Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder typified by low body weight, restrictive eating behaviours, and body image distortion. It is associated with significant risk of medical complications, with one of the highest mortality rates of any mental illness. While the majority of patients receive treatment on a voluntary basis, a small proportion of severely ill patients refuse treatment and are treated involuntarily. The legal mechanisms used for involuntary treatment vary between jurisdictions, including mental health law, capacity-based law, guardianship, and use of inherent jurisdiction, the power of a superior court to rule on matters not included in statute. In Ireland, involuntary treatment of anorexia nervosa occurs within a legislative lacuna, not regulated by either the Mental Health Act 2001, or the Assisted Decision Making (Capacity) Act, 2015. Instead, treatment occurs under the Inherent Jurisdiction of the High Court, resulting in reliance on judicial discretion for decision-making. In this article, we explore the gaps in Ireland's current legal framework as applicable to care and treatment of anorexia nervosa, with reference to case law in England and Wales as a comparison. This includes an examination of the potential impact of the proposed changes to legislation as set out in the Mental Health Bill, 2024. We argue that these gaps mean that legislation governing the involuntary treatment of anorexia nervosa is urgently needed to safeguard the rights of this potentially vulnerable patient cohort, and ensure justice, transparency and consistency in legal approach.

Children's stunting is a significant public health issue that negatively impacts their growth and development. Dealing with stunting necessitates a comprehensive approach, including government efforts to address the issue via pertinent policies and laws. This study seeks to analyze the role of health law in efforts to eradicate stunting, with a particular focus on government action. The research method is normative legal research employing a qualitative approach by accumulating data through literature studies and analysis of documents pertaining to the treatment of stunting. Using an interpretive strategy, the collected data were analyzed to identify key issues regarding the function of health law in eradicating stunting. The results show that although Law No. 17 of 2023 provides a more integrative legal basis for the transformation of primary care, its effectiveness is still hampered by the less-than-imperative nature of the norms and the absence of firm sanctions for state officials who fail to meet nutrition service standards. Administrative barriers, such as weak cross-sectoral convergence, sectoral egos, and discrepancies in prevalence data, are key obstacles to implementation at the operational level. This study concludes that strengthening legal certainty through technical implementing regulations and simplifying budget bureaucracy is urgent. Its contribution lies in mapping regulatory gaps in the post-transition health law, while its limitations focus on normative analysis, which requires further empirical study in regions with low fiscal capacity.

Background: Hospital-related patient safety incidents and medical negligence disputes have increased pressure on Indonesia's health governance system, revealing a significant legal gap. Article 193 of Law No. 17 of 2023 limits hospital liability to vicarious liability for health personnel, yet differing interpretations raise questions about whether hospitals also bear central responsibility for duty of care and facility management. Objective: It aims to analyze hospital legal liability for unlawful acts in health service provision, focusing on three aspects: the scope of hospital liability, the application of compensation, and the legal basis for unlawful acts. Methods: It employs a descriptive-analytical method with a normative-juridical approach, relying on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, complemented by interviews. Data were analyzed qualitatively without statistical methods. Results: The findings reveal that hospital liability extends beyond vicarious liability to include centralized institutional responsibility for duty of care and facilities. Compensation for unlawful acts is applied analogically from Articles 1243–1248 of the Civil Code, covering costs, losses, and interest, including both material and immaterial damages, provided there is no contributory negligence by the patient. Furthermore, liability for unlawful acts under Articles 1365–1367 of the Civil Code should be directed not at the hospital as an entity, but at the controlling legal body, such as a company (PT) or government institution. Conclusion: Indonesian hospital liability law requires harmonization. Article 193 should be interpreted broadly to include both forms of responsibility, and legal reforms are needed to clarify liability and improve mechanisms for patient compensation.

Gender-based violence and harassment (GBVH) sits at the intersection of human rights, equality, and occupational safety and health (OSH) laws. Statistical data highlights the high prevalence of workplace violence (WPV) in healthcare, with women, nurses, and those working at emergency departments at a higher risk. Despite international frameworks on this matter, gaps remain in translating standards into national laws and workplace practices, particularly in high-risk sectors such as healthcare. A comprehensive legal and epidemiological search was conducted. Legal sources were identified using the CMS Law-Now platform, with corresponding primary legislation retrieved from official national legal portals and analysed in full. In parallel, epidemiological evidence was collected through a structured search of grey literature, surveillance data, and peer-reviewed studies, drawing on international institutional platforms (World Health Organization, International Labour Organization, European Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA) and PubMed/MEDLINE. Following the analysis, the resulting report was shared with national governmental labour representatives. This paper provides an overview of international, European-level, and national-specific frameworks addressing GBVH, through a legal literature review and a comparative analysis of those national frameworks of the selected European countries: Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden. The comparative overview found that while all analysed countries prohibit harassment, their regulatory focuses differ. Ongoing regulatory gaps, particularly regarding technology-facilitated and intersectional forms of GBVH, limit effective implementation and cross-country comparability. Persistent challenges identified include resource constraints in enforcement and insufficient coverage of digital and remote work risks.

The distribution of facial cream cosmetics without marketing authorization in Indonesia remains a serious problem that has the potential to endanger consumer health. This study aims to analyze the legal accountability of perpetrators and the effectiveness of law enforcement based on the Health Law and the Consumer Protection Law. The method used is normative legal research with a regulatory and contextual approach. The results show that perpetrators can be held accountable for criminal, civil, and administrative offenses, but law enforcement is still hampered by weak oversight and low public legal awareness

This study aims to analyze the legal responsibility of military doctors in malpractice cases from the perspectives of health law and military criminal law in Indonesia. Military doctors hold a dual status as members of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) and as professional medical practitioners, thereby subjecting them to two legal regimes simultaneously. This research employs an empirical method with a statutory approach, supported by primary and secondary legal materials. The results show that from the perspective of health law, legal responsibility is based on the existence of professional fault, proven through violations of professional standards, standard operating procedures, and medical service standards, with forms of liability including ethical, administrative, civil, and criminal aspects. From the perspective of military criminal law, responsibility emphasizes discipline, command hierarchy, and organizational interests, with possible sanctions in the form of criminal penalties and military administrative sanctions. The determination of judicial forum is principally under the jurisdiction of Military Courts based on the principle of personality. However, if the case involves both military and civilian actors, the mechanism of connectivity courts applies to ensure unity of examination and legal certainty. Civil disputes remain under the jurisdiction of general courts and are preceded by professional disciplinary mechanisms through the Indonesian Medical Discipline Honor Council (MKDKI). Thus, the legal responsibility of military doctors in malpractice cases reflects an integration between health law and military criminal law in ensuring legal certainty and justice.

The field of medical aesthetics has experienced rapid growth in recent years, in line with the increasing public awareness of the importance of appearance, skin care, and technological advancements in aesthetic medicine. However, behind this progress lie several legal issues that require serious attention, including unauthorized medical practice, alleged malpractice, and the inadequate legal protection afforded to both patients and medical practitioners. This study aims to examine the forms of legal protection available to doctors and patients in the practice of medical aesthetic services, with reference to Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health and Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection. The research employs a normative juridical (doctrinal) method using a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The analysis is carried out qualitatively by examining primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. These two legal instruments serve as the primary foundation for ensuring legal protection for both parties; however, their implementation still requires derivative regulations and clearer enforcement mechanisms to strengthen their effectiveness. The government, the Professional Discipline Council, and the public are expected to play an active role in establishing an aesthetic medical service system that is safe, ethical, and equitable. Reforms to Indonesia’s health law framework should be directed toward an integrative and humanistic model of legal protection—one that not only safeguards medical practitioners from potential criminalization but also ensures patient safety and the protection of patients’ rights as consumers of aesthetic medical services. This study is expected to provide new perspectives and contribute to the growing body of literature in the field of health law in Indonesia.

Q fever, caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii, is a globally distributed zoonosis for which ruminants are considered to be the main reservoir. In Germany, the majority of human Q fever cases are linked to small ruminants. Epidemiological investigations show clear regional differences in herd prevalence, with higher detection rates in southern Germany, particularly associated with out-of-season lambing. Diagnosis in animals relies on both indirect (primarily ELISA) and direct pathogen detection (primarily PCR), although neither method can confirm the pathogen-free status of individual animals, emphasizing the need for standardized surveillance. Currently, no effective treatment is available for coxiellosis in ruminants. Therefore, vaccination with an inactivated phase I vaccine is the main measure used to reduce pathogen shedding and abortion rates. European animal health legislation (the Animal Health Law) places a general emphasis on the clear responsibilities of livestock keepers, veterinarians, and authorities for the reporting, prevention, and control of coxiellosis. The interdisciplinary consortium Q-GAPS has developed a practical management guideline for Q fever in small ruminants, providing recommendations for outbreak investigations and risk communication. It underscores that effective prevention and control of Q fever require a combination of vaccination, hygiene, and environmental management, as well as close cooperation between veterinary and human medicine, which aligns with the One Health approach.

Awareness and perceptions on Reproductive Health Law among Tausug in Magsaysay, Mati City, Davao Oriental were the main focus of this study. This used a qualitative, descriptive research design. Ethnographic methodology was also utilized in the study. The respondents were identified through snowball sampling or chain-referral sampling. A one-on-one interview and thematic analysis were used to collect and analyze the data. There were N=50 respondents identified. The respondents were 15-60 years old for males and 15-40 years old for females, either married or unmarried. As a result of the study, it was found that only 48% of Tausug who were aware of the Reproductive Health Law were male. According to the study, television was the most common source of their information. Their knowledge of the RH Law was limited to Family Planning and Contraceptives. Religion played a significant role in the acceptance of the RH Law. There were only 28% who were aware and willing to accept and follow the RH Law. The reason those 20% who did not accept and follow the RH Law cited was that it was against their religion; thus, there was a lack of awareness and misconceptions among the respondents.

The development of modern medical science has brought significant advancements in efforts to save human lives, one of which is through organ transplantation. Although organ transplantation offers significant benefits to the medical field, it also raises various complex issues that encompass ethical, legal, social, and religious dimensions. This study utilizes a qualitative descriptive method and a library research approach to explore the legal framework and bioethical principles that govern organ transplantation in Indonesia. The analysis reveals that the legal regulations concerning organ transplantation in Indonesia have undergone substantial development. Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health stipulates that organ transplantation may only be conducted for humanitarian purposes and explicitly prohibits any form of organ commercialization. Furthermore, Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024 provide the technical foundation related to the procedures, hospital licensing, and the establishment of transplantation ethics committees. From an ethical standpoint, organ transplantation practices must adhere to the four fundamental principles of bioethics, beneficence, autonomy, non-maleficence, and justice which position patients as autonomous subjects in medical decision-making. Religious factors also have a major effect on public perception: Catholicism and Islam regard organ donation as an act of charity and solidarity, Hinduism associates it with the concept of dāna (sacred giving); while Buddhism views it as a noble expression of compassion. Therefore, the implementation of organ transplantation in Indonesia must be carried out within a robust legal and ethical framework, harmonized with the prevailing humanitarian and spiritual values of the society. Keyword: organ transplantation, Bioethics, Health Law, Organ Donation, Religious Values.

BackgroundChild labor remains a significant issue globally and in Turkey, while the occupational risk faced by child laborers has been ignored.ObjectiveThis study aims to provide a comprehensive examination of occupational accidents, occupational diseases, permanent incapacity, and fatal accidents among child laborers in Turkey, focusing on the effects of national occupational health and safety law and age-specific differences in accident incidence.MethodsA retrospective observational analysis was conducted using official Social Security Institution datasets. Incidence rates of occupational accidents (IROA), occupational diseases (IROD), permanent incapacity (IRPI), and fatal accidents (IRFA) were calculated. The before law (2003-2012) and after law (2013-2024) outcomes were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. The age differences analysis was examined using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and segmented regression analysis was used to assess trends after the law.ResultsSignificant differences were observed in IROA (p = 0.003) and IRFA (p = 0.004) between the periods before and after the law. Segmented regression further indicated that the legislation was associated with a significant after the law trend in IROA (p = 0.002). Occupational accidents also differed by age (p = 0.001), with the highest risk among 17-year-old child laborers and a progressive increase across age groups.ConclusionsThe findings show that legislative reforms have altered the distribution of occupational accidents among child laborers. Yet, the continuing rise in accident rates indicates that regulations alone are insufficient. Enhancing child labor safety requires coordinated social policies and age-sensitive preventive measures.

Introduction: Social media has become an essential communication platform influencing medical professionalism. For doctors, it serves as a tool for education, health promotion, and professional networking. However, unregulated use poses legal and ethical challenges, particularly concerning confidentiality and professionalism. This study explores the legal and ethical implications of doctors’ activities on social media in Indonesia. Methods: This research employs a normative legal and literature review approach. Sources were obtained from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Garuda, and Sinta, using keywords such as doctor, social media, ethics, and health law. Articles published between 2020 and 2025 were selected based on relevance to legal and ethical aspects of medical social media use. Results: Findings indicate that while social media enhances accessibility to health information, education, and patient engagement, it also introduces risks of privacy breaches, misinformation, and blurred doctor–patient boundaries. Indonesian regulations, such as Law No. 11/2008 (ITE Law) and Law No. 17/2023 (Health Law), partially address these issues, but no specific regulation governs doctors’ digital conduct. A comparative analysis with international guidelines, such as those of the General Medical Council (UK), underscores the need for clearer national standards. Ethical principles in the Indonesian Medical Code of Ethics (KODEKI) must guide doctors’ online presence. Strengthened digital professionalism, legal clarity, and continuous education are crucial. Conclusion: Doctors’ responsible use of social media can enhance public health communication. However, comprehensive legal frameworks and ethical awareness are vital to safeguard patient rights and uphold medical professionalism in the digital era.

The transformation of the healthcare system in Indonesia through the enactment of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health represents an important step in strengthening legal protection for patients. The law aims to ensure that patients receive proper healthcare services, clear medical information, and legal protection within the doctor–patient relationship. However, limited awareness and understanding of patient rights among both healthcare providers and patients often contribute to medical disputes and ineffective implementation of legal provisions. Therefore, an analysis of patients’ rights from the perspective of health law is necessary to clarify their legal position and implications in healthcare services. This study aims to analyze the legal aspects of patients’ rights under Law Number 17 of 2023. The research employs a normative juridical method with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through library research and document analysis of statutory regulations, legal doctrines, and relevant scholarly literature obtained from reputable academic sources. The data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive and juridical interpretation to understand the regulation and implementation of patients’ rights in Indonesia’s health system. The results show that the law strengthens patient protection by regulating fundamental rights such as the right to obtain health information, the right to appropriate healthcare services, the right to consent to or refuse medical treatment, the right to access medical records, and the right to seek a second opinion. These provisions reinforce patient autonomy and promote a more balanced doctor–patient relationship in healthcare practice.

Richard Griffith, Senior Lecturer in Health Law at Swansea University, considers the implications of the coming into force of Section 35 of the Mental Health Act 2025 concerning conditionally discharged patients.

Medical-legal partnership (MLP) is an intervention embedding legal professionals within a clinical setting to address patients' health harming legal needs (HHLN). While much of the literature focuses on the role of the lawyer in the partnership, less is understood about the role of the clinician. Data were collected about MLP medical champions from workshop attendees at an MLP conference held by the Solomon Center at Yale Law School, a leader in health law. From the 107 concepts collected at the workshop, 40 mechanisms by which the medical champion can best serve an MLP were identified and ranked by expert MLP champions, using a Delphi method. Medical champions' relations with the legal team and with direct patient care were of high priority, in contrast with their role in larger scale advocacy. The findings from this study provide evidence that medical champions are a cornerstone of MLPs as they understand clinical workflows, are aware of patient population needs, and can support the multi-disciplinary MLP team to address HHLN. By gaining a deeper understanding of the potential responsibilities and actionable steps that a medical champion can undertake, it is possible to mitigate the challenges faced by MLPs and enhance their implementation and longevity.

This article examines legal liability and professional accountability in the medical profession within the framework of Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 3 of 2025, with particular emphasis on the establishment and authority of the Medical Professional Disciplinary Council (Majelis Disiplin Profesi/MDP). This study employs a normative legal approach by analyzing statutory regulations, legal doctrines, and relevant scholarly literature in the fields of health law and professional discipline. The findings indicate that Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 3 of 2025 has normatively established a more structured regime of medical professional discipline through a clear separation between disciplinary mechanisms and criminal as well as civil liability mechanisms. The MDP is positioned as a specialized administrative body tasked with safeguarding professional standards and ensuring the accountability of medical practitioners, supported by procedural rules and types of sanctions designed to guarantee procedural justice. This regulatory framework is consistent with theories of professional accountability and legal certainty with , although it continues to present normative challenges, particularly concerning appeal mechanisms and inter-institutional coordination among law enforcement bodies. This article contributes to the development of health law scholarship by offering an institutional and systemic analysis of medical professional discipline and by providing a conceptual foundation for policy refinement and future research on the implementation of medical professional accountability in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the arrangement and implementation of online medical dispute resolution in hospitals to ensure legal certainty, as well as formulate an ideal form of the resolution model to realize justice in the future. The research method used is normative juridical with a qualitative approach through a statute approach to health regulations and electronic transactions. Legal materials were collected through literature studies at the National Library and analyzed descriptively analytically to answer the complexity of medical disputes in the digital ecosystem. The arrangement for online medical dispute resolution currently still relies on Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health, which requires non-litigation mediation as a first step, as well as the ITE Law as the basis for the validity of electronic documents. Implementation in hospitals is still fragmentary through medical committees or internal complaint units that are limited to simple online communication, but do not yet have special regulations for Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) outside the courts that comprehensively regulate mediator standards and data security. The condition of the absence of a standard standard creates legal uncertainty, especially regarding the strength of execution of the results of online mediation agreements. The ideal model of the future requires an integrated ODR platform that includes video mediation features, encrypted medical records, as well as the involvement of a certified neutral mediator who understands health law and professional ethics. This system prioritizes the principle of restorative justice to restore the therapeutic relationship between patients and medical personnel through a transparent, efficient, and accountable process.

Addressing the false dichotomy between autonomy and preservation of life: Clinical, legal, and ethical considerations in severe and longstanding anorexia nervosa.

Public Health Competencies for Primary Care Clinicians.

Involuntary patients awareness of their entitlement to appeal an admission and existence of the mental health review board in South Africa.