Hat Model Research Articles

DWSR: an architecture optimization framework for adaptive super-resolution neural networks based on meta-heuristics

Despite recent advancements in super-resolution neural network optimization, a fundamental challenge remains unresolved: as the number of parameters is reduced, the network’s performance significantly deteriorates. This paper presents a novel framework called the Depthwise Separable Convolution Super-Resolution Neural Network Framework (DWSR) for optimizing super-resolution neural network architectures. The depthwise separable convolutions are introduced to reduce the number of parameters and minimize the impact on the performance of the super-resolution neural network. The proposed framework uses the RUNge Kutta optimizer (RUN) variant (MoBRUN) as the search method. MoBRUN is a multi-objective binary version of RUN, which balances multiple objectives when optimizing the neural network architecture. Experimental results on publicly available datasets indicate that the DWSR framework can reduce the number of parameters of the Residual Dense Network (RDN) model by 22.17% while suffering only a minor decrease of 0.018 in Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), the framework can reduce the number of parameters of the Enhanced SRGAN (ESRGAN) model by 31.45% while losing only 0.08 PSNR. Additionally, the framework can reduce the number of parameters of the HAT model by 5.38% while losing only 0.02 PSNR.

Climbing style safety helmets do not improve impact protection over type II hard hats

Safety helmets are promoted as safer alternatives to traditional hard hats, but few data on impact performance exist. Conversely, traditional hard hats have evolved to include Type II models that have liners for lateral impact protection. This study employed standardized test methods to determine if safety helmets outperform traditional hard hats.Seven safety helmet models and four Type II hard hat models were tested for their ability to absorb crown and lateral impacts according to standards EN 12492 and ANSI Z89.1, respectively. Three Type I hard hats were included for baseline comparison. For crown impacts, a hemispherical striker was dropped onto the helmet crown at 98 J impact energy and the resulting force transmission FCROWN was measured. For lateral impacts, helmeted headforms were dropped onto a hemispherical anvil with 31 J impact energy. The linear acceleration aZ was captured for front, side and rear impacts.For crown impacts, at least half of the helmet models in all three helmet categories exceeded the 10 kN threshold specified in EN 12492. For lateral impacts, all Type I hard hats and all safety helmets exceeded the 150 g threshold specified in ANSI Z89.1,while all Type II hard hats remained below the 150 g threshold. Safety helmets exhibited on average 1.9 times higher head accelerations from lateral impacts compared to Type II hard hats.For best head protection, helmet should be selected based on their ability to meet both, EN 12492 and ANSI Type II, and not based on a particular helmet style.

A Convolutional Neural Network Based Robust Automated Real-Time Image Detection System for Personal Protective Equipment

Statistically, casualties in engineering workplaces often result from one of the following accidents: when people get stuck in the rotating machines, electric shocks or collision with heavy equipment. Most of these accidents can be prevented if the workers make proper use of personal protection equipment (PPE). This paper presents the design and implementation of a functional image detection system that takes a picture of an employee, analyses it, and determines the employee he is appropriately attired to enter a potentially hazardous workplace. This system can help to reduce the liability of company owners, by extension their costs, and can provide level of accident prevention. In this study, a convolutional neural network (CNN) was used to develop three sets of models, namely hard hat model, boot model, and vest model. These were used to detect the appearance of workers and determine if the PPE being worn was in compliance with the stipulated requirements for entry to a particularly hazardous workplace. To determine the performance of the system, each model was validated with two classes of image datasets: normal colour RGB (Red, Green and Blue) and grayscale image. The overall average accuracy of the system, in real-time implementation, then was calculated and determined to be 83.33%.

Neural Network With Hierarchical Attention Mechanism for Contextual Topic Dialogue Generation

The encoder-decoder model has achieved remarkable results in natural language generation. However, in the dialogue generation work, we often ignore the influence of the dialogue context information and topic information in the generation, resulting in the generated replies not close to the context or lack of topic information leads to general responses. In this work, we study the generation of multi-turn dialogues based on a large corpus and take advantage of the context information and topic information of the conversation in the process of dialogue generation to generate more coherent context-sensitive responses. We improve upon existing models and attention mechanisms and propose a new hierarchical model to better solve the problem of dialogue context (the HAT model). This method enables the model to obtain more contextual information when processing and improves the ability of the model in terms of contextual relevance to produce high-quality responses. In addition, to address the absence of topics in the responses, we pre-train the LDA(Latent Dirichlet Allocation) topic model to extract topic words of the dialogue content and retain as much topic information of dialogue as possible. Our model is extensively tested in several corpora, and the experiments illustrate that our model is superior to most hierarchical and non-hierarchical models with respect to multiple evaluation metrics.

Developing a Framework of Regional Competitiveness Using Macro and Microeconomic Factors and Evaluating Sources of Change in Regional Competitiveness in India Using Malmquist Productivity Index

Many studies on measurement of regional competitiveness focus on outcome-based pyramidal and hat models of Lengyel (2004) and Martin (2003) respectively using revealed indicators like per capita income, labour productivity and employment rate. On the other hand, Porter’s (1990) diamond model focuses on foundational microeconomic factors of competitiveness. This study comprises of two objectives; first, to develop a new framework of extended Diamond based Pyramid of regional competitiveness by integrating the two, and second, to assess sources of change in regional competitiveness for 32 states/union territories of India. For this, Malmquist productivity index (MPI) framework has been used, treating per capita net state domestic product as output and six factors of regional competitiveness developed from first part of the study as inputs. Results show that regional competitiveness is almost singularly driven by the frontier shift component of MPI, while there is negligible contribution of efficiency change. This is interpreted as states benefitting more from better collective knowhow and resources of competitiveness provided by the economic environment in general. However, the states are not able to correct the individual inefficiencies compared to their most efficient peers.

Evaluation of the train running safety under crosswinds - a numerical study on the influence of the wind speed and orientation considering the normative Chinese Hat Model

ABSTRACT In this paper, a numerical study regarding the influence of the wind speed and orientation on the train running safety against crosswinds is presented. The wind profiles are defined through the Chinese Hat Model taking into account multiple combinations of vehicle speed, wind speed and wind orientation, resulting in 180 dynamic analyses solved using an in-house developed software named Vehicle-Structure Interaction analysis (VSI). The running safety is evaluated by analysing three safety criteria based on factors related to the vehicle contact forces: the Nadal criterion, the Prud’Homme criterion and the Unloading criterion. Moreover, the behaviour of the vehicle undergoing different wind profiles is assessed throughout a 1400 m straight track section with real irregularities of one of the Portuguese Railway Line. The results reveal that both the wind speed and orientation have a preponderant impact on the vehicle running safety, contrary to the vehicle speed which influence is minor.

Enhancing the LOCKSS Digital Preservation Technology

The LOCKSS Program develops and supports libraries using open source peer-to-peer digital preservation software. Although initial development and deployment was funded by grants including from NSF and the Mellon Foundation, grant funding is not a sustainable basis for long-term preservation. The LOCKSS Program runs the Red Hat model of free, open source software and paid support. From 2007 through 2012 the program was in the black with no grant funds at all. The demands of the Red Hat model make it hard to devote development resources to enhancements that don't address immediate user demands but are targeted at longer-term issues. After discussing this issue with the Mellon Foundation, the LOCKSS Program was awarded a grant to cover a specific set of infrastructure enhancements. It made significant functional and performance improvements to the LOCKSS software in the areas of ingest, preservation and dissemination. The LOCKSS Program's experience shows that the Red Hat model is a viable basis for long-term digital preservation, but that it may need to be supplemented by occasional small grants targeted at longer-term issues.

Calculation and Analysis of Near-Field Head-Related Transfer Functions from a Simplified Head-Neck-Torso Model

To evaluate the overall effect of the neck and torso on the head-related transfer function (HRTF), a simplified head-neck-torso (HNT) model, which consists of a spherical head, spherical torso and cylindrical neck, is proposed and the corresponding HRTFs are calculated using the boundary element method (BEM). The results indicate that the HRTF magnitudes for the HNT model are different from those of the existing spherical head-and-torso model (HAT) above 0.5 kHz, especially in the near-field and contralateral region. The discrepancy in the HRTF magnitudes leads to a discrepancy in the interaural level differences (ILDs) for the HNT and HAT models, which reaches a level of ±10 dB at source distance of 0.2 m. As the source distance increases, the discrepancy in the results of the HNT and HAT models reduces. Measurement on practical HNT and HAT models validates the analysis. Therefore, the neck influences near-field HRTFs and should be included in the near-field HRTF calculation.

Localization at low temperature and infrared bounds

We consider a class of classical lattice spin systems, with Rn-valued spins and two-body interactions. Our main result states that the associated Gibbs measure localizes in certain cylindrical neighborhoods of the global minima of the unperturbed Hamiltonian. As an application we establish existence of a first order phase transition at low temperature, for a reflection positive mexican hat model on Zd, d⩾3, with a nonferromagnetic interaction.

Possible mechanisms of dielectric relaxation of liquid water and calculation of the temperature dependence of the complex permittivity of water

The spectra of the complex dielectric permittivity and absorption of water (H2O) in the frequency range 0–1000 cm−1 are calculated for a wide temperature interval. Using the method of autocorrelation functions, the dielectric response of dipoles rotating in potential wells of three types is found. The majority of dipoles (about 90%) rotate in a deep and comparatively narrow potential well, whose profile resembles an upside-down hat. Such a potential models a molecular structure with strongly bent and/or broken hydrogen bonds. The hat model describes the complex permittivity in the low-frequency (Debye) range and in the range 300–1000 cm−1. The remaining dipoles (∼10%) execute harmonic vibrations of two types: rotational vibrations about the equilibrium direction of a hydrogen bond and translational vibrations along this direction. These types of motion yield the dielectric response in the frequency range 10–300 cm−1. This response is described by the Lorentz lines in terms of the harmonic oscillator model and the truncated parabola model. The hat–harmonic oscillator–truncated parabola composite model provides good agreement with experimental spectra. The lifetimes of the three types of motion considered are about 10, 0.2, and 0.05 ps, respectively. They characterize (i) tetrahedral translations of molecules accompanied by their rotations, (ii) librations of dipoles in the hatlike potential well, and (iii) elastic interactions of hydrogen-bonded molecules. Based on data of independent methods of investigation, it is concluded that the temperature 300 K is a singular point with respect to the properties of liquid water.

The rectangular potential well (hat) model: application to the dielectric spectra of non-associated polar liquids

A theory of the wideband dielectric response of polar molecules in a hat-like rectangular well potential with perfectly elastic (reflecting) conical surface of finite depth is presented. The well represents molecular interaction in terms of the mean-field potential. Thus, escape of dipoles across the potential barrier, so they may execute complete rotations outside the cone, is also accounted for. This model is a generalisation of the cone-confined rotator and hybrid models, described previously by Gaiduk and Tseitlin [Adv. Chem. Phys. 87 (1994) 125; Mendeleev Commun. 1997, No. 2, p. 76]. In this work it is shown that the model, in which both the bottom of the potential well and its rim are flat, so that it resembles a hat, provides an adequate description of the wideband spectrum (comprising the Debye relaxation and far infra-red regions) of orientational polarisation. The applicability of the hat model has been demonstrated for strongly absorbing liquids, such as methyl chloride, for which wideband dielectric spectra due to molecular reorientation were calculated in the [0, THz] frequency region.

Non-linear density evolution from an improved spherical collapse model

We investigate the evolution of non-linear density perturbations by taking into account the effects of deviations from spherical symmetry of a system. Starting from the standard spherical top hat model in which these effects are ignored, we introduce a physically motivated closure condition which specifies the dependence of the additional terms on the density contrast, $\delta$. The modified equation can be used to model the behaviour of an overdense region over a sufficiently large range of $\delta$. The key new idea is a Taylor series expansion in ($1/\delta$) to model the non-linear epoch. We show that the modified equations quite generically lead to the formation of stable structures in which the gravitational collapse is halted at around the virial radius. The analysis also allows us to connect up the behaviour of individual overdense regions with the non-linear scaling relations satisfied by the two point correlation function.

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Several investigations in the study of cosmological structure formation use numerical simulations in both two and three dimensions. In this paper we address the subtle question of ambiguities in the nature of two dimensional gravity in an expanding background. We take a detailed and formal approach by deriving the equations describing gravity in (D+1) dimensions using the action principle of Einstein. We then consider the Newtonian limit of these equations and finally obtain the necessary fluid equations required to describe structure formation. These equations are solved for the density perturbation in both the linearised form and in the spherical top hat model of nonlinear growth. We find that, when the special case of D=2 is considered, no structures can grow. We therefore conclude that, within the frame work of Einstein's theory of gravity in (2+1) dimensions, formation of structures cannot take place. Finally, we indicate the different possible ways of getting around this difficulty so that growing structures can be obtained in two dimensional cosmological gravitational simulations and discuss their implications.

Deformation Behavior of Extruded Blown Film of High Density Polyethylene

Extruded blown films of high density polyethylene contain oriented crystalline lamella normal to the extrusion direction. In the elongation perpendicular to the extrusion direction (TD) at -110°C-40°C, the stress suddenly dropped when the film arrived at the yield point and the necking propagated steadily under a constant stress value. TD deformation mechanism is explained by unfolding from one part of the lamellae as proposed by Horio and Kobayashi (silk hat model). On the contrary, in the elongation parallel to the extrusion direction (MD), deformation mechanism is complex and we have proposed an unfolding model. In the MD, stress did not drop even after the yield point, and it maintained a constant value. Consequently the film was uniformly elongated by appearance, but followed by a partial necking. From optical and scanning electron microscopic observations, the lamellae were bended, twisted, or rotated by the stress, and the long axes of lamellae (b-axis) were changed to the drawing direction and the film was elongated by unfolding same as TD elongation.

The six thinking hat model — a tool for participation in community development, the experience of an NGO in Cambodia

Abstract This paper documents the experience of a Non Governmental Organisation Christian Outreach, working in Cambodia on a programme of community development. The programme is focused on awareness change, and works with a number of participatory techniques to animate change. The paper draws attention to some of the difficulties of a truly open-ended conversation. It picks up on a simple model for describing thinking, called the “six thinking hat model”, created by Edward De Bono. This model has been widely used in both adult and child education in the USA and Europe, and in management workshops for multinational companies. The paper describes the adoption of the model for community development in Cambodia. It describes the basic model, its use for staff-capacity building, and its use in rural village communities as a framework for open-ended conversations. It concludes that the model is a useful tool for ensuring comprehensive analysis of problems, creating a framework for conversations and preventing c...

Population, Households, and CO 2 Emissions

The model linking environmental impact to population, affluence, and technology, or I = PAT, is reformulated in terms of households (i.e., I = HAT) as opposed to persons. Such an approach may be preferable in the case of environmental impacts that arise from activities, such as residential heating and automobile transport, for which there exist significant household-level economies of scale. Because of changes in average household size, the I = HAT model gives rise to a very different decomposition of the sources of historical growth of environmental impacts than does I = PAT. Taking growth of global energy consumption as an example, the authors find that I = PAT attributes 18 percent of the annual increase (in absolute terms) over the period 1970-90 to demographic increase in more developed regions, whereas I = HAT attributes 41 percent because the number of households grew faster than the number of persons. The I = PAT and I = HAT models also give rise to substantially different projections of CO_2 emissions in the year 2100. The authors conclude that decomposition and projection exercises are sensitive to the unit of demographic account chosen. Until more is known about the nature of the many activities that give rise to environmental impacts, it would be unwise to draw far-reaching conclusions from one choice of model without a substantive justification of that choice.

Flexibility and roughness of mixed and partially polymerized bilayers in terms of the hat model and local bending frustration

The flexibility of mixed fluid membranes is examined in terms of the so-called hat model that is based on local curvature fluctuations. For monolayers, the hat model reproduces the increase of the flexibility obtained previously with a continuum model. In bilayers, the bending frustration of the constituent monolayers causes equal molecules to avoid and unequal molecules to seek each other when they are in opposite monolayers. This local interaction across the middle surface of the bilayer leads to an additional increase of bilayer flexibility. The cooperative effect of local bending frustration in partially polymerized bilayers may result in the segregation ofpolymer chains belonging to opposite monolayers. Possible consequences of the segregation are a nearly divergent flexibility, a pronounced roughness of the bilayer, and budding of bilayer vesicles

Body size and shape: derivation of the “HAT” frame size model

A bivariate mathematical model termed the "HAT" model for defining body frame size is presented for young males and females (mean age 22 yr). The HAT model is based on the relationship between stature and the sum of the biacromial and bitrochanteric diameter measurements. Small, medium, and large frame sizes were calculated for individuals and percentile rankings for the corresponding body weights, percentage fats, and lean body weights were given. For males, it was observed that differences in body weight between frame size groups was primarily due to differences in lean body weight. That is, lean body weight increased per frame size, while fat weight per frame size remained constant. For females in contrast, there was a small but statistically significant increase in fat weight per frame size and no increase in lean body weight per frame size.

Automobiles and 'Model'

W HAT MODEL car do you have?' One (and an apparently widespread) response to this question suggests the development of a peculiarly American innovation in the popular use of the word model in such a context as that above. The reference here (usually clear in the situation) is to a specific fact about a full-sized automobile. Although there may be some uncertainty as to the precise information which this question seeks to elicit, it seems to get the desired response more frequently than not. I first became aware of one noteworthy use of model during such an interchange as this: