Hawaiian Group Research Articles

Abstract PO5-08-12: Ethnic Admixture Affects Breast Cancer Incidence in Native Hawaiians: The Multiethnic Cohort

Abstract Background Native Hawaiians (NH) have the highest breast cancer incidence and the poorest survival of any ethnic group in Hawaii [1]. Since it has been shown that different ethnic groups have disparate risk of breast cancer in Hawaii and NHs are commonly of mixed ancestry, it is possible that the specific ethnic admixture may present an altered risk profile. For example, NH with Asian admixture was associated with higher risk for type 2 diabetes independent of known risk factors [2] compared to those without. The objective of this study was to calculate crude and age-adjusted breast cancer incidences by ethnic admixture group among participants of the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). Methods: Based on self-reports, 106,525 eligible women were categorized by broad ethnic categories: Native Hawaiian, White, Black, Latino, and Japanese. In total there were 9257 breast cancer cases in the MEC cohort (1996-2019) at time of analysis. The Native Hawaiian population was further categorized into the following subgroups: Native Hawaiian only, Native Hawaiian & White, Native Hawaiian & Chinese, Native Hawaiian & White & Chinese. Crude and age-adjusted incidence rates (per 1000 person-years) were calculated for the various groups. The direct method of age adjustment using the US 2000 Standard population was used. Results: The ethnicity with the highest crude incidence were White=88.46, followed by Black=85.20, Latino=84.27, Japanese=84.90, and Native Hawaiian=81.28. However, after age-adjustment the highest were Japanese=159.1, White=153.8, Latino=148.3, Black=147.4, and Native Hawaiian=139.1. Crude incidence rates for Native Hawaiian ethnic admixture was found to be highest for Native Hawaiian & White=83.5, Native Hawaiian only=82.5, Native Hawaiian & Chinese=80.8, and Native Hawaiian & White & Chinese=80.4. After age adjustment, the highest was Native Hawaiian & Chinese=173.9, followed by Native Hawaiian & White=154.3, Native Hawaiian only=148.7, and finally Native Hawaiian & White & Chinese=120.8. Conclusion: These findings indicate that ethnic admixture in Native Hawaiians may be at elevated age-adjusted breast cancer incidence when compared to Native Hawaiian alone. When a woman was Native Hawaiian and Chinese the incidence was notably higher than any other group at 173.9 when compared to all Native Hawaiian=139.1. Furthermore, the group that had the lowest age-adjusted incidence was the mixed group of Native Hawaiian & White & Chinese=120.8 which seems to account for why the overall Native Hawaiian group=139.1 had one of the lowest incidence rates of the 5 major ethnic groups. 1. Loo, L.W., M. Williams, and B.Y. Hernandez, The high and heterogeneous burden of breast cancer in Hawaii: A unique multiethnic US Population. Cancer epidemiology, 2019. 58: p. 71-76. 2. Maskarinec, G., et al., Ethnic admixture affects diabetes risk in native Hawaiians: the Multiethnic Cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2016. 70(9): p. 1022-7. Citation Format: Dustin Valdez, Arianna Bunnell, David Bogumil, Gertraud Maskarinec, John Shepherd. Ethnic Admixture Affects Breast Cancer Incidence in Native Hawaiians: The Multiethnic Cohort [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-08-12.

On Hawaiian homology groups

In this paper, we introduce a kind of homology which we call Hawaiian homology to study and classify pointed topological spaces. The Hawaiian homology group has advantages of Hawaiian groups. Moreover, the first Hawaiian homology group is isomorphic to the abelianization of the first Hawaiian group for path-connected and locally path-connected topological spaces. Since Hawaiian homology has concrete elements and abelian structure, its calculations are more routine. Thus we use Hawaiian homology groups to compare Hawaiian groups, and then we obtain some information about Hawaiian groups of some wild topological spaces.

Embeddings of locally compact abelian p-groups in Hawaiian groups

Abstract We show that locally compact abelian p-groups can be embedded in the first Hawaiian group on a compact path connected subspace of the Euclidean space of dimension four. This result gives a new geometric interpretation for the classification of locally compact abelian groups which are rich in commuting closed subgroups. It is then possible to introduce the idea of an algebraic topology for topologically modular locally compact groups via the geometry of the Hawaiian earring. Among other things, we find applications for locally compact groups which are just noncompact.

On Hawaiian groups of the infinite dimensional Hawaiian earring

We study Hawaiian groups of the infinite dimensional Hawaiian earring which is the weak join of all finite dimensional Hawaiian earrings. We show that the structure of the 1st Hawaiian groups of the infinite dimensional Hawaiian earring and the one dimensional Hawaiian earring are isomorphic. Also, for n≥2, we prove that the nth Hawaiian group of the infinite dimensional Hawaiian earring is isomorphic to the direct product of direct sum of a family consisting of quotient of nth homotopy groups of consecutive retractions.

On Small n-Hawaiian Loops

We define small n-Hawaiian loop as a special case of small pointed map, and study the group consisting of classes of small n-Hawaiian loops, $${\mathcal {H}}_n^s(X, x_0)$$ . As an example of spaces with non-trivial small 1-Hawaiian loops, we present 1st Hawaiian group of harmonic archipelago space as a special quotient group of 1st Hawaiian group of 1-dimensional Hawaiian earring. We define whisker topology on nth Hawaiian group which is Hausdorff if and only if $${\mathcal {H}}_n^s(X, x)$$ is trivial. We also prove that on metric spaces, null-homotopies can become small enough if and only if natural homomorphism maps $${\mathcal {H}}_n(X, x_0)$$ isomorphically on $$L_n(X, x_0)$$ if and only if $${\mathcal {H}}_n^s(X, x_0)$$ is trivial. Thus in spaces without non-trivial small n-Hawaiian loop, n-SLT paths transfer $${\mathcal {H}}_n$$ isomorphically along the points. We show that harmonic archipelago is an example with non-trivial small 1-Hawaiian loop and non-isomorphic 1st Hawaiian groups at two different points. Then we define n-SHLT paths which transfers nth Hawaiian group isomorphically along the points.

On topological homotopy groups and relation to Hawaiian groups

By generalizing the whisker topology on the $n$th homotopy group of pointed space $(X, x_0)$, denoted by $\pi_n^{wh}(X, x_0)$, we show that $\pi_n^{wh}(X, x_0)$ is a topological group if $n \ge 2$. Also, we present some necessary and sufficient conditions for $\pi_n^{wh}(X,x_0)$ to be discrete, Hausdorff and indiscrete. Then we prove that $L_n(X,x_0)$ the natural epimorphic image of the Hawaiian group $\mathcal{H}_n(X, x_0)$ is equal to the set of all classes of convergent sequences to the identity in $\pi_n^{wh}(X, x_0)$. As a consequence, we show that $L_n(X, x_0) \cong L_n(Y, y_0)$ if $\pi_n^{wh}(X, x_0) \cong \pi_n^{wh}(Y, y_0)$, but the converse does not hold in general, except for some conditions. Also, we show that on some classes of spaces such as semilocally $n$-simply connected spaces and $n$-Hawaiian like spaces, the whisker topology and the topology induced by the compact-open topology of $n$-loop space coincide. Finally, we show that $n$-SLT paths can transfer $\pi_n^{wh}$ and hence $L_n$ isomorphically along its points.

On a Van Kampen theorem for Hawaiian groups

The paper is devoted to study the nth Hawaiian group Hn, n≥1, of the wedge sum of two spaces (X,x⁎)=(X1,x1)∨(X2,x2). We are going to give some versions of the van Kampen theorem for Hawaiian groups of the wedge sum of spaces. First, among some results on Hawaiian groups of semilocally strongly contractible spaces, we present a structure for the nth Hawaiian group of the wedge sum of CW-complexes. Second, we give more informative structures for the nth Hawaiian group of the wedge sum X, when X is semilocally n-simply connected at x⁎. Finally, as a consequence, we study Hawaiian groups of Griffiths spaces for all dimensions n≥1 to give some information about their structure at any points.

Historical biogeography of Melicope (Rutaceae) and its close relatives with a special emphasis on Pacific dispersals

AbstractThe genus Melicope (Rutaceae) occurs on most Pacific archipelagos and is perfectly suited to study Pacific biogeography. The main goal was to infer the age, geographic origin and colonization patterns of Melicope and its relatives. We sequenced three nuclear and two plastid markers for 332 specimens that represent 164 species in 16 genera of Rutaceae. Phylogenetic reconstruction, molecular dating, ancestral area reconstruction and diversification analyses were carried out. The two main clades (Acronychia‐Melicope and Euodia) originated in Australasia and their crown ages are dated to the Miocene. Diversification rates differed among the subclades and were lowest in the Euodia lineage and highest in the Hawaiian Melicope lineage. The Malagasy and Mascarene species form a clade, which split from its SE Asian relatives in the Pliocene/Pleistocene. At least eight colonizations to the Pacific islands occurred. The timing of all colonizations except for the Hawaiian group is congruent with age of the island ages. Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia have been the source of colonizations into the Pacific islands in the Melicope clade. Melicope shows high dispersability and has colonized remote archipelagos such as the Austral and Marquesas Islands each twice. Colonization of islands of the Hawaiian‐Emperor seamount chain likely predates the ages of the current main islands, and the initial colonization to Kaua'i occurred after the splitting of the Hawaiian lineage into two subclades. Wider ecological niches and adaptations to bird‐dispersal likely account for the much higher species richness in the Acronychia‐Melicope clade compared to the Euodia clade.

Introduction

Introduction

Urbanization, State Formation, and Cooperation: A Reappraisal

Since at least the Enlightenment, scholars have linked urbanization to state formation in the evolution of complex societies. We challenge this assertion, suggesting that the cooperative units that came together in the earliest cities were premised on limiting outside domination and thus usually acted to impede efforts to create more centralized structures of control. Although cities often became the capitals of states, state formation was quicker and more effective where environments kept people more dispersed. Data from the Andes and Polynesia are used to support this argument. In the Lake Titicaca Basin, household- and lineage-based groups living in the city of Tiahuanaco structured urban dynamics without the state for the settlement’s first 300 years, while similarly organized Hawaiian groups that were isolated in farmsteads were quickly realigned into a state structure. By decoupling urbanization from state formation, we can better understand the interactions that created the world’s first cities.

Atomic Properties of the Hawaiian Earring Group for HNN Extensions

In 2011, while investigating fundamental groups of wild spaces, K.Eda [7] showed that the fundamental group of the Hawaiian earring (the Hawaiian earring group, in short) has the property that for any homomorphism h from it to a free product A*B, there exists a natural number N such that is contained in a conjugate subgroup to A or B. In the present article, we prove a corresponding property for certain HNN extensions and amalgamated free products. This allows us to show that some one-relator groups, including Baumslag–Solitar groups, are n-slender.

On Hawaiian groups of some topological spaces

The paper is devoted to study the structure of Hawaiian groups of some topological spaces. We present some behaviors of Hawaiian groups with respect to product spaces, weak join spaces, cone spaces, covering spaces and locally trivial bundles. In particular, we determine the structure of the n-dimensional Hawaiian group of the m-dimensional Hawaiian earring space, for all 1⩽m⩽n.

Inverse limits of finite rank free groups

Abstract.We will show that the inverse limit of finite rank free groups with surjective connecting homomorphism is isomorphic either to a finite rank free group or to a fixed universal group. In other words, any inverse system of finite rank free groups which is not equivalent to an eventually constant system has the universal group as its limit. This universal inverse limit is naturally isomorphic to the first shape group of the Hawaiian earring. We also give an example of a homomorphic image of the Hawaiian earring group which lies in the inverse limit of free groups but is neither a free group nor isomorphic to the Hawaiian earring group.

Pure subgroups of completely decomposable groups and a group class problem

In the work of Herden and Strüngmann (In Models, modules and Abelian groups (2008) 169–186 de Gruyter), an embedding problem for torsion-free Abelian groups was considered. It was shown for a large class of such groups, including the class of all bounded extensions of completely decomposable groups, that any member of the class can be purely embedded into some completely decomposable group. Moreover, an algorithm was given that determines explicitly the pure embedding and the completely decomposable overgroup. We continue the approach from the work of Herden and Strüngmann (In Models, modules and Abelian groups (2008) 169–186 de Gruyter) improving the algorithm and extending the main theorem to a broader class of torsion-free Abelian groups including some Hawaiian groups from the article of Mader and Strüngmann (J. Algebra 229 (2000) 205–233) and thus complementing the main result from the article of Strüngmann (Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 137 (2009) 3657–3668). A byproduct and starting point for this generalization will be a discussion of the following group class problem: Which groups $G$ have the property that for any cardinal $\kappa$ any subgroup $U$ of the direct sum $G^{(\kappa)}$ is the kernel of some endomorphism of $G^{(\kappa)}$?

Variability in Macadamia integrifolia by RAPD markers

Macadamia is one of the most valuable commercial nuts and its culture is a good alternative for small farmers or for large properties with a low capacity for the mechanization of its areas. Macadamia clones, due to their morphological proximity exhibited some difficulties in field identification that could difficult the right plant distribution. The objective of this work was to genetically characterize, by RAPD markers, different macadamia clones under cultivation. Leaves from 'HAES-741', 'HAES-660', 'IAC-920BX', 'IAC-920', 'HAES-344', 'IAC-420', 'HAES-816', 'IAC-1.21', 'Shimada', 'IAC - Campinas B', 'IAC - Campinas A' and 'HAES-Aloha' were donated by Queen Nut Macadâmia. DNA was extracted and amplified with 15 primers and the binary data (presence/absence of bands) collected was used and dendrograms constructed. Clone identification, via RAPD was possible using primers Op G18, C19 and C7. Most of the genetic variation is inside the Brazilian or Hawaiian groups rather than between the groups and could allow inbreeding or crossing between distant clones.

Community‐acquired Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia among hospitalized children in Hawaii

Invasive community acquired (CA) Staphylococcus aureus (SA) disease has been endemically observed in Hawaiian children. We wanted to evaluate the clinical, laboratory findings, and outcomes of methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible SA (MSSA) associated pneumonia admissions. We performed retrospective chart reviews of 38 culture proven SA pneumonia patients admitted to a pediatric tertiary medical center in Hawaii between January 1996 to December 2007. Twenty-six patients (68%) had MRSA and 12 patients (32%) had MSSA infection. The mean age of MRSA patients was 2.8 and 6.7 years for MSSA patients (P < 0.05). Pacific Islander and Native Hawaiian patients were affected disproportionately compared to non-Pacific Islander and Hawaiian groups (P < 0.0001). Demographic data, days of fever, tachypnea, hypoxia, and length of stay (LOS) were not significantly different between MRSA and MSSA infected patients. The mean LOS was 26.2 days (range 6-138 days); mean length of fever was 12.4 days. Seventy five percent (15 of 20) of patients who required intubation had MRSA. Twenty-one of the 29 (72%) total patients with pleural effusions had MRSA infection and all required chest tube placements. Two (5%) patients died; both had MRSA infection. Younger Pacific Islander/Native Hawaiian children were affected disproportionately and had MRSA infection more frequently. MRSA infected patients appeared to have severe disease with frequent chest tube placement, intubation, and fatality. Overall, both MRSA and MSSA pneumonia resulted in prolonged hospitalization, multiple complications, and significant healthcare costs.

On noncontractible compacta with trivial homology and homotopy groups

We construct an example of a Peano continuum X X such that: (i) X X is a one-point compactification of a polyhedron; (ii) X X is weakly homotopy equivalent to a point (i.e. π n ( X ) \pi _n(X) is trivial for all n ≥ 0 n \geq 0 ); (iii) X X is noncontractible; and (iv) X X is homologically and cohomologically locally connected (i.e. X X is an HLC and c l c clc space). We also prove that all classical homology groups (singular, Čech, and Borel-Moore), all classical cohomology groups (singular and Čech), and all finite-dimensional Hawaiian groups of X X are trivial.

A class of Butler groups and their endomorphism rings

We study a class of Butler groups of infinite rank, called Hawaiian groups. They are defined as subgroups of a rational vector space and contain parameters that provide for flexibility but are concrete enough to allow for the computation of certain crucial subgroups and quotient groups, to exhibit endomorphisms and describe the endo- morphism rings. Most Hawaiian groups are finitely Butler; under stronger assumptions they are not finitely filtered and hence not B2-groups.

A Database of Wing Diversity in the Hawaiian Drosophila

BackgroundWithin genus Drosophila, the endemic Hawaiian species offer some of the most dramatic examples of morphological and behavioral evolution. The advent of the Drosophila grimshawi genome sequence permits genes of interest to be readily cloned from any of the hundreds of species of Hawaiian Drosophila, offering a powerful comparative approach to defining molecular mechanisms of species evolution. A key step in this process is to survey the Hawaiian flies for characters whose variation can be associated with specific candidate genes. The wings provide an attractive target for such studies: Wings are essentially two dimensional, and genes controlling wing shape, vein specification, pigment production, and pigment pattern evolution have all been identified in Drosophila.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe present a photographic database of over 180 mounted, adult wings from 73 species of Hawaiian Drosophila. The image collection, available at FlyBase.org, includes 53 of the 112 known species of “picture wing” Drosophila, and several species from each of the other major Hawaiian groups, including the modified mouthparts, modified tarsus, antopocerus, and haleakalae (fungus feeder) groups. Direct image comparisons show that major wing shape changes can occur even between closely related species, and that pigment pattern elements can vary independently of each other. Among the 30 species closest to grimshawi, diverse visual effects are achieved by altering a basic pattern of seven wing spots. Finally, we document major pattern variations within species, which appear to result from reduced diffusion of pigment precursors through the wing blade.Conclusions/SignificanceThe database highlights the striking variation in size, shape, venation, and pigmentation in Hawaiian Drosophila, despite their generally low levels of DNA sequence divergence. In several independent lineages, highly complex patterns are derived from simple ones. These lineages offer a promising model system to study the evolution of complexity.

Phylogenetics of the &lt;I&gt;Tetraplasandra&lt;/I&gt; Group (Araliaceae) Inferred from ITS, 5S-NTS, and Morphology

Tetraplasandra, Reynoldsia, and Munroidendron form a complex of closely related genera (14 species) distributed from Tahiti, Samoa, and the Marquesas, to the Hawaiian archipelago. In this paper, we investigate evolutionary relationships within this group using morphological and DNA sequence variation to test the monophyly of the Hawaiian species (the Tetraplasandra group), generic limits of Tetraplasandra, Reynoldsia, and Munroidendron, and the validity of current classifications. Parsimony analyses using two molecular markers, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the 5S non-transcribed spacer (5S-NTS) of the nuclear rDNA genes, and 39 morphological and anatomical characters were conducted using all species of Tetraplasandra (excluding the recently resurrected species T. lydgatei), Reynoldsia, and Munroidendron, plus three species (four for morphological data) of the outgroup genus Gastonia. The results support a monophyletic Hawaiian Tetraplasandra group, a sister relationship between Munroidendron and R. sandwicensis, and a polyphyletic Reynoldsia. Here we build on previous molecular analyses of the Tetraplasandra group and propose the next steps necessary to recognize new generic boundaries. Changes in floral morphology within Tetraplasandra correspond to monophyletic groupings. Species with hypogynous flowers cluster together and species with floral characters suggestive of ornithophily cluster together.