Plot Harvester Research Articles

Recovery of meiofauna communities following mudflat disturbance by trampling associated with crab-tiling

The provision of artificial shelters for the collection of crabs, known as crab-tiling, and the subsequent harvesting of the soft "peeler" crabs for angling bait, are associated with trampling disturbance of intertidal mudflats in the United Kingdom. Recovery of meiofauna communities following crab-tiling activity was investigated on an intertidal mudflat in SW England. Harvesting of experimental plots was reproduced six times over a 2-week period. Meiofauna was collected at low tides 12h, 36 h and 144 h after treatment. Meiofaunal and nematode abundance, and nematode species number, was significantly greater in controls compared to crab-tile stations at 12h. At 36 h and 144 h there were no significant differences between treatments, indicating recovery had occurred in 12-36 h. Multivariate analysis showed nematode assemblage composition from control plots to be significantly different from crab-tile plots at 12h. No significant differences were observed between sediment physical parameters with treatment. Results suggest that the predominant effect of disturbance may be vibration-induced burial, which causes nematodes to bury deeper into the sediment, beyond the depth sampled, and explains the rapid recovery.

Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Management of the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle on Wine Grapes Near Harvest

As one component of an Integrated Pest Management program for Midwestern wine grapes, we examined the efficacy of several insecticides on adults of the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). For field trials, percentages of clusters with at least one H. axyridis were recorded for each plot before treatment and on the day of harvest. We also examined the efficacy of insecticides under laboratory conditions via two routes of exposure, topical application and insecticide residues. In the 2004 field trials, the percentage of clusters infested with H. axyridis adults at harvest was statistically lower in plots treated with bifenthrin applied 7 days before harvest (DBH), carbaryl 10 DBH, and in plots covered with floating row cover compared to the untreated plots. In 2005, the percentage of clusters infested with H. axyridis adults at harvest in plots treated with zeta-cypermethrin 7 DBH, bifenthrin 22 and 7 DBH, and imidacloprid 1 DBH was statistically lower than beetle infestation in the untreated plots. In the laboratory, bifenthrin, carbaryl, and thiamethoxam were lethal to H. axyridis adults 7 days after treatment. Based on the efficacy results, labeled insecticides, pre-harvest intervals, and the late-season influx of H. axyridis infestations, chemical control is currently limited to carbaryl, malathion, and/or imidacloprid.Accepted for publication 13 June 2006. Published 3 October 2006.

Developing action thresholds for codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with pear ester- and codlemone-baited traps in apple orchards treated with sex pheromone mating disruption

AbstractTraps baited with either ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) or (E,E)- 8,10- dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) (Pherocon® CM-DA™ and Megalure CM™ lures, respectively) were used to develop action thresholds for codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.)) in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.; Rosaceae) orchards treated with sex pheromones for control of this pest. Studies were conducted in 102 orchards treated with 500–1000 ISOMATE®-C PLUS dispensers per hectare during 2000–2002. Pairs of traps were placed within two 1.0-ha plots within each orchard. Fruit injury was assessed at mid-season and prior to harvest in each plot. The numbers of female and total moths caught in pear ester-baited traps and male moths caught in codlemone-baited traps were used to develop action thresholds. Thresholds were based on the minimum cumulative number of moths per trap in ≥95% of traps in unsprayed plots with no fruit injury. Specific thresholds were established for the first insecticide spray targeting the start of egg hatch and for the first and second moth flights. The proportion of plots with mid-season fruit injury that had cumulative moth catches below the action threshold at first spray and at second moth flight was determined using the established action threshold and thresholds reduced incrementally to ≥1 moth per trap. Moth catches below the threshold at first spray were less common in plots with high levels of fruit injury (>0.3%) than in plots with low levels of fruit injury and more common with codlemone-baited traps than with pear ester-baited traps. An action threshold of ≥1 moth in a pear ester-baited trap at first spray eliminated the error in predicting fruit injury in plots at mid-season. Conversely, a high proportion of traps baited with either lure failed to predict low levels of fruit injury at harvest in unsprayed plots regardless of the cumulative moth threshold used during the second moth flight.

Effects of slash harvest on bryophytes and vascular plants in southern boreal forest clear‐cuts

Summary Slash harvesting from forests to provide bioenergy reduces the amount of woody debris in the managed forest landscape and changes the physical and chemical environment in clear‐cuts. We examined previously unstudied effects of commercial (i.e. non‐experimental) slash harvest on species composition and richness of liverworts, mosses and vascular plants. The results call for modification of commercial slash harvest practices. Differences between conventionally harvested (i.e. slash left) and slash‐harvested stands were investigated 5–10 years after clear‐cutting through analysis of 28 paired stands, with one 0·1‐ha plot divided into five 0·02‐ha subplots in each stand. The species composition of mosses and liverworts in 0·1‐ha plots was significantly affected by slash harvest, whereas the composition of vascular plant species was not. The species richness of liverworts was significantly reduced by slash harvest in plots of both sizes, whereas moss richness was reduced only in 0·02‐ha plots. The loss of liverwort species was largest, with approximately one‐third of the species disappearing. The species richness of vascular plants was not significantly affected by slash harvest in either plot size. Slash harvest reduced species richness of forest bryophytes and of bryophytes typically growing on organic substrates in open habitats. Species richness of non‐forest bryophytes on inorganic substrates remained unchanged. Synthesis and applications. Our results show that slash harvest reduces shelter and woody substrates, which changes species composition and reduces species richness of liverworts and mosses in clear‐cuts. Increased mechanical disturbance that removes remnant vegetation and exposes mineral soil may also play a role. In order to conserve bryophytes, we advocate mitigation of adverse ecological effects through enhanced environmental care within slash‐harvested stands. Leaving more tree clusters, and creating and protecting large woody debris would be especially important in these stands, and would also improve the habitat for other organisms.

Mineral nitrogen and microbial dynamics in the forest floor of clearcut or partially harvested successional boreal forest stands

The effects of clearcut and partial harvesting of early-seral trembling aspen plots were compared to conventional clearcut harvesting in mid-seral mixedwood and late-seral conifer plots. Twice a year, for three consecutive years, we assessed mineral N and microbial dynamics in the forest floor of these plots to test three hypotheses related to the higher litter quality of aspen leaves and to the sustained inputs of available C on partially harvested plots: (1) the post-clearcutting mineral N flush and the net [(NO3−): (NO3− + NH4+)] production ratio (RNI) are higher in aspen plots than in black spruce plots, with intermediate values occurring in mixedwood plots; (2) net N mineralization rates in aspen plots are higher in spring than in autumn; and (3) compared to clearcutting, partial harvesting reduces potential ammonification and nitrification rates. Initial NH4+ and NO3− concentrations respectively ranged between 1.7–4.4 and 0.2–1.5 g N kg−1 Ntotal, net ammonification and nitrification rates (30 d incubations) respectively ranged between 5.3–17.8 and 0.1–27.6 g N kg−1 Ntotal, basal respiration ranged between 20.9–38.9 mg CO2-C kg−1 h−1, and microbial biomass ranged between 6.1–8.7 g Cmic kg−1. Although clearcutting increased NO3− concentrations in aspen plots, the balance of our results did not support our first hypothesis, because NH4+ concentrations increased in conifer plots only, potential ammonification was unaffected by clearcutting, potential nitrification increased in mixedwood plots only, and RNI increased in all plots. In each seral stage, basal respiration, microbial biomass, and metabolic quotient either increased or were unaffected by clearcutting, suggesting that increases in RNI after disturbance were not related to lower microbial immobilisation of NO3− due to lower available C. Forest floors in mid-seral mixedwood plots exhibited a distinct combination of mineral N and microbial properties, suggesting that the functional richness of the forest is enhanced not only by the number of species, but also by the diversity of assemblages that are present. Results supported our second hypothesis and showed, furthermore, that net N mineralization in conifer stands is greater in autumn than in spring. Partial harvesting in aspen stands resulted in lower potential mineralization of N and lower RNI, compared to clearcutting. Further lysimetry studies are needed to confirm whether partial harvesting mitigates NO3− leaching following disturbance.

Comparing Hemp Seed Yields (Cannabis sativaL.) of an On-Farm Scientific Field Experiment to an On-Farm Agronomic Evaluation Under Organic Growing Conditions in Lower Austria

Abstract Hemp seed yields of the variety Fedora-19 in an on-farm scientific field experiment on small plots and in an on-farm evaluation in 11 hemp fields under practical organic growing conditions in Lower Austria were compared to give a realistic view of the variability of yields. Dry matter seed yields from the on-farm field experiment ranged from 127 to 143 g m−2. Under practical growing conditions, yields ranged from 34 to 151 g m−2 in the sample plots. The reported hemp seed yield after combine harvesting, drying, and cleaning was between 324 kg ha−1 and 717 kg ha−1. The results of the experiment show that harvesting by hand considerably influences yields. Yields of the manual harvest in sample plots indicate a high correlation with yields harvested by the combine harvester (R2 = 0.91). The commercial yield is 71% of the yields recorded in sample plots in the fields. Our data questions the transfer of results and conclusions drawn from the data of scientific field experiments that employ manual harv...

Nutrient distribution in Picea likiangensis trees growing in a plantation in West Sichuan, Southwest China

We measured nutrient distribution of Picea likiangensis (Franchet) E. Pritzel var. balfouriana trees growing in a plantation by field investigations, sample tree and plot harvest in West Sichuan, Southwest China. Based on the results in this study, the total biomass of plant compartments in plantation ecosystem was 114 829.1 kg ha–1. Tree, shrub, herb, bryophyte and litter layers accounted for 93.9%, 0.9%, 0.02%, 0.04%, 5.2%, respectively. The total biomass of tree layers was 107 817.1 kg ha–1. Needles, branches, stem wood, stem bark and roots accounted for 13.2%, 19.7%, 42.3%, 10.0% and 14.8%, respectively. The concentration of the nutrients was generally highest in the actively growing parts of the trees (e.g. needles) and lowest in the structural and not actively growing parts (e.g. stem wood). On the other hand, the concentrations of N, P, K and Mg were generally higher in the current year needles and branches than in the older needles and branches. These nutrient concentrations were also higher in the upper stem wood and bark than in the lower stem wood and bark, and in small roots than in large roots, whereas the opposite patterns were observed for the concentration of Ca in these compartments. The results will be helpful in understanding the nutrient behavior in a highly productive forest plantation and thereby providing decisive information for their sustainable management.

The influence of harvest management and fertilizer application on seasonal yield, crude protein concentration and N offtake of grasses in northeast Saskatchewan

The goal of pasture management is to match quantity and quality of herbage to the requirement of the grazing animal. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of harvest management and fertilizer application on annual and seasonal production, protein concentration and N-offtake by eight grass species adapted to the central Aspen Parkland. In this 3-yr splitsplit- plot experiment, grasses were either fertilized annually (50 and 13 kg ha-1 of N and P, respectively) or left unfertilized, and cut either twice annually (two-cut) in early July and late September, or three to four times annually (multi-cut), in early June, early July, early August and late September if there was sufficient herbage. The grasses used in this study were Altai wildrye [Leymus angustus (Trin.) Pilger], creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. var. rubra), meadow bromegrass [Bromus riparius (Rehmann)], Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski], smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L. Gaertn.), intermediate wheatgrass [Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski] and green needlegrass [Nassella viridula (Trin.) Barkworth]. Fertilizer increased yield of the two-cut treatment 15% (P < 0.05) more than the multi-cut treatment. On average, the multi-cut treatment had 32% higher protein concentration than the two-cut treatment throughout the season. Fertilizer significantly increased protein concentration only in the first harvest of the multi-cut clipped plots, probably because the application rate was low. Nitrogen offtake of the multi-cut treatment averaged 24% higher than the two-cut treatment, even though the latter yielded more. Meadow bromegrass showed the most uniform seasonal distribution of yield among the high-yielding grasses under all management systems while smooth bromegrass and crested wheatgrass were generally the poorest. Crested wheatgrass had significantly more first cut production than all other grasses. Meadow bromegrass herbage also had the lowest protein concentrations throughout the growing season among the high producing grasses. Since the protein concentrations were generally higher than required by grazing beef cattle, the meadow bromegrass herbage was the most suitable for this class of cattle. Green needlegrass also showed potential for use in pastures. Key words: Pasture, hay, protein yield, Bromus, Elytrigia, Nassella, Agropyron, Festuca, Psathyrostachys, Leymus

Densely Planted Okra for Destructive Harvest: III. Effects of Nitrogen Nutrition

Research was conducted to develop a cultural system that would permit a destructive mechanical okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] harvest. Okra grown at a highly dense (HD) plant population of 25 × 23 cm and destructively harvested by machine was compared with control plants spaced at 90 × 23 cm and repeatedly and non-destructively harvested by hand. The control N fertilization regime was 45 kg·ha-1 of N preplant, followed by one or two topdressings, each with 22 kg·ha-1 of N. Treatments applied to HD plots were designed to be multiples of the control N fertilization levels. Preplant fertilizer was added such that the sum of residual soil N plus the added fertilizer would total to 45, 90, or 135 kg·ha-1 of N for the standard, intermediate, and highest rates, respectively. Topdressing rates were 22, 44, or 66 kg·ha-1 of N for standard, intermediate, and highest, respectively. Topdressing was timed to follow a mechanical harvest of the HD plots. Since there was only one mechanical harvest in the two 1995 studies, topdress N treatments did not affect yields from mechanical harvest in that year. Nitrogen treatments had few effects on fruit yield per hectare of HD okra, even when stem N concentrations equaled or exceeded those of control plants. The highest N rate tended to delay fruit production. Increasing N rates did not affect the marketable fruit yield obtained by mechanical harvest of HD plants expressed as a percentage of the total cumulative marketable fruit yield from control plants. Physiological factors appear to be limiting the potential for densely planted okra in a destructive mechanical harvest system rather than horticultural factors such as N nutrition.

Screening the Cucumber Germplasm Collection for Fruit Yield and Quality

ABSTRACTYield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in the United States has not been significantly increased during the last two decades. Our objective was to evaluate the USDA cucumber germplasm collection for fruit yield and quality. All cucumber plant introduction accessions from the USDA National Plant Germplasm System collection plus check cultivars and breeding lines (hereafter collectively referred to as cultigens) were evaluated for early, total, and marketable yield (number and weight), fruit quality rating, and days to harvest in small plots harvested once. All plants were treated with ethephon (2‐chloroethyl phosphonic acid) to make them gynoecious. Highly significant differences were observed among cultigens for all traits evaluated in the study. Pickling type cultigens with the highest yield (fruit weight) were PI 209065, PI 326598, PI 137848, PI 285610, and PI 264666. Slicing type cultigens with the highest yield were PI 234517, PI 118279, PI 304085, and PI 512614. Beit Alpha type cultigens with the highest yield were PI 167050, PI 163213, PI 532519, PI 211978, PI 357864, PI 183231, and PI 211117. Trellis type cultigens with the highest yield were PI 264228, PI 478366, PI 390262, PI 532524, PI 390267, and PI 532520. The USDA collection also exhibited a wide range in diversity for marketable fruit number, fruit weight, percentage of culled fruit at harvest, fruit quality, and days to harvest. High yielding cultigens identified in the study could be used to develop high yielding cultivars.

Design and Testing of a Global Positioning System‐Based Radiometer for Precision Mapping of Pearl Millet Total Dry Matter in the Sahel

The nondestructive determination of plant total dry matter (TDM) in the field is greatly preferable to the harvest of entire plots in areas such as the Sahel where small differences in soil properties may cause large differences in crop growth within short distances. Existing equipment to nondestructively determine TDM is either expensive or unreliable. Therefore, two radiometers for measuring reflected red and near‐infrared light were designed, mounted on a single wheeled hand cart and attached to a differential Global Positioning System (GPS) to measure georeferenced variations in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in pearl millet fields [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]. The NDVI measurements were then used to determine the distribution of crop TDM. The two versions of the radiometer could (i) send single NDVI measurements to the GPS data logger at distance intervals of 0.03 to 8.53 m set by the user, and (ii) collect NDVI values averaged across 0.5, 1, or 2 m. The average correlation between TDM of pearl millet plants in planting hills and their NDVI values was high but varied slightly depending on solar irradiance when the instrument was calibrated. There also was a good correlation between NDVI, fractional vegetation cover derived from aerial photographs and millet TDM at harvest. Both versions of the rugged instrument appear to provide a rapid and reliable way of mapping plant growth at the field scale with a high spatial resolution and should therefore be widely tested with different crops and soil types.

Trompe L'Oeil

Trompe L'Oeil

Impact of Row Spacing and Herbicide Rate and Application Method on Weed Control and Harvest Efficiency of Lima Bean

Field studies were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate labeled (1×) or reduced (0.5×) rates of metolachlor plus imazethapyr preemergence either broadcast or band applications to lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) planted in 30-inch (76-cm) or 15-inch (38-cm) rows for weed control, yield, harvestability, and harvest recovery. Lima bean was planted in large plots simulating a commercial production system. All 30-inch rows were cultivated once 40 days after planting in 1997 and 21 days after planting in 1998. No differences were noted in weed densities between treatments both years. Marketable lima bean yield was greater from plots thatwere spaced 15 inches apart in 1997 only. However, total hand-harvested yield in both years, machine-harvested yield in 1998, and marketable yield in 1998 were not different between treatments. Measurements on harvest recovery revealed that a greater number of unstripped pods were left on plants after harvest in 15-inch row plots that were sprayed broadcast with 1× herbicide rate in 1997 only. Weight of beans lost per unit area and trash weight from 7-oz (200-g) bean sample was similar among treatments both years. Overall, weed control, yield, and harvest efficacy of lima bean was not impacted by row spacing, herbicide rate, or method of herbicide application in a commercial production system.

Evaluation of Foliar Treatments for Potato Leafhopper on Alfalfa, 1996

Abstract A study to evaluate the efficacy of 5 foliar insecticide treatments to control PLH was conducted on second cutting alfalfa at the OARDC Western Branch Station near South Charleston, OH. Plots were 30 X 50 ft with four replications in a RCBD. Treatments were applied 21 Jun with a custom built sprayer having a boom length of 15 ft and flat spray tip nozzles (TeeJet 8003VS) mounted at 15 inch intervals. The system was calibrated to deliver 25 gpa at 35 psi at a tractor speed of 3 mph. Abundance of PLH adults and nymphs was estimated prior to treatment and 7, 14 and 21 DAT by taking 10 pendulum sweeps per plot. Alfalfa stem length was recorded prior to treatment and at 21 DAT to determine stem growth per treatment. Dry weight yield was determined from harvest of two 3.5 ft X 50 ft swaths taken with a custom built plot harvester with a flail cutter.

Two-stage plot harvesting system for potatoes

A harvesting system based on two-stage harvesting was developed for harvesting plots of potatoes. Potatoes were dug with a single row digger and laid on the ground. After the selectors inspected the potatoes, they were harvested by the prototype harvester and placed into boxes for transporting to storage. The two point hitch semi-mounted harvester was light weight and readily maneuverable. A unique foam roller assisted the flow of potatoes onto the harvester. No mixing of potatoes between plots was observed.

Edge row effects on yields in an oat trial

Yield responses of oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes to the presence of pathways between plots were examined in an irrigated field trial. Four replicates of 15 genotypes were sown in plots 18 m long, with 11 rows of plants. Yields were measured from the centre and both edge rows of each plot. Most genotypes yielded better in the edge rows than the centre row, but the extra yield gained from edge rows varied. Therefore, including edge rows into whole plot harvest when measuring the yield of cereal may bias genotype comparisons. The reliability of trial results could be improved by sowing wider plots and only harvesting the central section of each plot. Because differences in exposure to light seem to be a major factor in producing edge effects, orientating plots north-south would also be an advantage.

Evaluation of Soil Insecticides on Continuous Corn in Ohio, 1995

Abstract Soil insecticides were evaluated for stand protection and rootworm control at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston. The test included 19 treatments compared to an untreated check treatment on reduced tillage plots that were 18.2 m (60 ft) in length and 2 rows wide for granular treatments and 4 rows wide for liquid treatments. Row spacing was 76.2 cm (30 inches). A RCBD was applied with 4 replicates. Planting time granular applications were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel or in-furrow using a 2 row John Deere 7000 planter equipped with Noble granular applicators. Post-emergence applications of liquid formulations were applied as a banded or broadcasted treatment with a boom sprayer equipped with flat spray nozzles and calibrated to deliver desired dosages at 3 mph. Granular treatments were applied 22 May at planting, and post-emergence treatments were applied 5 Jun to coincide with rootworm hatch. Treatments were evaluated 14 Jun for stand loss with counts of the total and injured plants per 15.1 m (50 ft) of row when corn was predominantly at the 4th or 5th leaf stage. Root ratings were conducted 5 Jul on 5 plants per plot using the Iowa 1-6 scale. Grain yields were determined by machine harvest of total plots on 12 Oct.

Effect of Boron and Calcium on Lowbush Blueberry Fruit Set, Fruit Characteristics, and Yield

Foliar sprays of B (400 ppm), Ca (4000 ppm), B (400 ppm) + Ca (4000 ppm), or water (control) were applied in Sept. 1993 to treatment plots of 12 lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) clones having low leaf B concentrations (<20 ppm). Boron concentration was raised in stem and bud tissue 3 months after application, but Ca concentration was unaffected. Twenty randomly selected stems with four flower buds were tagged in each treatment plot in Apr. 1994 to determine treatment effects on fruit set and fruit characteristics. Blossoms on tagged stems were counted in late May and a count of initial fruit was taken in early July. Initial fruit set was reduced slightly by the Ca treatment, which also resulted in a lower number of flowers per bud. Tagged stems were cut before plot harvest and stored at –15C for final fruit set and fruit characteristic measurements (fruit number, diameter, weight, and firmness, and seed number and size). Treated plots were harvested and weighed in August. Boron and Ca treatments did not increase yields averaged across all clones, but some clones showed a positive response. Yield of Ca-treated plots was significantly lower than the plots without Ca treatment. Effect of treatments on final fruit set and fruit characteristics will be presented.

An Automated Plot Harvest System for Use with a Commercial Forage Harvester

AbstractThis automated harvest system is based on minimal modification of currently available commercial forage harvesters. Using 6.8 m plots separated by 0.75 m alleys, a single operator can harvest, finely chop, and collect wet plot weights of forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] or pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] in <1 min per plot. Harvested material is deposited in a pile in the center of each plot. Subsamples for moisture and quality analysis can easily and safely be obmined from the pile.

Evaluation of Soil Insecticides on Continuous Corn in Ohio, 1994

Abstract Soil insecticides were evaluated for stand protection and rootworm control in 2 tests conducted at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston. Each test included 14 treatments compared to an untreated check treatment on reduced tillage plots that were 140 ft in length and 2 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. A RCBD was applied to both tests with 8 replicates in Test 1 and 4 replicates in Test 2. Plots represented in 4 replications of Test 1 and all replications of Test 2 were preceded by a trap crop of late planted corn. The remaining 4 replications of Test 1 were preceded by 1st year corn that was adjacent to continuous corn. Planting time granular treatments were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel or in-furrow using a 2 row John Deere 7000 planter equipped with either Noble granular applicators or computer controlled Smartbox granular applicators. Planting time or post emergence applications of liquid formulations were applied as banded or broadcasted treatments with a boom sprayer equipped with flat spray nozzles and calibrated to deliver desired dosages at 3 mph. All treatments of Test 1 were applied 28 Apr at planting. In Test 2, granular treatments were applied 11 May at planting and post-emergence liquid treatments were applied 3 Jun. Planting and application of the liquid Fipronyl WG treatment was delayed to 18 May due to weather conditions. Treatments were evaluated 7 Jun for stand loss with stand counts of total and injured plants (predominantly cutworm injury) per 100 row feet when corn was predominantly at 5th or 6th leaf stage. Root ratings were conducted 6 Jul on 5 plants per replicate. Lodging was evaluated 19 and 21 Jul by examining 100 plants per replicate. Grain yields were determined by machine harvest of total plots during mid Oct.