Hazardous Phenomena Research Articles

Information and analysis service and technology for monitoring potentially hazardous areas from satellite multi-spectral sensing data

An information and analytical service is presented, created on the basis of the practical implementation of innovative technologies in the processing of multispectral satellite data and the provision of monitoring results for potentially hazardous areas in various environments. Monitoring technologies and methods for identifying various types of underlying surfaces, including the layer-by-layer method of monitoring, are considered. Descriptions are given of specially developed methods for automatically determining the state parameters of given objects and phenomena according to multispectral aerospace sensing data. It is proposed to use digital maps of geospatial layers of information as analog models of the parameters of objects and natural areas controlled from space. The initial data for building models are aerospace information of various spatial resolutions, as well as route survey materials. A geoportal technology for presenting the results of recognition of potentially hazardous areas has been created. The developed service can be used to solve various industry problems of monitoring hazardous phenomena and background parameters of natural environments, comparable with the spatial and temporal resolution of aerospace sensing data.

A decision tree model for accurate prediction of sand erosion in elbow geometry

Erosion of piping components, e.g., elbows, is a hazardous phenomenon that frequently occurs due to sand flow with fluids during petroleum production. Early prediction of the sand's erosion rate (ER) is essential for ensuring a safe flow process and material integrity. Some models have been applied to determine the ER of the sand in the literature. However, these models have been created based on specific data to require a model for application to wide-range data. Moreover, the previous models have not studied relationships between independent and dependent variables. Thus, this research aims to use machine learning techniques, namely linear regression and decision tree (DT), to predict the ER robustly. The optimum model, the DT model, was evaluated using various trend analysis and statistical error analyses (SEA) techniques, namely the correlation coefficient (R). The evaluation results proved proper physical behavior for all independent variables, along with high accuracy and the DT model robustness. The proposed DT method can accurately predict the ER with R of 0.9975, 0.9911, 0.9761, and 0.9908, AAPRE of 5.0%, 6.27%, 6.26%, and 5.5%, RMSE of 2.492E-05, 6.189E-05, 9.310E-05, and 5.339E-05, and STD of 13.44, 6.66, 8.01, and 11.44 for the training, validation, testing, and whole datasets, respectively. Hence, this study delivers an effective, robust, accurate, and fast prediction tool for ER determination, significantly saving the petroleum industry's cost and time.

Distributed stress fluidisation: Insights into the propagation mechanisms of the Abona volcanic debris avalanche (Tenerife) through a novel method for indurated deposit sedimentological analysis

Introduction: Volcanic debris avalanches mobilise large volumes and achieve long runouts with high destructive potential. However, the propagation processes that generate them are not currently explained by theoretical or numerical models, which are unable to represent deposit observations. Evaluation of the dynamics represented in deposits is therefore vital for constraining su ch models. The Abona volcanic debris avalanche deposit is located on the southern flank of the island of Tenerife, Spain. The deposit exhibits universal microfracturing and cataclasis. Fluidal features such as fluidal mixing of lithological units and diffuse boundaries, and mixed matrix are observed throughout the deposit.Methods: Field description including sedimentology and facies identification and the evaluation of their distribution have allowed the generation of a new conceptual model for the propagation dynamics of this volcanic debris avalanche, and potentially others with similar properties. The deposit is indurated making the detailed study of its sedimentology difficult, especially clast-size analysis. A novel method utilising structure from motion photogrammetry and photographic sampling was employed.Results: The universal cataclasis of the material and fluidal features suggest that the lack of a major competent material component allowed the mass to fragment and enabled fluidised granular flow behaviour. It is proposed that shear was periodically distributed throughout the body of the avalanche in chaotic temporary shear networks rearranging according to the instantaneous distribution of the mass. Stress and agitation were not temporally or spatially homogenous during propagation. This is also reflected in the unsystematic erosion of the substrate according to the variable basal shear accommodation.Discussion: It is proposed that lithological properties are potentially a determining factor for the propagation mechanisms, stress distribution, and consequently the evolution of a volcanic debris avalanche from the initial collapse to its emplacement. This study highlights the importance of dedicated field examinations of sedimentological, morphological, and structural features for providing constraints for models of volcanic debris avalanche dynamics and the factors dictating them. The novel methodology proposed has the potential of broadening the number of events that can be studied and enhancing the understanding of these complex and hazardous phenomena.

ANALYSIS OF THE SINKHOLE FORMATION MECHANISM IN PERMAFROST ROCKS IN THE SITE OF INTRAPERMAFROST GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT WITH REGARDS OF DISSIPATIVE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES

The paper considers hazardous phenomena on the Earth’s surface such as sinkholes within the Lena River floodplain terrace, the Central Yakutia, in the areas of intrapermafrost groundwater development. Possible mechanisms for the formation of a dip based on thermosuffusion and the mechanism of formation of dissipative geological structures are investigated. The materials of monitoring and geophysical works in the areas of manifestation of failures are analyzed.

Natural processes leading to large, pre-historic hydrothermal eruptions in geothermal areas: Rotokawa geothermal field, New Zealand

Hydrothermal eruptions are the most violent and hazardous phenomena within geothermal fields. The largest of these may produce kilometer-sized craters and breccia deposits that are tens of meters thick. The geological and hydrothermal priming that leads to these types of eruptions is poorly understood. To understand large hydrothermal eruptions, we investigated a series of prehistoric events at the Rotokawa geothermal field in New Zealand. By revising the stratigraphy and distribution of hydrothermal breccia deposits and correlating these with componentry, crater morphology, and subsurface geological structure, we estimated the frequency, priming processes, triggers, and dynamics of multiple eruptions. Seventeen large hydrothermal eruptions occurred centuries to millennia apart in the period from ca. 22 cal ka B.P. to ca. 3.4 cal ka B.P. Of six hydrothermal eruptions since ca. 7 ka, four produced oval-shaped craters up to 2 km in diameter, creating a broad, shallow depression within the geothermal field. The two youngest eruptions occurred northeast of earlier eruption centers and have narrower and elongated vents. We infer that in the central depression, newly formed craters rimmed by breccia deposits and high-relief country rock hosted temporary lakes tens of meters deep. Crater-lake breakout(s) and/or seismic events caused sudden pressure reduction above the hydrothermal aquifer, triggering hydrothermal eruptions. Northeast of the basin, hydrothermal alteration produced caprocks above intensively fractured areas. In this case, earthquakes are the most likely trigger for cap-rupture and eruption. All eruptions excavated shallow and large craters mostly within partially altered Oruanui Formation and pre-fragmented breccias. The size and localization of the eruptions was likely due to a combination of (1) availability of undisturbed porous ignimbrite hosting large thermal aquifers, (2) efficient crater excavation within or alongside pre-fragmented breccia, and (3) the location of fracture and fault zones that channeled deep fluid upflow, favoring priming processes. This study highlights how an interplay of tectonic, magmatic, and hydrologic processes is responsible for the timing, dynamics, and ultimate size of hydrothermal eruptions in geothermal fields. Some events may be very large and destructive depending on the right priming and geological conditions.

STUDY OF THE PATTERNS OF HEALTH FINANCE UTILIZATION IN THE NATIONAL HEALTH SECURITY (JKN) ERA OF NON-PBI PARTICIPANTS AT H. ABDUL MANAP HOSPITAL

The National Health Insurance is a mechanism designed to protect individuals and families in providing health services to their citizens, especially the poor, in order to reduce financial barriers to obtaining health services. It is known that Non-PBI Mandiri participants who have been late paying premiums for at least six months show that 70.5% of respondents register as BPJS participants on the grounds that they need health financing guarantees in the near future, either on their own or according to directions from doctors or paramedics. Therefore, the aim of this research is to look at the pattern of health financing utilization in the era of National Health Insurance (JKN) for non-PBI participants at H.Abdul Manap Hospital. This study uses a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach. Data were obtained from 9 informants by conducting in-depth interviews at H.Abdul Manap Hospital with qualitative data analysis. The results of this study (1) Psychological factors found a pattern of moral hazard phenomena with a tiered referral system, because there was a tendency to use BPJS membership benefits only to finance expensive or high-cost health services identified in research informants, (2) Personal factors found an alleatory pattern , because they feel they have benefited from the sustainability of the program and there are differences in understanding from the demand side.
 

Do SARS-CoV-2 hazards influence stakeholders? Evidence from a Polish seafood company

PurposeThe article presents the phenomenon of hazards related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the food supply chain (FSC) by identifying possible stakeholders of a seafood company who might be influenced by the hazards.Design/methodology/approachA case study analysis was conducted with a review of the organization's documentation alongside a semi-structured interview and an impact effort matrix.FindingsSeven out of 18 stakeholders had to strongly engage in minimizing the effects of hazards related to SARS-CoV-2. The most important areas of cooperation regarded safety were identified. Both external and internal documents and reports regarding the minimizing of negative effects of hazards related to SARS-CoV-2 were required by institutional clients, official authorities and the studied organization itself. The proper identification of stakeholders and up-to-date knowledge about them allowed the organization to react faster and protect the FSC.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors’ research was based on qualitative methods, so it lacked a diagnostic survey, along with similar studies for comparison of results and approaches.Practical implicationsThe surveyed company may be a good benchmark for others to follow when choosing the appropriate approach in the field of stakeholder analysis for addressing new emerging risks.Originality/valueThe findings are important, timely and original, and they focus on a subject rarely studied in the literature. The information from the paper applies to numerous groups of food companies.

Impact of Factors That Predict Adoption of Geomonitoring Systems for Landslide Management

Monitoring hazardous phenomena is a fundamental requirement of disaster risk management. Using new geomatic technologies integrated into complex geo information systems represents an innovative method of strengthening collaboration between stakeholder groups that aim at reducing the risk of disasters. This paper aimed to investigate the factors of adapting a geomonitoring information system for landslides in the cross-border area of Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, and Romania; the analysis was carried out in the case of the cross-border project, GeoSES. This study developed and empirically tested a novel UTAUT model based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. PL-SEM (partial least-squares structural equation modeling) was used to test the model’s hypotheses. The data were collected by employing an online questionnaire on a target group of beneficiaries of the GeoSES project, in which the geomonitoring information system was proposed as an innovative solution to landslide management and disaster risk reduction. This study’s importance and added value reside in the theoretical and practical implications of the proposed model for predicting the beneficiaries’ adaptation of the landslide monitoring system. The results have shown that the GeoSES project beneficiaries coming from four neighboring nations are willing to utilize the integrated monitoring systems, which is one of the strengths of the collaborative efforts focused on mitigating risks and managing disasters in this region.

СТРУКТУРНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ЧИСЕЛЬНОСТІ ПОЖЕЖ В УКРАЇНІ

Серед можливих небезпек пожежі, безперечно, посідають одне з перших місць. В Україні спостерігається тенденція до зростання кількості пожеж і збитків, яких вони завдають. Тому виявлення структури причинно-наслідкових закономірностей цього небезпечного явища має велике значення для розроблення заходів для зменшення негативних наслідків пожеж. Значний масив статистичної інформації про пожежі та їхні наслідки, який щорічно збирається й оприлюднюється Українським науково-дослідним інститутом цивільного захисту, дає можливість провести низку статистичних досліджень в означеному аспекті. У роботі поставлено завдання дослідити структурні зміни в поширенні чисельності пожеж у регіонах України впродовж останніх 9 років. Дослідження базується на статистичних даних 2013–2021 років щодо поширення пожеж у 24 областях і місті Києві. Для виявлення структурних змін проведено оцінку інтенсивності структурних зрушень за 5 індексами: показниками лінійного та квадратичного коефіцієнтів абсолютних структурних зрушень, коефіцієнтом структурних розбіжностей Гатєва, узагальнюючим показником структурних зрушень Салаї й індексом Рябцева. На основі кластерного аналізу виявлено однорідні групи за кількістю пожеж, розглянуто причини структурних змін для періодів максимальних і мінімальних зрушень. Найбільша відмінність у структурі чисельності пожеж мала місце між парою 2013 і 2019 років. Саме для неї оціночні індекси мають максимальні значення. За квадратичним коефіцієнтом суттєві структурні зрушення характерні для більшості пар щодо 2013 і 2014 років. Дане спостереження підтверджується показниками індексу Рябцева, згідно з якими означені групи мають істотний рівень відмінностей. Мінімальні структурні зміни виявлено для пар 2013 ∀ 2015; 2017 ∀ 2018; 2015 ∀ 2021 і 2020 ∀ 2021 років. Лінійна апроксимація за всіма індексами показала, що структурні зрушення в кількості пожеж мають тенденцію до зростання. На базі кластерного аналізу побудовано UPGMA-дендрограму, на якій виділено три однорідні групи регіонів за чисельністю пожеж. Порівняння їх кількості у 2013 і 2019 роках показало, що основні структурні зрушення формуються першою групою, у яку ввійшли 6 областей: Харківська, Київська, Одеська, Запорізька, Донецька, Дніпропетровська, та мість Київ, тобто адміністративно-територіальні суб’єкти, де проживає більшість населення, виробляється основна частка промислової продукції та зосереджені основні енергетичні потужності країни. Суттєві структурні зрушення в чисельності пожеж із 2013 по 2021 рік характерні для всіх областей і місті Києва І групи і всіх областей (окрім Кіровоградської) ІІІ групи. Дане спостереження підтверджується показниками коефіцієнта Рябцева. Усі області І та ІІІ груп мають істотний або значний рівень відмінностей структури чисельності пожеж. У другому кластері лише 4 області – Закарпатська, Луганська, Полтавська і Чернігівська – мають істотний рівень зрушень. Наявний обсяг статистичних даних дозволяє розширити структурний аналіз із використанням інших показників стану пожежної безпеки, як-от чисельність пожеж у містах і селах, чисельність загиблих і травмованих, матеріальні втрати від пожеж, кількість пожеж на 10 тисяч населення, збитки на 10 тисяч населення тощо.

EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER STORAGE CHANGES USING SATELLITE GRAVIMETRY MISSION IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Abstract. Water stored beneath the Earth’s surface, known as groundwater is a major water supply for living things. The increase in human population leading to high urban development and industrial needs in Malaysia has made the use of groundwater more critical. The current issue faced by Malaysia is the limitation of freshwater source from dam resulting in increasing demand to gather the source of fresh water from groundwater; hence, leading to the crucial exploitation of groundwater. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate groundwater storage (GWS) using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) data in Peninsular Malaysia. GRACE data consist information on the liquid water equivalent thickness covering terrestrial water storage (TWS) of GWS, soil moisture (SM), snow water equivalent (SWE), and surface water (SW). In comparison with GLDAS data, they only consist hydrological products of SM, SWE, and SW. Therefore, the differences between the GRACE and GLDAS data are most likely to reflect the information of GWS. Due to the seasonal monsoon, the changes in GWS can also be seen in specific months. In addition, the data can also be used to identify important areas that need improvement and attention. The output of this study is expected to help authorities monitoring the changes in GWS in recharge and discharge areas for future preservation of groundwater quality. Moreover, the excessive exploitation of groundwater can also be observed for the prevention of land hazard phenomena, such land subsidence.

Insight into the critical morphological characteristics of earthquake-induced sequential rock avalanches in weathered-fractured rock cliffs

Rock avalanches are a significant threat to transportation or hydraulic infrastructure, as they can also cause catastrophic secondary destruction in large practical engineering or to nearby residents. Earthquake-induced rock avalanches have been the most common and prominent natural hazard phenomena among geological hazards in recent years. Earthquake-induced rock avalanche events usually begin when a massive rock mass or multiple rock masses separate from a rock slope, progressively fragmenting and transforming into fast-moving, cohesionless rock falls. Earthquake-induced sequential collapse often occurs on weathered and fractured rock cliffs in horizontal strata, and its kinematic dynamics and destabilization mechanism are significantly different from those of isolated collapse due to weathering. In this study, the failure characteristics of the initiation and movement process of the avalanche are revealed in detail, through physical model experiments and analytical solutions, thereby obtaining an earthquake-controlled mechanical model equation. Our methods use the inflection points of the displacement time curve at the top of the rock wall and the digital images acquired by the shaking test bench to quantify the critical damage time point and to characterize the critical morphology of continuous collapse. A mathematical model of analytical solution is proposed, which aims to address the kinematic mechanics mechanism of sequential collapse under translational and rotational motion models. The comparative analysis results of the experiment and analytical solutions reveal that the transformed motion pattern is controlled by the ratio between the model stacking height, the rock block size, and the seismic acceleration. Whereas the rotational motion pattern is mainly influenced by the nodal dip angle, model stacking height, and seismic acceleration. The results of the study are of great scientific importance to elucidate the destruction mechanism of the earthquake-induced sequential collapse of rock avalanches and to determine the evolution characteristic of subsequent rockfalls motion of dangerous rocks. The proposed framework for the analysis of rock avalanches can be applied to understand the critical topographic features and mechanical mechanism behavior of analogous geological hazards.

Nature inspired firefighter assistant by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data

One of the most hazardous phenomena in forests is wildfire or bush fire and early detection of massive damage prevention is vital. Employing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) as a visual and extinguisher tool in order to prevent this tragedy which brings fatal effects on humans and wildlife has high importance. Additionally, using aerial imagery could assist firefighters to recognize fire intensity and localize and route the fire in the forest which shrinks down casualties of firefighters. All these benefits and more is just possible by employing cheap UAVs. The proposed research uses nature-inspired image processing techniques in order to segment and classify fire in color and thermal images. Multiple nature-inspired and traditional computer vision techniques, including Chicken Swarm Algorithm (CSA) intensity adjustment (contrast enhancement), Denoising Convolutional Neural Network (DnCNN), Local Phase Quantization (LPQ) feature extraction, Bees Image Segmentation, Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO) feature selection, Firefly Algorithm (FA) classification and more are employed to achieve high classification and segmentation accuracy. The system evaluates nine performance metrics including, F-Score, Accuracy, and Jaccard for the segmentation stage and four performance metrics for the classification stage. All experiments are conducted on the two most recent UAV fire datasets of FLAME (2021) and DeepFire (2022). Additionally, fire intensity, fire direction, and fire geometrical calculation are calculated which assists firefighters even more. As smoke shows the location of the fire, a smoke detection workflow is proposed, too. Proposed system Compared with traditional and novel methods for segmentation and classification leading to satisfactory and promising results for almost all metrics. The trained model of this system could be used in most of the current rescue UAVs in real-time applications. For the FLAME dataset (color data), segmentation precision is 95.57 % and classification accuracy is 91.33 %. Also, For the DeepFire dataset segmentation precision is 91.74 % and classification accuracy is 96.88 %.

ՎՏԱՆԳԱՎՈՐ ԵՐԵՎՈՒՅԹՆԵՐԻՑ ՀՈՒՇԱՐՁԱՆՆԵՐԻ ՊԱՇՏՊԱՆՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆ` ԱՆՀՐԱԺԵՇՏՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ

Historical-architectural monuments are unique, aesthetic value, which are also affected by various hazardous phenomena. The influence of mentioned phenomena on the monuments is poorly investigated, and no attention is focused on them. The situation is even more complicated in the border communities, where the discovery and preservation of Armenian traces in the current conditions is an extremely important and urgent task.

Coupling Depth-Averaged and 3D numerical models to study debris flow: Saint-Vincent event

Debris flows are extremely rapid and unpredictable phenomena whose rheology is poorly understood. Moreover, human settlements are often located in areas prone to debris flows. The combination of these features makes debris flows hazardous phenomena. Barriers are usually installed in debris flow paths to mitigate risk. However, their design is still based on empirical methods. In order to base the design of barriers on a more reliable approach, the understanding of debris flows must be improved. Continuum numerical models have proved to be a helpful tool for studying debris flows. In particular, numerical models can predict the speed and the flow depth in debris flows paths, and roughly estimate the forces and the pressure acting on a mitigation structure. Currently, two main groups of continuum numerical models are available to study debris flows (i) depth-averaged (DA) models and (ii) three-dimensional (3D) models. Although DA models can study a real-scale event, they may over-simplify the flow-structure interaction. On the other hand, 3D models can be very reliable for studying flow-structure interaction but studying a whole phenomenon (from triggering to deposition) would require enormous computational resources. This work aims to show how the coupling of a DA and a 3D model allows an effective and performing analysis of a debris flow dynamics. The study is focused on the 2014 Saint-Vincent event (Aosta Valley, Italy).

COMPUTATIONAL EXPERIMENTS ON SOLVING GRID ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS BY SOME PARALLEL ITERATIVE METHODS ON THE K60 CLUSTER

The paper deals with the problem of preserving natural water systems, as well as maintaining their integrity, not only through the enterprise of organizational, engineering and technical solutions, but also through the development of highly effective mathematical modeling techniques that make it possible quickly and efficiently, based on interconnected high-precision models of hydrophysics and hydrobiology, predict the processes of pollution spreading and the occurrence of hazardous phenomena in coastal systems. The article considers algorithms for solving grid equations developed for high-performance cluster systems. A model of parallel computations is proposed, which makes it possible, when choosing the appropriate method for solving the problem of aquatic ecology, to estimate the cost of calculations, which is defined as the product of the time of parallel solution of the problem and the number of processors used. An estimate of the optimal amount of information packet for exchange between processors is obtained. The adaptive modified alternating-triangular method of minimum corrections is described, the results of numerical experiments for the parallel variant of this one are presented.

Observations of Climate Change Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems in Russia

In Russia, the modern climate change manifests primarily as substantially increasing annual mean near-surface air temperature. Its rate is 2-2.5 times higher than for globe. The amount of precipitation in the most parts of the country is also growing, but the pattern is more heterogeneous. The annual number of dangerous hydrometeorological events causing damage has also increased by 2-3 times compared to the end of the 20th century. The following adverse events for terrestrial ecosystems are indicated in the literature most often: increase in seasonal temperatures, heat and cold waves, permafrost degradation, droughts and aridization, floods, hurricanes, dust storms, natural fires, coastal erosion, mudflows, landslides, avalanches, the invasion of alien species, an increase in outbreaks of pests and diseases. They manifest either as trends or as hazards. In this paper, occurrence of a negative event within the natural zone is verified using meteorological databases and special reports of Russian Hydrometeorological Service. Dangerous events are distributed unevenly throughout the country. For all zonal ecosystems (polar deserts, tundra, boreal forests, broadleaved forests, subtropical forests, steppes, deserts) and mountain ecosystems, the number of types for hazardous events exceeds the number of trends. For rivers and lakes, their number turned out to be equal, and for peatlands, the number of unfavorable trends turned out to be higher than dangerous events. The least number of negative trends is observed in deserts (2). In other types of ecosystems, 3-4 negative trends may appear simultaneously. The biggest number of hazards (9) is found in mountains, and almost the same number (8) in tundra, taiga and steppes. The minimum variety of considered hazardous phenomena is noted in peatlands.

ШЕСТИКАНАЛЬНИЙ ПОЛЯРИЗАЦІЙНИЙ РОЗДІЛЬНИК ВСЕПОЛЯРИЗОВАНОЇ АНТЕНИ З КЕРУВАННЯМ ПОЛЯРИЗАЦІЇ ЕЛЕКТРОМАГНІТНОЇ ХВИЛІ НА ВИПРОМІНЮВАННЯ

The ship's radar system, along with the satellite navigation system of GPS or GLONASS type, is a means of ensuring the safety of navigation, as the information received with its help about the navigational situation along the ship's route is completely independent of external, in relation to the ship, equipment. However, during the reception of radar information on a navigational object, there is an atmospheric environment with hazardous phenomena (heavy rainfall) on the way of propagation of electromagnetic waves carrying this information. This creates along with a navigational object an echo signal on the ship radar indicator, which does not allow improvement of a navigational object echo signal. Therefore, one of the perspective ways of improving useful navigation object echo extraction along with the considered methods is the method of polarization selection which uses the all-polarized antenna emitting electromagnetic waves of four fixed polarizations and receiving the echo signal of any polarization, which carries information about navigation object, by means of sixchannel polarization separator. The polarization six-channel separator of the ship radar is the basic waveguide link determining the principle and accuracy of operation of the polarization multichannel complex of the UHF range with instantaneous registration of polarization parameters of Stokes, echo signals of a partially polarized wave of a complex object on the ship's path. When solving the problem of polarization selection of navigational objects in the area of dangerous atmospheric formations, there were used the coefficients of the energy scattering matrix, the coherence matrix, the degree of polarization and statistical parameters of echo-signals, which are the actual energy polarization parameters of Stokes. The purpose of the six-channel polarization separator is to separate the polarized components of the analyzed wave reflected from the complex object entering the allpolarized antenna of the ship radar polarization complex in a waveguide path. The article analyzes the principle of construction and implementation of a six-channel polarization separator for six channels: with polarizations linear vertical, linear horizontal, linear with the angle of orientation of the electric vector 45° and two circulars. Keywords: ship radar system, navigation object, electromagnetic wave polarization, allpolarized antenna, six-channel polarization separator, atmospheric formation, polarization device.

О геодинамической устойчивости и безопасности объектов обустройства месторождений прибрежного шельфа Арктики

The article considers a range of the scientific and technical problems, the solution of which will allow to improve the reliability and safety of the offshore oil and gas production, since the current level of technical means development for drilling wells and hydrocarbon production does not always guarantee the safety of processes even in well-studied onshore conditions. Safe development of the offshore oil and gas fields is threatened by: hazardous phenomena and processes in the geological environment (including endogenous and exogenous processes); extreme hydrometeorological factors; errors at all stages of the development (engineering surveys, design, construction, etc.); abnormal technological processes; technogenic hazards, etc. The least predictable are the spatial patterns of changes in the engineering-geological conditions and the activity of the geological processes to determine zones of the geological hazard. Incorrect conclusions of the designers and prospectors, shortcomings of the monitoring system and measures of engineering protection of the developed territories are the cause of emergency situations at oil and gas facilities. The article considers three fields of the Yamal Peninsula: Bovanenkovskoye, Kharasaveyskoye and Kruzenshternskoye, which differ from each other in landscape and geocryological conditions. For the onshore Bovanenkovskoye field, the most appropriate is the placement of the objects within the land terraces. The Kharasaveyskoye field, two-thirds of which is onshore and one-third offshore in the Kara Sea, is developed by the onshore directional and horizontal wells. The most difficult are the conditions of the Kruzenshternskoye field: on the shallow shelf and flooded areas of land, there is a wide distribution of silts, flowing clays, etc., which have low strength and strong compressibility extending to an unknown depth. They can lead to significant drawdown of the artificial islands. Permafrost rocks, gas-saturated soils and near-surface zones of abnormally high reservoir pressure were also identified. For the identified conditions, measures are defined to ensure the stability of the geological environment to technogenic interactions, as well as the tasks of developing scientific and methodological control and preventing risks associated with hazardous fluid-dynamic processes in the cryolithospheric layer of the Arctic shelf.

Petrologic imaging of the magma reservoirs that feed large silicic eruptions

Large silicic explosive eruptions are one of Nature's most hazardous phenomena. Very few have been witnessed and unravelling the complex conditions that lead to these eruptions remains a difficult task because the characteristics of the feeding magma reservoirs are still insufficiently constrained from geophysical imaging. Here we show that a barometer based on the composition of amphibole in equilibrium with plagioclase and biotite, common minerals in the eruptive products of large silicic eruptions, records the thickness and depth of magma reservoirs with uncertainties of 0.8 and 2.7 km, respectively. Pressures are given by the equation: P (MPa) = 892 · VI Al + 101, where VI Al is the octahedral aluminum content of the amphibole. With the example of a Miocene Turkish ignimbrite, we show that reservoirs feeding large silicic eruptions can be pancake-shaped. Our new barometer, valid between 650 and 950 °C, can be used in combination with volcanological and geophysical data to infer the size, shape and depth of magma reservoirs and may serve as a tool for monitoring future activity. This temperature-independent barometer is also applicable to any volcanic or plutonic rock containing amphibole + plagioclase + biotite and is in excellent agreement with previously published temperature-dependent barometers within their calibration range. • Developpement of a new temperature-independent Al-in amphibole geobarometer • Depth of emplacement of plutons and magma reservoirs with an uncertainty of 2.7 km • Shape of erupted magma reservoirs accessible from petrological and volcanological observations

Facebook as a source of access to medicines.

Over the last decade, we’ve observed an enormous social media development, which have recently become commercial services. Hence, we aimed to verify if Facebook might be considered as a source of access to medicines. We also intended to identify prescription (Rx) and over the counter (OTC) medicines if available on that platform. The study was conducted from January 2019 to July 2020. We investigated offers of pharmaceuticals posted on Facebook (individual posts and communities) between 2016 and 2019. Medicines were divided into Rx and OTC brands and in accordance with their possible therapeutic use. We verified whether the medicines were for sale, to exchange, or available for free. Posts and groups were investigated for example, by entering the phrase “for free,” followed by a city in Poland. Out of 409 offers, 380 (92.91%) concerned Rx brands and 29 (7.09%) OTC brands. 315 (77.02%) medications were available “for free”. In 47 (11.49%) cases, an “exchange” was expected, and 47 (11.49%) announcements were marked as “for sale”. Cardiovascular medicines (n = 125; 30.56%) were the most popular. There were also antidiabetics (n = 38; 9.29%) and antipsychotics (n = 28; 6.84%). We also found clear candidates for misuse. These were opioids (n = 7; 1.71%), benzodiazepines (n = 2; 0.48%), clomifene (n = 1; 0.24%), and letrozole (n = 1; 0.24%). Facebook provides the possibility of uncontrolled access to medicines. The majority of offers concerned Rx brands, including opioids and benzodiazepines. Medicines offered on Facebook were mainly accessible for free. The scope and the number of medications offered on Facebook should make this issue a hazardous phenomenon.