Weirs are among the most critical hydraulic structures employed for the con-trolled conveyance of water in open channel systems. In conventional free over-flow weirs, the discharge capacity is predominantly a function of the upstream head. However, for operational efficiency and stability, it is often undesirable for the upstream water level to vary significantly with changes in flow rate. To over-come this limitation, labyrinth weirs—particularly sharp-crested types—have gained prominence in recent years due to their ability to increase the effective crest length within a limited channel width. The extended crest length enhances the discharge capacity at a given head, making labyrinth weirs more efficient than linear-crested weirs. Over the years, various labyrinth weir geometries, including trapezoidal, triangular, and piano key configurations, have been explored to improve hydraulic performance. Recently, new forms such as circular and diagonally stepped labyrinth weirs have been introduced. Circular labyrinth weirs offer improved discharge efficiency by minimizing nappe interference and reducing submergence at the weir cycles. On the other hand, diagonally stepped labyrinth weirs aim to enhance flow capacity at a constant head and crest length through steep downstream alignments. This study combines on the hydraulic performance of circular and diagonal stepped labyrinth weirs. Numerical model validation was conducted based on established findings from previous studies. Utilizing these validated models, a novel nappe breaker configuration was introduced and the discharge performance of stepped circular labyrinth weirs was comparatively assessed in plan view.

Body size is an important biological concept as it impacts nearly all aspects of an organism. In mainland systems, body size tends to show clinal variation; however, drastic body size shifts are typically limited to insular systems in correspondence with abrupt changes in climate patterns and resource availability, often in coordination with reduced genetic diversity. We investigate a rare occurrence of dwarfism and its influence on sexual size dimorphism (SSD) among two mainland species inhabiting the San Luis Valley (Valley) using museum and live specimens. The Valley population of the greater short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) is 33.7% smaller and the Valley population of the Great Plains toad (Anaxyrus cognatus) is 32.9% smaller than populations surrounding the Valley (Outside). The greater short-horned lizard exhibits female-biased SSD range wide, and female-biased SSD among Valley populations is maintained for head length and width but is inconsistent among test groups for radius, hand, and femur length. In the Great Plains toad, SSD is absent among museum specimens from the Outside population and live specimens the Valley population, but shows a weak presence in parotoid gland morphology among museum specimens from the Valley. Although the mechanisms underlying dwarfism and possible selective pressures associated with shifts in female-biased SSD are unknown, we present a rare instance of mainland dwarfism and its influence on SSD.

Shoulder arthroplasty surgery is frequently performed to restore shoulder joint function in many pathologies. The morphology of the humeral head should be considered in the design of the shoulder prosthetic components to improve outcomes of shoulder arthroplasty surgery. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the morphometry of the humeral head in order to determine the correct dimensions of the prosthetic components used in shoulder arthroplasty. The present study examined 101 human dry humeri (52 right, 49 left sides) of unknown age and sex. Humerus length, vertical and transverse diameter of humeral head, height of humeral head and distance between the highest point of the humeral head and greater tubercle were evaluated. The mean humerus length was measured 31.05 ± 2.01 cm. The mean vertical diameter of the humeral head was found to be 43.64 ± 3.79 mm, and the transverse diameter was measured as 39.17 ± 3.35 mm. The findings of the present study indicate that the shape of the humeral head is elliptical rather than spherical. The height of the humeral head was measured at 19.49 ± 2.97 mm. A statistically significant discrepancy was observed in the height of humeral head between the two sides (p

Males in socially monogamous species can achieve reproductive success through multiple tactics– by defending paternity within the social nest and siring extra-pair offspring, or both. Previous studies have found that sperm morphology may differentially affect fertilization success in extra-pair compared to within-pair matings; therefore, we explored whether sperm morphological traits can predict the probability of success within components of reproductive success. Here, we measured sperm component traits (head length and flagellum length) and derived traits (total length and flagellum:head ratio) in free-living Mountain White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) and examined how these morphological traits relate to extra-pair and within-pair reproductive components of reproductive success. We found no evidence for correlations between sperm morphology and total seasonal reproductive success. However, we did find that sperm morphology appeared to be associated with whether a male was successful at acquiring extra-pair offspring or defending his own paternity within his nest: males that achieved extra-pair success had longer flagella and longer total length of sperm cells compared to males that did not sire outside of their social nest. In contrast, males that successfully defended all paternity within their social nest tended to have shorter heads and larger flagellum:head ratios compared to males that lost paternity in their social nest. While these patterns suggest that different sperm traits may be linked to success in different components of reproductive success, they should be interpreted with caution given the exploratory nature of this study and limited sample size, and further investigation is warranted.

Cardiovascular diseases occur frequently in domesticated and aviary birds. Reference data on various heart variables are crucial to obtain a proper diagnosis, but the literature on wild birds is extremely sparse or non-existent. Here, we present heart and body morphometric traits of a medium-sized gull, the Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus, in relation to age and sex. The majority of the studied variables increased with age, reflecting the organism's growth and development. However, heart proportions were usually the highest in chicks and similar in fledglings and adults. In adults, all external biometrical variables were higher in males than in females, except for body mass and total body length. Adult females had significantly higher values of numerous heart size parameters than males. Among all studied external biometric traits, only total head length and wing span were significantly related to fresh heart mass and increased with increasing heart mass. This study provides the first comprehensive reference dataset to support veterinarians in diagnosing pathological changes and anomalies in Black-headed Gull heart development.

Body mass of wild pigs (Sus scrofa) can provide useful information regarding reproductive capacity of a population, and population health and resilience for this highly-destructive invasive species. Body mass of females is an indicator of whether they reproduce before 1 year of age, which could have substantial impacts on reproductive capacity of a population. Measuring body mass can be difficult because large wild pigs may require > 1 person to weigh, are often located in remote areas making equipment difficult to transport, or are often culled without access to the carcass (e.g., shooting from aircraft). We evaluated our ability to accurately estimate the body mass of wild pigs by visual inspection, and identified which factors (i.e., morphometrics and demographics) influenced the accuracy of our estimates. We visually estimated the body mass of wild pigs and then collected actual weights of 1,210 wild pigs across 5 regions (Alabama, Texas, Hawaii, Guam, Queensland). We also collected morphometric measurements and age to evaluate how these factors impacted our estimates. On average we found our estimates were accurate, averaging only -0.14 kg underestimated weights across all wild pigs weighed. However, our estimates were most severely underestimated (e.g., up to -20 kg) for younger wild pigs (i.e., < 1–3 years) that were heavier (i.e., > 30 kg). We also confirmed that although growth rates slowed after 1 year of age, wild pigs continued to grow in body length, head length, height, and girth as they aged, which explained why the age of an animal influenced our ability to generate accurate estimates. We surmised that young-yet-heavy wild pigs were disproportionally stouter than older animals, thus were underestimated due to their shortened appearance. Underestimating the body mass for young-yet-heavy females could misinform management plans, because these animals may have substantial influence on the reproductive capacity of a population. For visually estimating body mass of wild pigs, we recommend considering indicators of age (e.g., morphological proportions) to avoid underestimating young-yet-heavy animals with stout appearances. We also recommend calibrating observers regularly using known weights and morphometrics.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), popularly known as “Jowar”, is a cereal grain found in tropical and subtropical climates. The physical properties of the sorghum crop help in various machine and operational parameters like design of cutting unit, conveying unit, design of cutting blade, blade velocity, design of row divider and power requirement of sorghum harvester. Therefore, this study aimed to study the influence of physical crop parameters of the sorghum crop on the design of the sorghum harvester. In the experiment, seven varieties, namely Hytech-3201, Varada-14, Sriram-5001, Jockey, M 35-1, Mahindra and Teja sorghum crop varieties were selected. The crop parameters considered for the present study included plant height, stalk diameter, crop density, and moisture content of the crop at the time of harvesting. The crop parameters under both farmers’ field conditions and the research plots of the University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS) were carefully determined following standard agronomic procedures. A one square meter frame was placed at five places chosen randomly in the plot to determine the crop density. The height of the plants was measured at five different locations selected randomly for sorghum. The diameter of the sorghum plant stalk was measured at the cutting height of the stalk of the sorghum from five randomly selected plants. A Stanley steel tape with 0.1 cm divisions was used for measuring the length of the ear head of sorghum. Plant-to-plant spacing was measured by measuring the distance between one plant to another plant. The results revealed that the heights of the sorghum crop of different selected varieties ranged from 1450 mm to 1890 mm. It was observed that the average diameters of selected sorghum varieties' stalks ranged from 12-33 mm, and the ear head length of the sorghum crop ranged from 170-350 mm. The average crop stand densities of the sorghum crop were from 10-27 plants per m2. The row spacing and plant spacing were 35-40 cm and 14-18 cm, respectively. Designing the harvester based on the optimised physical properties ensures efficient operation, reduced crop loss, and improved field performance under varying crop and field conditions.

Species discovery within Odorrana has gradually increased over the years, establishing a remarkable diversity for the genus. During recent herpetological surveys, we collected specimens from Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province, China with additional samples from Thailand and Vietnam. Based on combined morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we describe a new species Odorrana sudianensis sp. nov. from Sudian Town, Yingjiang County, China and report new records of O. heatwolei for Thailand and Vietnam. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene fragment, confirm the new species as a distinct evolutionary lineage with a genetic divergence ( p -distance) of 4.6% from its closest sister species O. dulongensis . Odorrana sudianensis sp. nov. is morphologically distinguishable from all its known congeners by having a robust medium adult body size, a head length longer than wide, a mottled grass-green dorsum with dark brown blotches on the posterior region, absence of dorsolateral folds and circum-marginal grooves for all finger discs expanded with lateroventral grooves. Additionally, the new species record sequences from Thailand and Vietnam nested within the O. heatwolei subclade with a low p -distance (0.0–0.5%) from topotypic sequences of O. heatwolei . Examined specimen shows morphological congruence with topotypic O. heatwolei in key diagnostic traits. Our new species and new species records increase the number of recognised species of Odorrana to 46 in China, seven in Thailand and 23 in Vietnam. We also address existing taxonomic disputes within Odorrana and provide comments and recommendations on the taxonomy of several species within the genus.

Osteocytes express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and mice lacking the stimulatory subunit of G-protein (Gsα) in osteocytes (DMP1-GsαKO mice) have severe osteopenia. We previously demonstrated that the severe osteopenia in these mice was mediated by increased sclerostin expression, which suppresses osteoblast functions. In this study we analyse both the craniofacial and tooth characteristics of these mutant mice. A total of 28, 6-8-week-old mice were used (Gsα fl/fl or Control, DMP1-Cre;Gsα fl/fl or DMP1-GsαKO). Total bone mineral density (BMD), total bone mineral content (BMC), condyles' BMD and incisor mineralisation were quantitatively assessed by DEXA. Bone microarchitecture of the mandible and full head of mice was quantitatively assessed with high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT). For the condylar region, we assessed total BMD and bone volume fraction (BV/TV, %). Three linear measurements of the mandible were measured: mandibular length, condyle head length and condyle head width, and samples were assessed by histomorphometric analysis. DMP1-GsαKO mice have decreased total mandibular BMD, total mandibular BMC, condylar BMD and total tooth mineralisation as assessed by DEXA. μCT analysis revealed that condylar bone volume and tooth mineralisation were reduced in DMP1-GsαKO mice and showed that skull size and specifically the zygomatic bone were larger in control. H&E histological sections of the jaws of DMP1-GsαKO mice confirmed the osteopenic phenotype. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining showed that the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts was increased in the DMP1-GsαKO mice compared to controls, suggesting increased bone resorption. Our studies identified Gsα signalling in osteocytes, mature osteoblasts and odontoblasts, as important in maintaining normal bone and tooth homeostasis.

This study describes a new species of bagrid catfish, Batasio eugenius, from the upper Irrawaddy River drainage in Myanmar. Batasio eugenius is chiefly diagnosed from congeners by its short snout (32-33% head length [HL]), large eye (29-33% HL), very long nasal barbel reaching beyond posterior orbital margin and short adipose-fin base of about 13% standard length, in addition to a suite of other morphological characters. The taxonomic status of B. flavus is discussed and evidence is presented here to show that B. flavus is conspecific with B. travancoria.

Growth deficits and craniofacial dynamics in preschool children with microcephaly: A comprehensive study.

The Burhi Gandak River, a vital tributary of the Ganges, supports a rich diversity of loaches, yet their growth dynamics remain largely unstudied; this research analyses the length-weight relationships (LWRs) of five key species. A total of 2,453 specimens were sampled using gill nets, traps, and cast nets from September 2021 to August 2022. The LWR parameters were derived for total length (TL), standard length (SL), and head length (HL) relative to body weight (Wt). The results revealed distinct growth patterns among the species. Botia dario and Acanthocobitis botia exhibited positive allometric growth (b &gt; 3), whereas Lepidocephalichthys guntea and Botia lohachata showed negative allometric growth (b &lt; 3). Canthophrys gongota displayed a relatively weaker TL-Wt correlation. Total lengthwas the most robust predictor of body weight for most species, while head length demonstrated limited predictive reliability. This study provides the first comprehensive LWR data for these species in Bihar, providing essential baseline information for their sustainable management and conservation in this understudied riverine ecosystem.

The present investigation, entitled “Correlation and Path analysis in Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] for yield and yield attributing traits”, was carried out using thirty genotypes of pearl millet to determine the extent of variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path coefficient analysis. The experiment was conducted in a Randomised Block Design (RBD) with three replications at the crop research farm, Tantia University, Sriganganagar, during Kharif, 2024. The observations were recorded for ten different traits viz., days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), effective tiller/plant, ear head length (cm), ear head girth (cm), test weight (g), grain yield per plant (g), biological yield per plant (g), harvest index (%). The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied, which indicates the presence of a considerable amount of variability for all the traits under study. Among the genotypes, the genotype HHB-68 recorded maximum grain yield per plant, ear head length, ear head girth and test weight. In the present study, high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation were observed for biological yield per plant, followed by grain yield per plant, effective tiller/plant, test weight and harvest index. This result suggested that the selection of these characters will be useful for the improvement of the crop. Correlation analysis showed that the grain yield per plant exhibited a highly significant and positive correlation with effective tiller/plant, plant height, ear head length, ear head girth, test weight and biological yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Thus, these characters were the most important traits and may impart considerable respect for higher grain yield. Based on the variability, correlation and path analysis, it can be concluded that the number of effective tiller tillers per plant, ear head length, ear head diameter and biological yield per plant could be used as selection criteria to identify the suitable genotypes for future breeding programmes.

In this study, we examined how trap nest dimensions influence the offspring of two crop-pollinating bees, Centris (Heterocentris) analis (Fabricius, 1804) and Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith, 1874 in two irrigated acerola orchards in Brazil. Trap nests with two lengths (10 cm and 15 cm) and four internal diameters (0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 cm) were installed in 32 perforated wooden blocks (1,024 cavities) mounted on four steel shelves. Bee body size was assessed using head width, head length, and intertegular span. A total of 341 individuals of C. analis and 113 of C. tarsata were recorded. C. analis predominantly nested in cavities of 0.6 cm diameter and 15 cm length, while C. tarsata favored 0.8 cm diameter cavities of the same length. Natural enemy incidence was low, with Mesocheira bicolor being the most common kleptoparasite. Mortality rates were highest in narrower cavities (0.6 cm). Our findings demonstrate that offspring body size is more strongly influenced by trap nest diameter than length, highlighting the importance of nest architecture in the management and conservation of solitary bees. Optimizing nest dimensions can improve reproductive outcomes and support pollinator conservation in agricultural landscapes.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of logistic regression and nomogram models based on multimodal ultrasound in predicting sarcopenia in patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods: A total of 178 patients with PD admitted to our nephrology department between June 2024 and April 2025 were enrolled. According to the 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) diagnostic criteria, patients were categorized into sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups. Ultrasound examinations were used to measure the muscle thickness (MT), pinna angle (PA), fascicle length (FL), attenuation coefficient (Atten Coe), and echo intensity (EI) of the right gastrocnemius medial head. The clinical characteristics of the groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. Binary logistic regression was used to identify sarcopenia risk factors to construct clinical prediction models and nomograms. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the model accuracy and stability. Results: The sarcopenia group exhibited significantly lower MT, PA, and FL, but higher Atten Coe and EI than the non-sarcopenia group (all p < 0.05). A multimodal ultrasound logistic regression model was developed using machine learning—Logit(P) = −7.29 − 1.18 × MT − 0.074 × PA + 0.48 × FL + 0.52 × Atten Coe + 0.13 × EI (p < 0.05)—achieving an F1-score of 0.785. The area under the ROC curve (ROC-AUC) was 0.902, with an optimal cut-off value of 0.45 (sensitivity 77.3%, specificity 56.7%). Nomogram consistency analysis showed no statistical difference between the ultrasound diagnosis and the appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (Z = 0.415, p > 0.05). Conclusions: The multimodal ultrasound-based prediction model effectively assists clinicians in identifying patients with PD at a high risk of sarcopenia, enabling early intervention to improve clinical outcomes.

The objective of this study is to examine the forming performance of various material liners and improve the structure of shape charges. This paper employs numerical simulations to investigate the shape charge jet (SCJ) characteristics of three materials: TC21, AL-6XN steel, known as high nitrogen steel (HNS), and a Cu liner as a control group. A specific shape charge structure was selected for SCJ forming and penetration tests. Simulations were conducted using the Johnson-Cook model and equations of state for all three materials, which were then compared with those of the copper liner. The morphology of the SCJ for each material was analyzed in detail, focusing on parameters such as head velocity, length, and diameter. To further assess SCJ’s destructive capability, a 3D model was created to simulate two material jets penetrating C35 concrete. Test results were compared with simulation outcomes. Findings revealed that the Cu jet had the lowest velocity, followed by HNS; TC21 exhibited the highest velocity. During forming, TC21 and HNS jets showed poor cohesion leading to radial dispersion. The Cu jet penetrated deeper into concrete while TC21 produced a larger opening diameter. Experimental results aligned well with simulations, validating both methodology and findings.

Simple SummaryReproductive and growth traits are important economic characteristics in sheep, regulated by complex molecular mechanisms. Identifying SNPs or candidate genes associated with these traits can provide a theoretical basis for molecular breeding and offer new insights into the genetic foundations of sheep reproduction and growth. Therefore, this study used 483 Tianmu prolific sheep as the research subjects. Through genome-wide association analysis and subsequent bioinformatics analysis, we identified 13, 4, and 7 reliable SNPs associated with litter size, body weight traits, and body size traits, respectively, as well as 18, 8, and 12 candidate genes linked to these traits.Reproductive and growth traits are key economic traits in sheep. This study aims to identify key single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and candidate genes associated with reproductive and growth traits in Tianmu polytocous sheep through a genome-wide association study (GWAS). The findings are expected to provide both a theoretical foundation for molecular breeding in this breed and novel insights into the genetic basis of ovine reproductive and growth performance. This study took 483 adult Tianmu polytocous ewes as the research subjects, collected their lambing records, measured their phenotypic values of growth traits (3 weight and 11 body size traits), and collected their blood samples for whole-genome resequencing to identify SNPs in the Tianmu polytocous sheep genome. The results identified a total of 9,499,019 (3× coverage) and 27,413,216 (30× coverage) high-quality SNPs in the Tianmu polytocous sheep genome. Subsequently, the association analysis between SNPs and reproductive and growth traits was conducted using a mixed linear model. A total of 92, 66, 18, 28, 6, 42, 3, 3, 6, 1, 12, 3, 22, 8, 6, and 3 SNPs were found associated with litter size at first parity, litter size at second parity, litter size at third parity, litter size at fourth parity, birth weight, weaning weight, body height, withers height, body length, head length, head width, cannon bone circumference, forelimb height, chest girth, chest depth, and withers width, respectively. Further, based on SNP annotation, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, candidate genes associated with the reproductive and growth traits were identified. Among these genes, 11 LOC, DEPTOR, GNG12, GRM7, PTH, PTH2R, WWOX, INHA, and NRG3 are candidate genes associated with litter size at first parity or litter size at third parity. These genes are involved in the G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, G protein-coupled receptor activity, ovarian tissue development, and hormone secretion. Additionally, TFRC and NTN1 are candidate genes associated with birth weight, while five UGT1A and CASR are candidate genes associated with weaning weight. These candidate genes are primarily involved in lipid metabolism. Finally, the following genes were identified as candidates associated with specific traits: DLG2, TMEM126A, and TMEM126B with body height; DSCAM and SCN8A with body length; BARX1 with cannon bone circumference; four LOC genes with forelimb height; EPHA4 with chest depth; and MRS2 with withers width.

China is a global hotspot for amphibian biodiversity, yet under-explored montane regions harbor undiscovered cryptic species. Using integrative taxonomy, we describe a new salamandrid species, Pachytriton cheni sp. nov., from Qingliangfeng Nature Reserve, Anhui. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial (ND2, cytb) and nuclear (RAG1, POMC) genes strongly support it as a monophyletic sister lineage to P. granulosus, with significant mitochondrial p-distances (4.39-10.22%) and unique nuclear haplotypes. Bayes factor species delimitation under the multispecies coalescent model (MSC) decisively rejects conspecificity with P. granulosus (2lnBF = 24.52). Morphologically, it is diagnosed by its small size; oval, narrow head (length > width); nearly black dorsum lacking bright orange spots; smooth skin; occipital V-shaped ridge; orange-red abdomen with brown markings; prominent neck folds; and minimal digit gap when limbs are adpressed. This discovery increases Pachytriton species to ten, highlights high-elevation montane ecosystems as key biodiversity refuges in East China, and underscores the need for further surveys to clarify the genus's phylogeny.

Rhamnolipid biosurfactants are amphiphilic molecules able to reduce surface and interfacial tension, primarily produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which utilizes numerous substrates for its growth, including agro-industrial waste. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of biosurfactants synthesized by P. aeruginosa BM02, utilizing andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) (Sapindales: Meliaceae) waste as the sole nutrient source, on Pithecopus hypochondrialis (Daudin, 1800) (Anura: Hylidae) tadpoles. The biosurfactant was produced in a vegetable saline medium and exhibited maximum emulsifying activity of 72%, with a yield of 2.5 g L⁻¹ achieved on the eleventh day of fermentation. Chemical characterization confirmed its identity as rhamnolipid. Tadpoles exposed to the biosurfactant (0.5 mg L-1) showed a slight reduction in morphological parameters compared to the control group. The control cohort exhibited measurements of total length, and head and tail lengths of 17.87 mm, 3.17 mm and 12.84 mm, whereas tadpoles exposed to the biosurfactant measured 15.30 mm, 2.81 mm, and 10.62 mm respectively. These reductions could reflect adaptive responses to environmental conditions or intrinsic alterations in growth rates or metabolism. Notably, the absence of significant behavioral modifications, including impairments in foraging or swimming behavior, suggests that biosurfactant exposure does not adversely affect the overall well-being of the tadpoles. Furthermore, histological examination revealed healthy epithelial and muscular tissues, indicating that the structural integrity of the tadpoles remained intact post-exposure. The absence of hyperplasia in intestinal columnar cells suggests preserved digestive functionality and no acute inflammatory response in the gut environment. Collectively, these results indicate that exposure to 0.5 mg L-1 of the biosurfactant does not induce significant adverse effects on tadpole survival, suggesting a favorable safety profile for rhamnolipid biosurfactants within the context of this study.

Background: Maternal anthropometric factors - such as body mass index (BMI), weight, height, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) - play a critical role in predicting neonatal health outcomes, particularly birth weight, length, and head circumferenceObjectives: this study investigated the relationship between maternal anthropometric and sociodemographic factors and neonatal birth outcomes—specifically birth weight, length, and head circumference—among 50 women delivering at two hospitals in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.Methodology: Data collection involved direct maternal measurements, neonatal assessments immediately after birth, and a structured questionnaire capturing background variables. Key maternal predictors included gestational age, gravidity, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), weight gain, and hemoglobin concentration, as well as residence, educational level, and occupational status. Multiple linear regression analyses were employed to assess the simultaneous effects of all maternal predictors on each neonatal outcome. Additionally, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate bivariate associations between maternal and neonatal variables. Categorical predictors were numerically coded or dummy-encoded prior to inclusion in statistical models. Statistical significance was determined at a threshold of p &lt; 0.05.Results: showed that gestational age was the only statistically significant predictor of neonatal weight (p = 0.0266), while no other maternal or sociodemographic factor showed significant associations in the regression models for weight, length, or head circumference. Gravidity demonstrated a significant positive correlation with head circumference (r = 0.311, p = 0.028), and urban residence was significantly and negatively correlated with neonatal length (r = –0.330, p = 0.019). No significant associations were found for maternal BMI, weight gain, or hemoglobin concentration with any of the three neonatal measurements.Conclusion: These findings suggest that gestational age remains a key determinant of neonatal birth weight, while gravidity and residential context may play modest roles in shaping head circumference and length, respectively. The lack of significant effects for BMI and hemoglobin may be due to sample size limitations or low variability in these measures. Further research with larger and more heterogeneous populations is recommended.