income level, sociability, and knowledge of health can shape one’s perception of physical and mental well-being. Much lesser attention, however, has been paid to the ways in which students from diverse ethnic origins differ from each other in cultivating different dimensions of psychosocial well-being. To address this issue, this study delivered questionnaires to 284 undergraduate students from Hong Kong and 281 undergraduate students from Kazakhstan. Developed from the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, the questionnaire is designed to measure undergraduate’s psychosocial well-being threefold. Using independent sample t-test, this paper shows that Hong Kong undergraduate students have higher levels of psychosocial well-being in terms of “interpersonal relations” and “stress management” whereas Kazakhstan undergraduate students are stronger in another dimension of well-being – “spiritual growth”. Results show that the influence of gender on students’ psychosocial well-being varies in different contexts. One of the important implications of these findings suggests that school administrators and students from different countries may benefit from cross-cultural exchange, co-promoting all dimensions of psychosocial well-being.

Predictors of Oral Health Behaviors among Dental Students.

Background and Objectives: College life is a time when students take more responsibility for health-related behaviors. Aim: To determine the oral health behaviors of dental students, to motivate their transformation into cyanogenic behaviors by applying the planned behavior model, and to determine the degree to which students can modify behavior for oral health. Material and Methods: The results of the initial and final assessment (4 months apart) of the bacterial plaque present by means of the Quigley Hein and API indexes were collected from the student files. The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II -HPLP II and Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) questionnaires were used to determine the variables with predictor values that influence the cognitive-perceptual factors. Results: For the "health responsibility" domain, the average total value was 2.53 ± 0.9 (SD). For the "interpersonal relationships" domain, the average value was 2.82 ± 0.79. In the case of the "nutrition" domain, the desire to change the behavior of the participants was moderate (2.53 ± 1.19). "Physical activity" represents an important field in the everyday life of young adults. The results of the study indicated a moderate desire for change (2.52 ± 0.97). In the case of "spiritual growth", in which self-esteem, the way the individual perceives the environment and the adaptation to it were evaluated, a great desire for change was observed (2.74 ± 0.82). Scale GSE questionnaire showed an α coefficient of 28.52 ± 0.82, a value that indicated a moderate to a high level of efficacy and self-confidence. Conclusions: The results of the study showed that students have a moderate tendency to change in all areas, except for interpersonal relationships, where the desire to change something is increased. The participants have a moderate to a high level of self-efficacy and self-confidence.

Health-promoting lifestyle and its determining factors among students of public and private universities in Iran.

Health-promoting lifestyle is one of the fundamental health-related components. The aim of this study was to determine the status of the health-promoting lifestyle and its determining factors among students of public and private medical universities. In this cross-sectional study conducted in 2018, 1000 students from different public and private universities of medical sciences were selected by a multi-stage, stratified random sampling procedure and were studied using health-promoting lifestyle, self-efficacy, and well-being questionnaires. Data were analyzed using t-test, Chi-square, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and backward regression model. The health-promoting lifestyle was relatively acceptable in 775 people (77.5%); 649 (64.9%) had low self-efficacy, and 560 students (56%) had abnormal health conditions. The mean scores of health-promoting lifestyle, self-efficacy, and well-being in all students were 130.74 ± 22.14, 51.19 ± 12.66, and 15.22 ± 5.43, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of most aspects of health-promoting lifestyle, self-efficacy, and well-being in public and private universities. There was a statistically significant relationship between well-being (r = 0.08, P = 0.02) and self-efficacy (r = -0.19, P < 0.001) with health-promoting lifestyle. Students' well-being, self-efficacy, and physical activities of students were not at an acceptable level. Moreover, the health-promoting lifestyle of students was moderate. Implementing of health-related educational, developmental, and psycho-social programs for promotion and encouraging students to promote healthy behaviors is necessary.

The relationship between social support and health-promoting lifestyle: Mediating role of health self-efficacy

Objective: Koreans have a lot of interest in improving their quality of life, happiness, self-care, and health. This study aims to verify the relationship between social support, health self-efficacy, and health-promoting lifestyle among participants engaged in physical activity. Methods: In 2022, a total of 179 participants who engaged in physical activity in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province were measured for social support, health self-efficacy, and health-promoting lifestyle. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 24.0 and Amos 24.0 statistical programs. Results: Social support had a significant negative effect on health-promoting lifestyle, while it had a significant positive effect on health self-efficacy. Health self-efficacy had a significant positive effect on health-promoting lifestyle. Health self-efficacy was found to have significant indirect effect on social support and health-promoting lifestyle. Conclusions: The results of this study are expected to increase awareness among physical activity participants of the importance of health-promoting lifestyle, and these findings suggest that campaigns efforts will be necessary for Korea association of health promotion to communicate the importance of health-promoting lifestyle to the general public.

The Effectiveness of Compassion Focused Training on Life Expectancy, Health Promoting Lifestyle and Health Hardiness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Background and Aim: The aim of this research was determine the effectiveness of compassion focused training on life expectancy, health promoting lifestyle and health hardiness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This study was semi-experimental with pretest and posttest design with a control group. The research population was type 2 diabetes patients had files in Diabetes Association of Zahedan city in the spring of 2021 year. After reviewing the inclusion criteria, number of 30 people were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly replaced into two equal groups. The experimental group was trained 8 sessions of 70 minutes with the compassion focused training method and the control group was placed on a waiting list for training. The research instruments were the life expectancy questionnaire (Snyder et al., 1991), health promoting lifestyles profile II (Walker et al., 1995) and revised health hardiness inventory (Gebhardt et al., 2001). Data were analyzed by tests of chi-square and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-19 software. Results: The findings showed that the experimental and control groups did not significantly different in terms of gender, age, education and marital status (P&gt;0.05). Also, the compassion focused training method led to increase the life expectancy (F=403.86, P&lt;0.001), health promoting lifestyle (F=93.90, P&lt;0.001) and health hardiness (F=89.20, P&lt;0.001) in patients with type 2 diabetes (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The results indicated the effectiveness of compassion focused training on life expectancy, health promoting lifestyle and health hardiness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, for improving the psychological traits can be used from compassion focused training along with other training methods.

Healthy lifestyle behaviors and risk of cardiovascular diseases among nursing faculty during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Cardiovascular diseases are the first ranked cause of death worldwide. Adhering to health promoting lifestyle behaviors will maintain an individual's cardiovascular health and decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In this descriptive study, 150 nursing faculty were surveyed via a non-probability (purposive) sampling method to assess their adherence to health promoting lifestyle in order to know the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The Arabic version of Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) was used to achieve this goal. Seventy-two nursing faculty completed the survey. The results indicated that the study sample had moderate level of health promotion based on Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. Nursing faculty are at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases based on their health promoting lifestyle behaviors as they scored low level of "health responsibility", "physical activity", and "stress management ". Encouraging healthy behaviors is recommended to prevent chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases.

Developing and Implementing a Hospital‑based Family-centered Health Approach for Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a family-centered health program in promoting healthier lifestyles and improving self-care behavior among patients who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention. We hypothesized that the family-centered health program would significantly enhance self-care and health-promoting lifestyle in this patient population. The current study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the family-centered health program on healthpromoting lifestyle and self-care behavior in post-percutaneous coronary intervention patients. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted from October 2021 to March 2022 at the Shaheed Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical &amp; Research Center in Tehran. The study population included patients aged 40 to 65 who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention. Sixty eligible participants were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to either an experimental group that underwent the family-centered health program (n=30) or a control group (n=30). Data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire, Walker’s health-promoting lifestyle questionnaire (1987), and Miller’s self-care behavior questionnaire (1982) at three time points: baseline, postintervention, and three-month follow-up. The intervention’s effectiveness was assessed using variance analysis with repeated measurements in SPSS-21 software. Results: Preliminary analyses revealed no significant differences between the groups in self-care, health-promoting lifestyle, or blood pressures, indicating the two groups were homogeneous at baseline. However, post-test comparisons revealed significant differences, suggesting the family-centered health program was effective (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Given the demonstrated effectiveness of the family-centered health program, prioritizing such interventions could significantly improve secondary prevention outcomes in patients surviving coronary heart disease.