Harvest Intensity Research Articles

Nonlinear dynamics analysis of enhancing energy harvesting from intense vibration based on improved asymmetric bistable stochastic resonance model

While the improved bistable energy harvesting (IBEH) system is excellent at harvesting energy from weak excitation signals, it is still inadequate at harvesting energy from intense excitation signals. Due to the strict resonance problem, energy harvesting strategies for intense excitation modes are not yet mature. Stochastic resonance seems to be a suitable solution for intense excitation vibration energy harvesting. An asymmetric improved bistable energy harvesting (AIBEH) system is proposed to address this issue by varying the position of the fixed-end magnet. Combining the AIBEH system with stochastic resonance theory and simulation results demonstrate that by simultaneously moving the fixed-end magnet up or down, the depth of a single potential well can be reduced while maintaining two stable state points, decreasing the slope of the potential wall on one side and increasing the dynamic output of the system under intense excitation signals. The research develops a mathematical model of the AIBEH system and numerically solves the electromechanical coupling control equations. The potential energy of three systems is analyzed: IBEH, AIBEH, and ABEH (asymmetric bistable energy harvesting). The Kramers rate and signal-to-noise ratio are derived for an asymmetric bistable system under a harmonic excitation signal and Gaussian white noise. In addition, the effects of harmonic excitation and additional noise on the AIBEH capture performance are investigated. The simulation results indicate that the harvesting performance of AIBEH is superior to that of IBEH at intense excitation.

Forest carbon management strategies influence storage compartmentalization in Nothofagus antarctica forest landscapes

Silvopastoral systems are one of the strategies proposed to manage natural forests in southern Patagonia for livestock and timber purposes. In the context of climate change, it is necessary to design new management proposals to improve forest carbon sequestration. The objective was to quantify the innate carbon stocking (t C ha−1) variation in Nothofagus antarctica forests under natural dynamics in even- and uneven-aged structures, and in harvested and transformed stands. Carbon stocks were sampled in 145 forest stands, identifying 14 different components in above- and belowground strata. Results showed that the carbon content of the stands varied significantly with age (e.g., C contribution of different tree components), ranging from 289 to 386 t C ha−1. Deadwood was the variable that varied most among the successional stages. In harvested stands, carbon content changed significantly with increasing harvesting intensity (from 84.6% to 55.7%) and was lower than in non-harvested stands. These changes were reflected in reduced carbon accumulation in trees, deadwood, and soil layer and increased accumulation in understory plants. Silvopastoral system management can achieve a balance between productive objectives and maintenance of carbon stocks in managed forests, resulting in higher resilience and lower carbon losses, thus promoting sustainable forest management.

Evidence of a compensatory response in invasive Rusty Crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) following intensive harvest removal from northern Lake Michigan fish spawning reefs.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-023-03076-6.

Recognition of tor malware and onion services

The transformation of the contemporary societies through digital technologies has had a profound effect on all human activities including those that are in the realm of illegal, unlawful, and criminal deeds. Moreover, the affordances provided by the anonymity creating techniques such as the Tor protocol which are beneficial for preserving civil liberties, appear to be highly profitable for various types of miscreants whose crimes range from human trafficking, arms trading, and child pornography to selling controlled substances and racketeering. The Tor similar technologies are the foundation of a vast, often mysterious, sometimes anecdotal, and occasionally dangerous space termed as the Dark Web. Using the features that make the Internet a uniquely generative knowledge agglomeration, with no borders, and permeating different jurisdictions, the Dark Web is a source of perpetual challenges for both national and international law enforcement agencies. The anonymity granted to the wrong people increases the complexity and the cost of identifying both the crimes and the criminals, which is often exacerbated with lack of proper human resources. Technologies such as machine learning and artificial intelligence come to the rescue through automation, intensive data harvesting, and analysis built into various types of web crawlers to explore and identify dark markets and the people behind them. It is essential for an effective and efficient crawling to have a pool of dark sites or onion URLs. The research study presents a way to build a crawling mechanism by extracting onion URLs from malicious executables by running them in a sandbox environment and then analysing the log file using machine learning algorithms. By discerning between the malware that uses the Tor network and the one that does not, we were able to classify the Tor using malware with an accuracy rate of 91% with a logistic regression algorithm. The initial results suggest that it is possible to use this machine learning approach to diagnose new malicious servers on the Tor network. Embedding this kind of mechanism into the crawler may also induce predictability, and thus efficiency in recognising dark market activities, and consequently, their closure.

Sparing old-growth maximises conservation outcomes within selectively logged Amazonian rainforest

Timber extraction threatens a vast area of tropical ecosystems, making it vital to design productive harvesting operations that limit biodiversity declines. Contrasting management options span a continuum from less-intensive, land-sharing logging applied over a larger area to land-sparing operations that combine intensive harvesting with the preservation of old-growth forest. Combining company-reported extraction rates with dung beetle surveys along an Amazonian logging gradient, we explore how individual species' abundances, geometric mean population sizes, functional diversity, and trait characteristics vary across simulated logging concessions and production targets. We substantially extend previous studies by evaluating 8000 mixed-harvesting scenarios and by assessing the profitability of contrasting practices. Simply maximising old-growth protection delivers the highest species' abundances and population sizes for species negatively affected by logging. Maximising old-growth also supports communities with a functional trait dissimilarity (FDis, RaoQ) and functional structure of nesting guilds, biomass, pronotum volume, front leg area, and front:back leg ratio traits that closely resembles old-growth forest. Functional evenness (FEve), richness (FRic), and divergence (FDiv) did not vary across logging strategies. Some 3 % of mixed approaches outperform extreme sparing (which maximises old-growth retention through intensive logging) but still involve substantial sparing, enabled by intensified logging elsewhere. However more-extensive business-as-usual harvesting is up to 90 % more profitable than extreme sparing, suggesting active policy mechanisms, standards, or regulations would be needed to make spatially-concentrated logging operations (which benefit biodiversity) more commercially attractive. Old-growth sparing appears key to limiting biodiversity declines within tropical timber concessions, but would require payments to compensate for reduced profits.

A pilot study of Continuous Cover Forestry in boreal forests: Decreasing the harvest intensity during selection cutting increases piece size, which in turn increases harvester productivity

<br />While even-aged forestry is the dominating forest management system in Sweden, there is an increasing interest in Continuous Cover Forestry. Consequently, the conversion of even-aged stands into uneven-aged ones using e.g. selection cutting can be expected to become more common in Sweden. However, there are no up-to-date studies available on harvester productivity during selection cutting under Nordic conditions. Studying harvest intensity during selection cutting is of interest because lighter harvest intensities lead to higher volume growth and better-preserved forest ambience than heavier intensities. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of harvest intensity on harvester productivity during selection cutting. The field study entailed harvesting either 14%, 28% or 48% of a mature stand’s basal area. Harvester productivity was mainly explained by piece size (stem volume), while other factors, including harvest intensity, had only minor effects. This reality means that during selection cutting (thinning from above), piece size increases with decreasing harvest intensity, which in turn increases harvester productivity. Moreover, we observed a mild tendency that operators could select the stems’ felling directions and order more freely when fewer trees are harvested. This amelioration increases productivity additionally during lighter harvesting intensities.

Harvest Intensity Impacts Nutrient Status and Young Stand Development in Latvian Hemiboreal Forest

This study aimed to compare the effects of whole-tree and stem-only harvesting in hemiboreal forests in Latvia. Chemistry of soil solution, precipitation, litter and needles, as well as tree parameters in regenerated stands were measured from 2012 to 2021 in oligotrophic and mesotrophic Scots pine sites with mineral soils and a eutrophic Norway spruce site with drained peat soil. Compared to the undisturbed control, the soil solution pH was significantly lower and N-NO3− and K+ concentrations were significantly higher after stem-only harvesting at the oligotrophic site, stem-only and whole-tree harvesting at the mesotrophic site and whole-tree harvesting at the eutrophic site. The height growth of the regenerated stands in all sites was similar for both harvesting methods six years after planting. More slender trees were observed after whole-tree harvesting than after stem-only harvesting at the eutrophic site. Whole-tree harvesting produced significant negative short-term effects on height growth in the oligotrophic site four to six years after harvest. The nutrient levels of needles differed with harvest intensity but did not indicate insufficient nutrient availability with any type of harvesting.

Life History Traits of the Herbivorous Marine Gastropods Turbo castanea and Lithopoma americanum, Harvested for the Florida Ornamental Aquarium Trade

Florida is one of the largest exporters of aquarium ornamental species in the world, but trade is expanding to include harvest of herbivorous invertebrates that play important ecological roles in nature, such as grazing algae from seagrass and corals. Here, stable isotope sclerochronology is used to document life history traits of two of the most intensely harvested herbivorous gastropod species in Florida, the turbinids Lithopoma americanum and Turbo castanea. Such information is critical to assessing whether current harvest intensities are sustainable. Populations of L. americanum and T. castanea in Florida consist of rapidly maturing individuals that reach maximum sizes within 2 y and 1 y, respectively. Rapid maturation should allow these populations to recover rapidly from intense harvest, but short-lived species are also intrinsically susceptible to population collapse from recruitment failure, complicating effective management of the fishery. In addition, the short lifespans of these turbinids suggest that hobbyists may purchase replacement animals frequently, increasing fisheries pressure on natural ecosystems.

Baseline genetic distinctiveness supports structured populations of thornback ray in the Mediterranean Sea

Abstract The thornback ray (Raja clavata) is the most important chondrichthyan in terms of landings in the Mediterranean Sea. Intense harvesting may induce negative genetic effects reducing the resilience of overfished species. For this reason, genetic diversity information should be considered in fisheries management and conservation policies. Microsatellite markers were used to unravel the genetic features (variability, connectivity, sex‐biased dispersal) of R. clavata populations, both at the small (around the coast of Sardinia, western Mediterranean Sea) and larger spatial scales (at the pan‐Mediterranean level, and between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea). Individual clustering, multivariate and variance analyses rejected the hypothesis of genetic homogeneity, with significant genetic differences between Mediterranean and Atlantic rays, as well as within the Mediterranean Sea between its western and eastern basins. The data indicated that both the Strait of Gibraltar and the Sicilian Channel seem to be effective in limiting the dispersal of thornback ray individuals, but a further structuring was identified, with the significant genetic differentiation of the populations located in the Algero‐Provençal and Tyrrhenian basins. Such a fine‐scale arrangement suggests the occurrence of additional barriers to species dispersal. A lack of significant genetic differentiation, stable over the years, was measured at a local scale among R. clavata Sardinian samples. Several possible mechanisms, both biological and abiotic (e.g. migratory behaviour, waterfronts and oceanographic discontinuities), are discussed. Overall, the genetic data presented, both at the local and regional level, could represent the baseline information for the temporal monitoring of populations and assessing the effects of present or future fisheries‐related management actions. The data obtained are information of paramount importance for minimizing the gaps in our current knowledge of the genetic diversity of thornback rays and maximizing the information needed for the correct protection of R. clavata populations.

Effect of plant spacing and cutting intensity on the morphology and productivity of forage cactus [Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw.

The forage cactus cultivar Mexican elephant ear (MEE) [Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw.] has been widely used in the semi-arid of Brazil because of its resistance to carmine mealybug. Therefore, it is necessary to establish planting and harvesting management strategies for this cultivar. This study evaluated the effect of cutting intensity (preservation mother cladode, and mother + primary cladodes) and different planting densities (55 555; 27 777; 13 888 and 6 944 plants ha−1) on the morphology and productivity of the forage cactus cv. MEE, in 10-year-old cultivation under rainfed conditions. A split-plot design was used where planting density was allocated to the main plots and harvesting intensity to the sub-plots. Each treatment combination was replicated four times. The data were submitted to ANOVA, Tukey’s test, and principal component analysis at 5% (p < 0.05). Post-harvesting preservation of the primary cladodes promoted greater dry matter production (9.2 t ha−1 year−1), crop water accumulation (86.6 t ha−1 year−1), and rainwater use efficiency (11.4 kg of DM mm−1) (p < 0.01). Primary cladodes preservation positively influenced the productive characteristics of the forage cactus, and the planting density of 13 888 plants ha−1 (0.72 m2) favoured the productivity of this cultivar. These findings can guide planting and harvesting strategies for cultivating MEE cactus.

The case for stand management guidelines as dynamic as global change: Aspen forest stockings of the western Great Lakes

Since the development of contemporary stocking techniques a century ago, the combination of climatic, atmospheric, financial, and social factors that determine forest management strategies have changed, altering aspen stand dynamics in the western Great Lakes, USA. Despite this, aspen management is still informed by 1970s management guides that are based on 1920s inventories; hence, a century exists between the data that underlie current management guidelines and current stand conditions. We hypothesized that current aspen stands may support higher stocking and height growth than nearly a century ago at relatively similar age and site indices, due to increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations and fertilization, intensive coppice harvests, and other factors. To explore this question, we compared historic aspen observations with comparable contemporary data from the USDA Forest Service’s Forest Inventory and Analysis program. The results show increased stand stocking levels as well as increased height growth of aspen throughout the region over the historic inventory data. Although other controlled experimental studies support the hypothesis of increased carbon fertilization altering aspen size-density relationships, our study is the first to examine an empirical application to forest management guides. Our results suggest a comprehensive reevaluation of aspen growth dynamics under contemporary environmental conditions is warranted. We highlight the need to assess the value of current stocking standards in an era of increasingly variable environmental conditions and to reimagine a more dynamic, responsive, and predictive approach to guide forest management for future application as global change may accelerate.

Examining the performance of alternative harvest regulations for short-lived taxa: A case study of Florida Bay scallop management

The life history schedule of short-lived species compresses the temporal window available for harvest and exacerbates harvest timing decisions. For annual species whose populations are made up of a single year class, it is challenging yet essential to limit harvest to a level that will allow sufficient spawning escapement to sustain the population. Unexpectedly, intense harvest prior to reproduction could extirpate a population in a single season. Larger-scale commercial fisheries for annual or semelparous species are often managed using sophisticated pre-season abundance forecasts or in-season depletion estimates combined with intensive monitoring of catches and enforcement of catch limits. However, sufficient monitoring and harvest control are rarely feasible in recreational fisheries. We demonstrate the use of an age-structured simulation model to identify robust management regulations for recreational harvest season and bag limits applied to the Florida bay scallop fishery. We compared the outcomes of current harvest regulations with a suite of alternative harvest regulations in a recreational fishery for Florida bay scallops. To account for uncertainty in the stock status and dynamics of the fishery, we evaluated alternative harvest options across three levels of initial stock exploitation and two scenarios for future fishing effort. Our results show that biologically-informed regulations which allowed for more bay scallops to spawn prior to harvest, such as a later harvest season and daily harvest limit increasing over the season, performed well across all treatments and outperformed many of the current regulations when the initial stock state was more exploited, as well as when future effort doubled. These results suggest that (1) harvest regulations that more closely match the biology and life history are likely to perform better for short-lived, annual taxa than simpler regulations that may not explicitly consider these factors, and (2) simpler regulations can perform well, but require precise, annual monitoring to prevent potentially catastrophic overharvest or costly underutilization.

Soil and Root System Attributes of Forage Cactus under Different Management Practices in the Brazilian Semiarid

Drylands cover 40% of the global surface and house more than 2 billion people. Drought-tolerant crops are becoming more important in these regions, not only to provide food, fodder, and energy, but also to sequester soil organic carbon. This study evaluated soil and root system attributes of forage cactus ‘Orelha de Elefante Mexicana’ (Opuntia stricta Haw.) managed using different agronomic practices in the Brazilian Semiarid. The experiment was established in June 2011 and the design was split-plot in a randomized complete blocks, where the main plot was the different planting density, and the subplots were the factorial arrangement between harvest frequency and harvest intensity. Soil samples were collected at 0 to 10 and 10 to 20 cm depths and response variables included root biomass, soil bulk density (BD), and soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents and stocks. Sampling occurred in August 2019, but for root biomass and soil BD analysis it also occurred in September 2021. There were no significant effects from management practices on root biomass at 0 to 10 and 10 to 20 cm depth (p &gt; 0.05), with respective averages of 12.45 Mg ha−1 and 6.06 Mg ha−1. Soil BD was similar at 10 to 20 cm depth (p &gt; 0.05) averaging 1.28 g cm−3. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock varied with management and reached almost 100 Mg C ha−1 in the 0 to 20 cm layer, indicating the potential of cactus to store carbon. Plants with a more developed root system are more likely to survive the drought climatic condition; therefore, less dense plantings could result in more resilient plants for drier regions, but could potentially negatively affect biomass productivity per area.

Eastern white pine regeneration abundance, stocking, and damage along a gradient of harvest intensity

The shelterwood system is considered appropriate to regenerate Pinus strobus. However, there is a need to quantify the amount of harvesting damage that can be expected relative to the amount of overstory removed during removal harvests and the amount of regeneration that exists prior to harvest. We thus evaluated regeneration response to harvest intensity, as expressed by the percent of basal area harvested. We tested whether regeneration quality and quantity post-harvest increase with decreasing harvest intensity and depend on their pre-harvest abundance. We also posited that soil disturbance increases with harvest intensity. We observed that declines in stocking and density were related to increasing harvest intensity, although most reductions were likely related to skid trails coverage. High pre-harvest densities helped offset some of the losses due to harvesting. A quarter of the regenerating trees alive post-harvest presented some form of damage; the occurrence of damages was not significantly influenced by the percentage of basal area harvested. To ensure regeneration objectives are met, losses during removal harvests should be accounted for; as harvesting intensity increases, losses also increase. Based on these results, minimizing skid trail coverage appears as the most effective way to reduce regeneration losses and damage during shelterwood harvests.

NIR-II xanthene dyes with structure-inherent bacterial targeting for efficient photothermal and broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy.

Development of novel broad-spectrum sterilization is an efficient strategy that can overcome drug resistance and avoid antibiotics abuse toward bacterial-infected diseases. Photothermal therapy (PTT) in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) therapeutic window with an increased tissue penetration and elevated maximal permissible exposure has attracted considerable attention in antibacterial applications. However, the lack of bacterial-targeted photothermal agents limits their further development. Herein, we developed three xanthene derivatives (CNs) with intense light harvesting ability around 1180 nm. Their bulky planar conformations facilitated the formation of H-aggregates with outstanding photothermal conversion ability and good photostability in the NIR-II therapeutic bio window. By manipulating side chains of CNs, their liposomes exhibited different surface charges, ranging from negative to positive. Remarkably, the intermolecular hydrogen bonding of CN3 dimer drived the positively charged xanthene skeleton exposed to the periphery, which endowed it natural bacterial targeting potency. Therefore, CN3 possessed a good NIR-II photothermal and broad-spectrum sterilization against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The photothermal antibacterial activities for S. aureus and E. coli were 99.4% and 99.2%, respectively, promoting significant wound healing in bacteria-infected mice with superior biocompatibility. This structure-inherent bacterial targeting strategy as a proof-of-concept shows an efficient broad-spectrum bacterial inactivation, indicating more encouraging NIR-II photothermal antibacterial therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Photothermal therapy (PTT) in the second near-infrared region (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) enables the treatment of deep inflammation more satisfactory due to higher tissue penetration depth. In this work, three new NIR-II xanthene derivatives (CNs) with intense light harvesting ability around 1180 nm were developed. CNs showed typical H-aggregated performance with bulky planar conformations and outstanding photothermal conversion ability. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the intermolecular hydrogen bonding of CN3 dimer drived the exposure of positively charged xanthene skeleton to periphery of dimer. Therefore, CN3 NPs possessed natural bacterial targeting potency and excellent NIR-II photothermal and broad-spectrum sterilization, and so as to significantly promote the wound healing of Gram-positive / negative bacteria infected mice.

USDA Forest Service Timber Products Output Survey Item Nonresponse Analysis

Abstract The Timber Products Output (TPO) survey is used to determine industrial uses of roundwood, reporting on volumes of roundwood received and residues generated by the primary forest industry by tree species and counties of harvest. This knowledge aids stakeholders in making informed decisions about available forest resources and/or harvest intensity. The widespread use of TPO estimates makes it important to understand the scale and scope of missing data in the survey. This first attempt analyzed respondent-level and question-level nonresponse (RLNR and QLNR, respectively) for Northern and Southern TPO regions, comparing response to mill profile questions (those providing general business information) to those related to mill activity (that related to wood processing information). The RLNR differed between regions, by question grouping, survey mode, and mill volume. The QLNR results for selected mill activity questions indicate that the Southern region generally has lower nonresponse than the Northern region. Parametric analysis of RLNR indicated survey mode was significant for both question groups in the Northern region whereas mill type was significant for mill activity questions in the Southern region. The QLNR parametric analysis indicated self-administered surveys in the Northern region were associated with higher nonresponse, and surveys completed by sawmills in the Southern region were associated with lower nonresponse. Study Implications: Analysis of survey item nonresponse in the national Timber Products Output survey provides analytic background needed to assess the accuracy and completeness of the survey data. Population estimates from the data are used to monitor roundwood production and make informed decisions about forest resources. Responses varied across specific questions, and regional differences appeared to be related to survey mode. Current survey design could be improved to allow for analysis of all survey questions and assessment of the quality of responses. For nonresponse adjustment methods to be comparable across regions, factors causing observed regional difference should first be addressed.

Effects of forest management practices on carbon dynamics of China's boreal forests under changing climates

Climate change and forest management practices influence forest productivity and carbon budgets, and understanding their interactions is necessary to develop accurate predictions of carbon dynamics as many countries in the world strive towards carbon neutrality. Here, we developed a model-coupling framework to simulate the carbon dynamics of boreal forests in China. The expected dynamics of forest recovery and change following intense timber harvesting in the recent past and projected carbon dynamics into the future under different climate change scenarios and forest management practices (e.g., restoration, afforestation, tending, and fuel management). We predict that under current management strategies, climate change would lead to increased fire frequency and intensity, eventually shifting these forests from carbon sinks towards being carbon sources. This study suggests that future boreal forest management should be altered to reduce the probability of fire occurrence and carbon losses caused by catastrophic fires through planting deciduous species, mechanical removal, and prescribed fire.

An assessment of marine turtle population status and conservation in Cambodia

AbstractCambodian waters historically supported significant nesting populations of marine turtles up to the early 20th century. However, although fishing and coastal development have intensified, marine turtle conservation has received little recent attention. We collate the available information on Cambodian marine turtles by summarizing NGO and government data from provincial consultations, fisheries surveys and nesting beach surveys, and synthesize our findings into recommendations for the conservation of marine turtles in Cambodia. The available data indicate that a small and highly threatened marine turtle population persists, despite significant declines driven by intense historical harvesting, widespread bycatch, loss of nesting habitat, marine wildlife trade and ongoing poor compliance with wildlife protection regulations. To improve the conservation status of Cambodian turtles, we recommend (1) revising relevant legislation to better protect marine turtle habitats whilst increasing compliance with gear restrictions and threatened species laws in priority sites, (2) trialling alternative fishing gear or gear modifications to reduce bycatch, (3) continuing capacity building for locally driven marine turtle conservation science, (4) identifying and mapping beaches with high nesting potential and protecting them from further coastal development, and (5) investing in transboundary collaborations to improve the monitoring and management of the turtle populations that range between Cambodia and neighbouring countries.

Salmon evolve quickly as a response to intense harvesting of their prey

To persist in the face of climate change and human activities, organisms may need to adapt. We showed that Atlantic salmon from River Teno (between Finland &amp; Norway) evolved over the last 40 years to mature earlier. Our data suggest it was due to indirect and direct effects of fishing: harvesting of capelin to feed farmed animals, and size selective net fishing in the river.

Twenty-year recovery of managed stand, in structure and composition, in boreal mixedwood stands of northwestern Quebec

The natural disturbance-based management (NDBM) aims to maintain specific structural and compositional attributes of natural forests in managed stands. Operationally, NDBM relies on diversifying and adapting silvicultural practices, including partial harvesting (PC), to expand the range of options beyond that of simply clearcuts (CC). Established in 1998, the Sylviculture et Aménagement Forestier Écosystémique (SAFE) project evaluates this potential in hardwood, mixedwood, and coniferous stands in northwestern Québec, Canada. Our results confirmed a part of the NDBM objectives, i.e., PC allowed the maintenance of stands with mixed structure and composition, constituting an interesting complement to CC, which reset stand regeneration. However, PC did not accelerate the stand transition to later stages with less intensive harvesting or to earlier stages with more intensive harvesting. We essentially had an initial impact, delaying or stopping the stand evolution that dissipates over time and more quickly with less intensive harvesting. Furthermore, our results did not support the ability of PC to enhance the development of old-growth attributes like deadwood. Despite the 20-year horizon of this study, further field surveys will be required in the future to better understand the impact of different silvicultural treatments on forest productivity and biodiversity preservation throughout a forest rotation.