Health Of Young Women Research Articles

Declining Health Status of Young Women in India: A Cause of Concern

Health is important in every stage of life but the foundation of quality of old age majorly lies in the young age. Now a days due to modernisation and westernisation a major shift in lifestyles of young generation has been observed globally. Young women health status has shifted to a great extent towards deterioration as per recent researches in India. Many studies conducted on young women and college going females have concluded high percentages of subjects under the risk of obesity, diabetes, hypertension and poly cystic ovary syndrome. These chronic diseases are well known for other serious medical complications. The presence of risk of such diseases in the young females is really a cause of concern as to build a healthy and progressive nation, it is essential to preserve the health of the youth. The decline in health of young women can be a threat to their future health. Realising the importance of well- being of young women, present review article presents data on health status and prevalence of diseases among them.

Adiposity throughout Adulthood and Risk of Young Onset Breast Cancer Tumor Subtypes in the Young Women's Health History Study.

The role of adult adiposity in young-onset breast cancer (YOBC) subtype risk is not well understood. In this population-based case(n=1812)-control(n=1381) study of invasive YOBC (aged <50 years), cases were identified from the Los Angeles County and Metropolitan Detroit SEER registries, 2010-2015. Area-based, frequency-matched controls were sampled from the 2010 Census. General adiposity (body mass index (BMI)) and central adiposity (waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)) across adulthood and covariates were collected from in-person interviews and measurements. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for adiposity and YOBC tumor subtypes (i.e., luminal A, luminal B, HER2+, triple negative (TN)) were calculated, overall and by parity, using multivariable weighted logistic regression. Obese young adult BMI was inversely associated with luminal A YOBC (OR=0.35, 95% CI 0.16-0.79); other subtype associations were non-significant. Similarly, adult overweight and obese BMIs were inversely associated with luminal A (respectively OR=0.66, 95% CI 0.48-0.91 and OR=0.59, 95% CI 0.46-0.87), but not other subtypes. Conversely, larger WC was associated with higher odds of luminal B and TN YOBC (respectively OR=1.48, 95% CI 1.01-2.15 and OR=2.48, 95% CI 1.52-3.88), but not other subtypes (with similar results for WHtR); highest odds were among parous women. Findings show greater general adult adiposity is associated with reduced odds of luminal A YOBC, while greater central adiposity is associated with increased odds of luminal B and TN YOBC, particularly among parous women. Additional studies of central adiposity and YOBC subtype risk, especially incorporating pregnancy history, are warranted.

Having Reliable Support: A Prerequisite to Promote Sexual and Reproductive Health in Young Women with ADHD.

Living with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may influence sexual behaviors and intimate relationships in young women, resulting in a higher risk of unwanted pregnancy, sexual victimization, and sexual dysfunction. To develop adequate support, the study aimed to describe conceptions of how to promote sexual and reproductive health (SRH) in young women with ADHD. A secondary analysis using phenomenography was performed on qualitative interview data exploring variations of support. The study involved 15 young women with ADHD, aged 15-29 years, and 16 health care professionals, with various professions, working in the fields of gynecology, youth health, and psychiatry. Having reliable support was conceptualized as fundamental for promoting SRH. Access to information concerning SRH and living with ADHD as well as early support from health care contributed to a reliable support enabling self-knowledge and management of sexual relationships. Trustful relationships in health care were perceived as important because of previous experiences of feeling misunderstood and criticized in life, making them feel comfortable discussing SRH. Clinical encounters with a clear structure were further perceived to make information more accessible and clinics that provided appropriate organizational conditions and collaborated with other clinics were described to enhance the availability of support. This study reveals the need for clinics to provide conditions that ensure SRH support is available, accessible, and free of stigmatization. Early intervention programs for young women with ADHD may be considered, offering guidance on SRH issues in both psychiatric and sexual health clinics.

Evaluation on PCOS in Hypothyroidism among Young Females in the Age Group of 18-25 Years: A Study from Tamilnadu, India

A multifactorial ailment, polycystic ovary syndrome, is typified by persistent anovulation along with indications of excess androgen without the presence of other particular diseases of the pituitary, thyroid, or adrenal glands that might cause comparable symptoms. Because polycystic ovarian syndrome is frequently accompanied by obesity, elevated insulin resistance and increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors are commonly linked to the condition. In Kulasekharam, Tamil Nadu, India, at the Sree Ramakrishna Medical College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences and Hospital, the study was conducted. Women who are between the ages of 18 and 25 are taking part in the research. After outlining the purpose of the study, verbal consent was obtained. This survey received 30 responses. There are thirty questions in the survey. The following subjects were included in the questionnaire's parameters: food, menstruation disorders, anxiety, hair care, and digestive problems. The study excluded female subjects who were unwilling or uncooperative. Most women are affected by polycystic ovarian syndrome. Their food is not well- balanced and healthy. Women also need to be better informed on the importance of maintaining good hygiene, eating a balanced diet, drinking enough water, and the dangers of junk food. They also need to learn more about gut dysbiosis and how to prevent exposure to environmental pollutants. Future medical treatments should concentrate on these areas in order to improve young women's general health and wellness.

Sexual and reproductive health in young women with ADHD from the view of health care professionals

BackgroundSexual risk-taking and struggles in managing romantic relationships may put young women with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) at risk of sexually transmitted diseases, unplanned pregnancies, and low relational satisfaction. To gain understanding of sexual behaviors and intimate relationships, this study aimed to identify and describe health care professionals’ (HCPs) perceptions and experiences of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) in young women with ADHD.MethodsQualitative interviews were performed with 16 HCPs. Data was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsAnalysis resulted in the themes Struggling to meet expectations, Sexual risk-taking, and Complex romantic relationships. HCPs’ perceptions and experiences indicated that some women were afraid to be judged in clinical meetings when not living up to perceived expectations of sexual behaviors. Lack of impulse control was interpreted by HCPs to result in risk-taking behaviors leading to both negative and positive sexual experiences. Difficulties in assessing intentions of sexual partners were further perceived by HCPs to sometimes lead to sexual regrets or sexual victimization. The HCPs had experience of women wishing for romantic relationships but described these as being complicated by previous experiences, low self-esteem and conflict. ADHD medication and self-knowledge were perceived by HCPs to facilitate the women’s relationship quality.ConclusionsThis study highlights that, from the perspective of HCPs, self-stigmatization and hesitation to raise issues concerning sexuality with HCPs may pose risks for young women with ADHD. It provides insight into sexual risk-taking behaviors, showing the link to regretted sex and sexual victimization. The study concludes that there is a need for HCPs to understand the influence of stigma concerning ADHD and female sexuality as well as how symptoms and outcomes of living with ADHD may impact SRH in order to promote healthy behaviors and relationships in young women.

Sexuality &amp; Mental Health: Sexual Responses of Young Blind Females Experienci A Romantic Relationship

The study presented herein delves into the sexual responses of young blind females involved in romantic relationships. More specifically, it focuses on the four stages of sexual response—Excitement/Arousal Response, Plateau Response, Orgasm Response, and Resolution Response—within the context of mental health. The primary objective of this research endeavor is to garner insights into the navigation and response of these individuals to sexual experiences within the framework of romantic relationships, as well as to comprehend the impact of said experiences on their mental well-being. To achieve this objective, a qualitative exploratory approach was employed, with the participants being seven adolescent blind females ranging in age from 16 to 19 years old. It is noteworthy that these individuals were interviewed at a specialized school for the visually impaired in West Java. The findings unveiled that sensory experiences, communication with partners, and societal misconceptions significantly influence the sexual response experiences of young Blind females, which in turn are intertwined with their mental well-being. This research aims to understand how young blind women's sexuality and mental health intersect in romantic relationships.

LEGALIZATION OF UNDERAGE MARRIAGE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE HEALTH OF THE MOTHER AND CHILD

Underage marriage is a global issue, it remains prevalent worldwide despite laws against it in some parts of the world. According to the UNFPA, 1 in 5 young women in the Arab world are married before the age of 18 years and 1 in 25 young women are married before the age of 15 years. Although research has been done to study the effects of underage marriage on the health of the woman and her subsequent children, there has been no accessible research done in Libya- our research aims to help fill that gap. This study goes over preexisting literature to define underage marriage, the reasons behind it, its affects on the health of young women and their children, and studied 50 cases of underage marriage in the city of Zawia. The results showed that underage marriage was more common in rural areas. Moreover, there was an increased rate of delivery by c-section in these women, perinatal hemorrhaging, severe anemia, vitamin deficiencies, depression, and anxiety

Social health in young women with chronic pain.

Chronic pain may negatively affect social functioning, but no study to date has examined the specific social impact of different chronic pain conditions in young women, and whether living with multiple chronic overlapping pain conditions (COPCs) differently influences social domains. This study aimed to assess social functioning (social isolation, hostility, informational support satisfaction, social roles, emotional support, friendships, and family relationships) among young women with chronic pain compared with pain-free controls and to test whether the number of COPCs influenced the extent of social burden. Participants aged 18 to 30 years with a physician-confirmed diagnoses of migraine, fibromyalgia, or temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and pain-free controls were invited to participate from across the United States. After confirming eligibility, participants completed a 1-hour REDCap online questionnaire assessing social functioning. One hundred four participants (mean age 24.54 ± 3.35 years) were included (n = 26 with TMD, n = 25 with fibromyalgia, n = 25 with migraine, and n = 28 controls). All 3 chronic pain groups combined reported worse functioning than controls on friendship (P = 0.038), social isolation (P = 0.002), and social roles (P < 0.001). There were no differences on social variables between the 3 chronic pain groups (all P's > 0.05). Compared with those with 3 COPCs, participants with 1 condition reported better family relationships (P = 0.024). Experience of chronic pain-regardless of the specific pain condition-may negatively affect some areas of social functioning in young women.

"The System isn't Set up for Us": Stories of young Black women's mental health journey.

Black women are too often overlooked and underserved by the mental health system, resulting in disparities in their access to care and services provided. Little attention has been given to understanding the mental health experiences of Black women or to the development of culturally responsive, effective interventions that promote equitable access and services for these women. This study provides an opportunity to understand the lived experiences of young Black women with mental health challenges and their engagement with mental health services. A descriptive phenomenological approach was used to understand the lived experiences of young Black women with mental health challenges and their engagement with mental health services. Using a descriptive phenomenological approach, loosely structured interviews with 15 Black women, ages 18-30 years, experiencing mental health challenges were conducted. A thematic analysis revealed five overarching themes: (1) the "Strong Black Woman" persona as a barrier to seeking care, (2) impact of mental health stigma in the Black community, (3) intergenerational mental health trauma among Black women, (4) lack of culturally responsive practitioners, and (5) the impact of COVID-19 on mental health. The findings suggest practitioners need to consider the intersecting identities of Black women when developing culturally responsive interventions. Additionally, concepts such as identity shifting, identity centrality, and radical healing should be considered when addressing the unique experiences of young Black women.

Social support and overeating in young women: The role of altering functional network connectivity patterns and negative emotions

Research suggests that social support has a protective effect on emotional health and emotionally induced overeating. Women are especially more sensitive to benefits from social support when facing eating problems. Although it has been demonstrated that social support can affect the neural processes of emotion regulation and reward perception, it is unclear how social support alters synergistic patterns in large-scale brain networks associated with negative emotions and overeating. We used a large sample of young women aged 17–22 years (N = 360) to examine how social support influences the synchrony of five intrinsic networks (executive control network [ECN], default mode network, salience network [SN], basal ganglia network, and precuneus network [PN]) and how these networks influence negative affect and overeating. Additionally, we explored these analyses in another sample of males (N = 136). After statistically controlling for differences in age and head movement, we observed significant associations of higher levels of social support with increased intra- and inter-network functional synchrony, particularly for ECN-centered network connectivity. Subsequent chain-mediated analyses showed that social support predicted overeating through the ECN−SN and ECN−PN network connectivity and negative emotions. However, these results were not found in men. These findings suggest that social support influences the synergistic patterns within and between intrinsic networks related to inhibitory control, emotion salience, self-referential thinking, and reward sensitivity. Furthermore, they reveal that social support and its neural markers may play a key role in young women's emotional health and eating behavior.

Lifetime alcohol consumption patterns and young-onset breast cancer by subtype among Non-Hispanic Black and White women in the Young Women's Health History Study.

The role of alcohol in young-onset breast cancer (YOBC) is unclear. We examined associations between lifetime alcohol consumption and YOBC in the Young Women's Health History Study, a population-based case-control study of breast cancer among Non-Hispanic Black and White women < 50years of age. Breast cancer cases (n = 1,812) were diagnosed in the Metropolitan Detroit and Los Angeles County SEER registry areas, 2010-2015. Controls (n = 1,381) were identified through area-based sampling and were frequency-matched to cases by age, site, and race. Alcohol consumption and covariates were collected from in-person interviews. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was conducted to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between alcohol consumption and YOBC overall and by subtype (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2, or triple negative). Lifetime alcohol consumption was not associated with YOBC overall or with subtypes (all ptrend ≥ 0.13). Similarly, alcohol consumption in adolescence, young and middle adulthood was not associated with YOBC (all ptrend ≥ 0.09). An inverse association with triple-negative YOBC, however, was observed for younger age at alcohol use initiation (< 18years vs. no consumption), aOR (95% CI) = 0.62 (0.42, 0.93). No evidence of statistical interaction by race or household poverty was observed. Our findings suggest alcohol consumption has a different association with YOBC than postmenopausal breast cancer-lifetime consumption was not linked to increased risk and younger age at alcohol use initiation was associated with a decreased risk of triple-negative YOBC. Future studies on alcohol consumption in YOBC subtypes are warranted.

Efforts to Accelerate Stunting Reduction in Lamongan Regency with Ketan Puti Activities (Young Women's Health) with Jagong Young Women (Jare Putri) PC IBI Lamongan Regency

Stunting is a term used to refer to children who do not grow to the proper size (short babies). Stunting (short body) is a condition where the body is so short that it exceeds a deficit of 2 SD below the median length or height of the population as an international reference. Based on the results of the maternal and child health report in Lamongan, there are still pregnancies aged 15 to 18 years, at which age the reproductive organs are not ready and are very risky for the mother and have the impact of giving birth to babies with stunting. And the results of the survey through interviews are that there are still many young women who don't know what reproductive health is for prospective brides. Ketan Puti Activities (Young Women's Health) with is a study group for young women in the Jagong Young Women (Jare Putri) activity at the Independent Midwife Practice Center which is facilitated by midwives so that adolescents receive information about adolescent reproductive health and premarital preparation. Other activities carried out in this program are providing education, promotion and prevention to teenagers and prospective brides through Independent Midwife Practice Center, screening risk factors for stunting in teenagers and prospective brides, monitoring the administration of blood supplement tablets, and making referrals if risk factors are found.

Bone health in young women: the effect of tobacco smoking, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and physical activity on bone mineral density

Health behaviours are a key component of bone health. In 657 young women examined the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) in the distal and proximal part of the forearm, and physical activity (PA), smoking (AS), environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) and body mass index (BMI). The densitometry method, Global Adult Tobacco Survey Questionnaire and International Physical Activity Questionnaire were used. Weekly physical activity was calculated by adding up the Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET). Smoking women had significantly lower bone parameters. The predictor of interactions of three variables: PA, BMI (positive direction), and years of ETS exposure (negative direction) was significant for distal BMD and BMC. The predictor of interactions of PA, BMI (positive direction), and AS in numbers of cigarettes per day and years of ETS exposure (negative direction) was significant for BMD prox. MET min/week (positive direction), years of AS, and ETS exposure (negative direction) were significant predictors for T-score dis. The predictor of interactions of five variables: PA (MET), BMI, age of starting smoking (positive direction), AS in numbers of cigarettes per day, and years of ETS exposure (negative direction) was significant for T-score prox. Cigarette smoking and ETS are modifiable determinants of low bone mineral density in young Polish women. Despite the women’s good socio-economic status, a high, alarming incidence of low BMD was reported. The current study may be important in understanding the relationship between BMD, BMC, and smoking in young women as risk determinants of osteoporosis in future.

Penyuluhan Kesehatan Reproduksi pada Remaja Putri dengan Pengenalan Alat Reproduksi Perempuan

Reproductive health in young women is obtained from the introduction of female reproductive organs. Not all young women know their reproductive organs, let alone their respective functions. By knowing the names of the reproductive organs and their functions, it is hoped that young women will be able to recognize and prepare themselves in the future. Knowing the reproductive organs and their functions also prevents things that shouldn't happen, such as sexual harassment of young women. The aim is to increase students' knowledge about reproductive health by introducing women's reproductive organs and their functions. The method is in the form of counseling which is delivered through power point broadcasts to students of SMP Muhammadiyah 7 Yogyakarta, as service partners. Counseling followed by discussion/question and answer lasted for 90 minutes. The number of participants who attended the pretest was 130 people, with an average pretest score of 84.77. During the posttest, 117 people attended with a mean posttest score of 86.67. Thus an increase in posttest scores was obtained compared to pretest, indicating that counseling increased participants' knowledge of the material presented. Suggestions for schools are to carry out similar counseling activities for the following years so that female students understand more about the importance of knowing their reproductive organs.

Association of sexual relationship power with PrEP persistence and other sexual health outcomes among adolescent and young women in Kenya and South Africa.

Gendered power inequalities impact adolescent girls' and young women's (AGYW) sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes. We investigated the influence of sexual relationship power on AGYW's SRH outcomes, including HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) persistence. The POWER study in Kisumu, Kenya, and Cape Town and Johannesburg, South Africa provided PrEP to 2,550 AGYW (aged 16-25). AGYW's perceived power in their primary sexual relationship was measured among the first 596 participants enrolled using the Sexual Relationship Power Scale's (SRPS) relationship control sub-scale. Multivariable regression was used to test for (1) key sociodemographic and relationship characteristics associated with relationship power; and (2) the association of relationship power with SRH outcomes including PrEP persistence. In this cohort, the mean SRPS score was 2.56 (0.49), 542 (90.9%) initiated PrEP; 192 (35.4%) persisted with PrEP at 1 month of which 46 (24.0% of 192) persisted at 6 months. SRPS were significantly lower among AGYW who cohabited with their sex partner (-0.14, 95% CI: -0.24 to -0.04, p = 0.01), or had ≥1 sex partner (-0.10, 95% CI: -0.19 to -0.00, p = 0.05). AGYW with lower SRPS were more likely to not know their partner's HIV status (aOR 2.05, 95% CI: 1.27 to 3.33, p < 0.01), but SRPS was not associated with PrEP persistence, STI infection, condom, or hormonal contraception use. AGYW's reasons for initiating PrEP and reasons for continuously using PrEP may be different. While low relationship power was associated with perceived HIV vulnerability, AGYW's PrEP persistence may be influenced by more than relationship power.

Period poverty and mental health in a representative sample of young women in Barcelona, Spain

BackgroundThe intersection between poverty and mental health is clear. Period poverty, understood as the lack of access to menstrual products, has been gaining attention especially among low and middle-income countries as an overlooked aspect of gendered poverty. Less is known about the incidence of period poverty in high-income countries and its association with mental health. The purpose of this study is to examine this association in a representative sample of young women living in an urban setting in southern Europe.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from a representative survey of individuals aged 15 to 34 in the city of Barcelona (Spain), with a sample group of 647 young women. Subjects were selected through a systematic stratified random sampling method. A proportional quota sampling was used. The information was registered using CAPI data collection method. Period poverty was measured by a combination of three questions about the lack of access or misuse of menstrual products for economic reasons. The GHQ-12 was used to measure the risk of poor mental health. The analysis was carried out using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsFrom our sample, 15.3% of young women reported having experienced period poverty. Higher odds of poor mental health were estimated for women facing period poverty (AOR = 1.85 p < 0.05). This effect is statistically significant after controlling by their income status and level of deprivation. Young women living in poorer households have a higher probability of poor mental health than those living in high-income households (AOR = 0.47 p < 0.05). Finally, material deprivation was associated to an increased risk of poor mental health among young women reporting period poverty (AOR = 2.59 p < 0.01).ConclusionWe found that a considerable number of young women living in an urban setting in a high-income country cannot afford menstrual products, and this may have an impact on their mental wellbeing. The relationship between period poverty and respondents’ mental health is significant when controlling for factors known to confer an increased risk of poor mental health. If confirmed by further research, the public health burden of poor mental health in young women could be reduced by policy-level interventions to improve access to menstrual products.

Pregnancy, spousal connectedness, and young married women's mental health: an analysis of the Bangladesh adolescent health and wellbeing survey.

Mental health disorders are responsible for 125.3 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost globally, with depression in adolescents rising faster than in adults. In total, more than 90% of the 1.2 billion adolescents in the world live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite the rise in teenage marriage and pregnancy in LMICs, there is a paucity of research on the role of pregnancy as a risk factor for adolescent mental health, and the role of spousal connectedness as a potential protective factor. This study aims to address this gap. A total of 2408 currently married adolescent (aged 15-19 years) women from the Bangladesh Adolescent Health and Wellbeing Survey 2019-2020 were analysed. Multivariable models were used to assess the factors associated with depression symptoms and major depressive disorder (MDD). The prevalence of moderate/severe depressive symptoms or MDD among adolescents was 14.6%, well ahead of south Asian levels. The odds of having moderate/severe depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37-2.76) or MDD (AOR=1.63, 95%CI 1.18-2.25) were higher in pregnant adolescent women than in non-pregnant adolescent women. A closer relationship with one's husband reduced the risk of developing moderate/severe depressive symptoms (AOR=0.90, 95%CI 0.84-0.96) or MDD (AOR=0.91, 95%CI 0.86-0.97). Pregnancy and connectedness had no statistically significant interaction effect on depression. There is an urgent need for affordable and scalable interventions to reduce the risk of mental health morbidity in pregnant adolescent women especially in low- and middle-income countries.

The frequency of metabolically healthy and unhealthy phenotypes in women aged 25–44 years with different levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, leptin

Reports that the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in obesity is not the same, led to the allocation of metabolically healthy and unhealthy phenotypes (MHP and MUHP), this concept is based on the ability of adipose tissue to produce a number of adipokines, one of which is leptin. Hormones such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) are interesting from the point of view of their effect on metabolism. Aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of MHP and MUHP in young women with different body mass index (BMI) and hormonal status (TSH, PRL, leptin) in different phenotypes. Material and methods. A group of women (n = 655) was selected from a representative sample of the Novosibirsk population aged 25–44 to study clinical and laboratory parameters. The design is a cross – sectional, observational, single – centre study. IDF, 2005 and NCEP ATP III, 2001 criteria were used to evaluate the MHP and MUHP. Results and discussion. The prevalence of MUHP in young women in Novosibirsk was 22.3 %, MHP – 77.7 % according to IDF, 2005; according to NCEP ATP III, 2001 – 13.1 and 86.9 %, respectively. The prevalence of MUHP increased with increasing BMI from 4.0 to 72.0 % according to IDF, 2005 and from 2.3 to 58.0 % according to NCEP ATP III, 2001, respectively. In obese women, MUHP was detected twice as often as MHP – 72 and 28 % according to IDF, 2005, 58 and 42 % according to NCEP ATP III, 2001. TSH and PRL do not provide information about metabolic health in young women. Leptin content is associated with BMI. The threshold value of the leptin level was 18.3 ng/ml with maximum sensitivity and specificity (Se = 53.3 %, Sp = 81.5 %), 14.5 ng/ml with equal sensitivity and specificity (Se = 65.7 %, Sp = 65.7 %). The area under ROC curve (AUC) for diagnosis of MUHP was 0.727 (SE = 0.029, p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusion. The frequency of MHP in young women decreases with increasing BMI. MUHP is 3.5 times less common than MHP according to IDF criteria, 2005. TSH and PRL are not associated with the metabolic phenotype in young women. A leptin level more than 18.3 ng/ml has been identified as one of the markers for the recognition of MUHP in women aged 25–44 years, regardless of BMI.

Unwanted Teenage Pregnancy and Its Complications: A Narrative Review.

Teenage pregnancy may have a huge negative social and medical influence on mothers' and children's health globally. Compared to adult primigravida, young women experience more harmful perinatal problems, such as premature births, neonatal fatalitiesand stillbirths, and the delivery of children with low birth weight. With negative perinatal outcomes, in India, teenage pregnancy is still a widespread and important public health issue that needs urgent attention. One of the main causes of mortality for females between the ages of 15 and 19 is pregnancy and delivery problems. The health of young women in India is, therefore, seriously threatened by adolescent pregnancies. Neonatal and maternal difficulties are more common when a teen gets pregnant. To bring about change, avert problems, and lower the risk of maternal death, specialized antenatal care (ANC) and health education are crucial. In India, teenage pregnancy is very high. To prevent this, there is a need to focus on teenage education regarding safe sexual practices and pregnancy complications.

Predictors of sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption and its effect on adiposity parameters of female Saudi students.

The prevalence of obesity has recently increased, accompanied by a steep increase in the consumption of sugar-sweetened carbonated beverages (SSCBs). This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the impact of SSCB consumption on adiposity parameters and to identify factors associated with increased SSCB intake among young adult females in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. A validated closed questionnaire including 2 sections, general socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics and anthropometric measurements, was used for data collection of female students (n = 1616) from Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and body composition were measured using an Omron HBF-510 body composition analyzer. Overall, 30.2% of the study participants consumed soda regularly. However, the percentages of occasional and never/rare soda intake were 40.1% and 29.7%, respectively. The results showed that BMI, WC, HC, body fat, and visceral fat increased with increasing SSCB intake. Physical inactivity, low income, smoking, low daily water intake, and obesity were associated with increased consumption of SSCB. In conclusion, a high rate of SSCB consumption increased obesity and body fat content in young adult females in Makkah City. Physical inactivity, low income, smoking, low daily water intake, and obesity were identified as predictors of increased SSCB consumption. Specific health education programs and effective public awareness campaigns could be held to address unhealthy SSCB drinking patterns to help improve young women's health.