Hare Research Articles

The world of hare Krishna

The world of hare Krishna

Status of Two Endangered Fishes, Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes and Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis, from Two Springs in Ash Meadows, Nevada

The largest remaining populations of the endangered Ash Meadows speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis, and two of the largest remaining populations of the endangered Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish, Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes, occur in Jack Rabbit and Big Springs. Although both springs contain large populations of C. n. mionectes and small, but apparently viable, populations of R. o. nevadensis, they also contain large populations of exotic fishes, crayfish and bullfrogs. Natural barriers exclude exotic fishes from the spring pool and part of the outflow of Jack Rabbit Spring. Below the barriers, sailfin mollies, Poecilia latipinna, predominate, with mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, occurring in relatively small numbers. Both native fishes and the exotics, P. latipinna and G. affinis, occur throughout the Big Spring system. In Big Spring, the large, relatively still-water habitats present in the spring pool and wider outflow channel allow G. affinis to predominate. The rarity of R. o. nevadensis appears attributable to the abundance of exotic species. Notes on life history, population sizes and management of the endangered fishes are also provided. Ash Meadows is an approximately 16,200 ha oasis surrounded by the Amargosa Desert in southwestern Nevada. More than 20 springs and innumerable seeps within Ash Meadows provide a myriad of aquatic habitats in the midst of this otherwise arid region. Endemism of aquatic organisms is high, particularly among the molluscan and fish faunas. A species flock of snails, most of which are undescribed, is restricted to various springs in Ash Meadows (D. W. Taylor, pers. comm.). All five of the native fishes are endemic. Unfortunately, physical and biological alteration of the habitats has been pervasive. Numerous exotic species, such as mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, sailfin mollies, Poecilia latipinna, bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, and crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, have become established in the larger springs (Deacon and Williams, 1984; Hardy, 1980). Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, were introduced into Crystal Pool, the largest spring in Ash Meadows, but have subsequently disappeared. During the early 1960's, an illegal tropical fish farm resulted in the temporary introduction of such exotic predators as the arawana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (Soltz and Naiman, 1978). Physical habitat alteration has included draining of marshes, removal of extensive mesquite (Prosopis pubescens, P. glandulosa) and ash (Fraxinus velutina var. coriacea) thickets, leveling of the land surface and excessive groundwater pumping for agriculture, channelization of spring outflows, and concrete lining of certain spring pools. The impact of these changes on the five native fishes has been severe. Historically, the Ash Meadows poolfish, Empetrichthys merriami, inhabited the larger, lower-elevation springs in the valley (Miller, 1948). The species was last collected in 1942 and is now considered extinct (Miller, 1961). The

Severe Weather Related Mortality of Black-Tailed Jack Rabbits

Causes et importance de la mortalite des Lepus californicus associee aux severes conditions meteorologiques de 1982, dans le nord de l'Utah

A Spotlight, Line-Transect Method for Surveying Jack Rabbits

Etude menee dans la plaine de la Snake River, Idaho et donnant de bons resultats pour l'estimation de la densite de population

Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna

Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna

A method for counting hares by spotlight

A method for counting hares by spotlight

Ronald Hare E. Mary Cooke Bacteriology and Immunity for Nurses Sixth EditionLondon, Churchill Livingstone, 1984, 232 pages

Ronald Hare E. Mary Cooke Bacteriology and Immunity for Nurses Sixth EditionLondon, Churchill Livingstone, 1984, 232 pages

In Conversation with Edward Hare: Part II

In Conversation with Edward Hare: Part II

In Conversation with Edward Hare: Part II

In Conversation with Edward Hare: Part II

In Conversation with Edward Hare: Part I

In Conversation with Edward Hare: Part I

Rosalind, the Hare, and the Hyena In Shakespeare's "As You Like It"

Rosalind, the Hare, and the Hyena In Shakespeare's "As You Like It"

Paul Hare's case for decentralized economic planning

Paul Hare's case for decentralized economic planning

Decentralised planning in Britain: Comment

One of the difficulties with discussing planning in capitalist economies is the definition of terms. All governments have macroeconmic policies and plans for public expenditure. The Differentia specifica of ‘economic planning’ (as I understand it) is that it combines a more coherent approach to the two aspects above with specific interventions aimed at achieving an overall general strategy. Hare's article offer an institutional framework for achieving this end. I have doubts about the feasibility of some of his proposals (especially those concerned with participation). I also believe that a lot more thought has to be devoted to the principles which will guide the planning agencies, and their scale of operation. On the latter question I favour a modest beginning which avoids raising false hopes and expectations. Only thus can the planning system survive its first difficult years. This does not rule out a bold macroeconomic policy, but that is another story.

The hare and the tortoise: An apocryphal closer look at the famous race with a discussion of running rates and orders

The hare and the tortoise: An apocryphal closer look at the famous race with a discussion of running rates and orders

Selectivity and Effectiveness of Pan Tension Devices for Coyote Foothold Traps

Data were collected on the numbers of coyotes (Canis latrans) and nontarget animals that stepped on standard traps and traps equipped with shear-pin, curved leaf spring, or steel tape tension devices and were captured or excluded. The modified 3N-M Victor steel foothold traps were about three times more effective than standard traps for excluding kit (Vulpes macrotis) and swift (V. velox) foxes, gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and jack rabbits (Lepus californicus). Coyote capture rates in initial field tests were lower for modified traps than standard traps when set in wet clay or alkali soils. Shear-pin and leaf spring devices were then modified and zinc-plated to reduce rusting caused by moisture and to improve trap performance. Exclusion rates (percentage of animals that stepped on pans and were excluded) in subsequent field tests for all designated nontarget animals for the wet soil test were 92, 100, 95, and 6 for shear-pin, leaf spring, steel tape, and standard traps, respectively. Coyote capture rates with the improved devices in wet areas with clay or alkali soils were 87, 92, 84, and 98% for shear-pin, leaf spring, steel tape, and standard traps, respectively. The improved devices functioned adequately for use in coyote trapping activities. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 48(3):700-708 Steel foothold traps are used for harvesting furbearers and for removing coyotes and other predators from livestock depredation areas. Private fur trappers usually attempt to capture smaller furbearers as well as coyotes, but U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Animal Damage Control Program (ADC) efforts are hampered when traps set for coyotes are sprung by other animals. Because traps are an important tool in the ADC program, efforts were initiated at the Denver Wildlife Research Center (DWRC) to make trapping for depredatory coyotes more efficient and selective (Linhart et al. 1980). Trap selectivity and efficacy are major issues raised by proponents of restricting or prohibiting use of steel traps (Dixon 1930, Atkison 1956, Gipson 1975, Singer 1975, Nichols 1976, Parsons 1977, Howard 1979, Todd 1980, Schmidt 1981). T ese issues are also of concern to the

Relationships among Mule Deer Fawn Mortality, Coyotes, and Alternate Prey Species during Summer

The extent, timing, and causes of summer mortality of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawns were studied in relation to coyote (Canis latrans) population level, alternate prey population levels, and coyote food habits. Additionally, fawn mortality rates were related to supplementary information on vegetation production and fawn hiding cover. A minimum of 90% of summer mortality of fawns was the result of predation by coyotes. Fawn mortality was lowest when microtine rodent populations were high. Mortality rate of fawns was not directly related to population levels of coyotes, deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), white-tailed jack rabbits (Lepus townsendii), or Nuttall's cottontails (Sylvilagus nuttallii). Vegetation production and winter snow cover may have been factors regulating microtine populations and thereby fawn mortality rates. Coyote predation can reduce fawn survival in nutritionally healthy deer populations, but alternate prey population levels and cycle phase should be determined by managers prior to decisions about predator control to increase deer populations. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 48(2):489-499 Mule deer populations associated with timbered breaks-badlands habitats in north-central Montana declined sharply during the early 1970's, apparently as a result of extensive overwinter mortality in 1971-72 followed by low fawn production or survival (R. J. Mackie, unpubl. rep., Mont. Dep. Fish and Game, Fed. Aid Proj. W-120-R-7, 1976). Recruitment remained low into the mid-1970's despite apparently favorable habitat conditions. A similar population decline associated with overwinter mortality during 1964-65 was followed by increased fawn production/survival and population recovery within 2 years (Fig. 1). Concomitant with the decline in deer populations, increases in coyote populations were reported in north-central Montana and elsewhere following the 1972 ban on the use of toxicants, especially compound 1080, in predator control. Although quantitative data on coyote population trends in north-central Montana were lacking, studies by C. J. Knowles (unpubl. rep., Mont. Dep. Fish and Game, Fed. Aid Proj. W-120-R-7, 1976) indicated that predation by coyotes on mule deer was occurring in breaks habitat along the Miss uri River and may have been a major factor affecting fawn recruitment. The fact that fawn: doe ratios were low in early winter further indicated that, if predation was the cause of low recruitment, it was especially important during the summer-fall periods. This study was established during the summer of 1976 to quantify the extent, timing, and causes of summer mortality among mule deer fawns; specifically, the role and importance of coyote predation in fawn recruitment to early winter. Intensive studies were conducted annually from early June through mid-September from 1976 through 1981 as one segment of broader studies on the population ecology and habitat relationships of mule deer I Send reprint requests to senior author at Box 5, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717. J. Wildl. Manage. 48(2):1984 489 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.124 on Fri, 13 Jan 2017 18:13:03 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 490 MULE DEER, COYOTES, AND ALTERNATE PREY * Hamlin et al.

Diets of Black-Tailed Jack Rabbits in Relation to Population Density and Vegetation

Diets of black-tailed jack rabbits (Lepus cutYfornicus) and composition of plant communities were compared among habitats that supported different densities of jack rabbits in sagebrush (Arlemisia tridentata)/perenniaI grass communities on the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) in southeastern Idaho. Diets were more similar than vegetation among areas, indicating that jack rabbits feed selectively; winterfat (Ceratoides hata) and perennial grasses were staple foods, comprising about 80% of the diet in all areas. Jack rabbit densities were higher in areas having higher proportions of grass cover. Similarity between diet and vegetation was positively correlated with jack rabbit density and with the amount of grass cover in the habitat. Jack rabbits selected grassdominated areas for feeding at night and then fed as generalists on the grass species present.

Cytolytic factor in eggs of the sea hare Aplysia kurodai.

A cytolytic factor partially purified from eggs of the sea hare Aplysia kurodai was examined for cytolytic activity against various target cells. All kinds of tumor cells tested were lysed in vitro by the cytolytic factor in the range of 10-100 ng protein/ml. In contrast, normal spleen cells were lysed by 10 micrograms/ml of this factor and red cells were not lysed even at this higher concentration. Tumor lysis was time-dependent and was complete within 10 hr. This factor inhibited DNA and RNA syntheses of tumor cells but not protein synthesis. The cytolytic activity was lost on heat-treatment (60 degrees) and at pH 2, and was partially inhibited by treatment with 8M urea and at pH 12, but the factor was resistant to treatments with trypsin, periodate and 2-mercaptoethanol. Neutralizing activity was observed in vivo on pretreatment of MM46 and L1210 cells with the factor. This cytolytic factor also inhibited the growth of solid-type MH134 tumor and ascitic-type MM46 tumor. These results indicate that Aplysia eggs contain a novel cytolytic factor that lyses tumor cells in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in vivo.

平安期寝殿造における「礼」および「晴」について

平安期寝殿造における「礼」および「晴」について

Microencapsulated Lithium Chloride Bait Aversion Did Not Stop Coyote Predation on Sheep

Experiments were conducted with microencapsulated lithium chloride to find a concentration that would produce optimum sheep-bait aversion and to test the transfer of the bait aversion to sheep-killing aversion in naive (no sheep-killing experience) and sheep-killing coyotes (Canis latrans). Lithium chloride at 1.08 g/500 g of sheep flesh, fed to coyotes at a rate of 500 g of treated flesh/10 kg of coyote body weight, produced the strongest bait aversion of the 4 concentrations tested. However, after showing strong aversion to baits fed at the above concentration, most coyotes (both naive and experienced) killed and fed on lambs, showing no transfer from bait aversion to predation aversion. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 47(4):1010-1017 Conditioned taste aversion has been promoted as a method to prevent coyotes from killing sheep. The method entails treating mutton baits with a strong emetic, lithium chloride (LiC1), and placing the baits on sheep range. Presumably, coyotes find and eat the baits, become ill, and subsequently avoid sheep because they have learned to associate mutton flavor and sheep with sickness. The application of LiCl-conditioned taste aversion to reduce coyote predation on sheep originated with Gustavson et al. (1974). Subsequently, Gustavson et al. (1976, 1982), Ellins et al. (1977), and Ellins and Catalano (1980) reported that LiCl baiting appeared to be effective. However, other investigators obtained negative results. Griffiths et al. (1978) reviewed prior work on the subject and concluded that no valid judgment could be made about the effectiveness of LiCl for controlling coyote predation on sheep. Recent field studies and experiments (Burns 1980, Burns and Connolly 1980, Bourne and Dorrance 1982) indicated that conditioning with LiCl baits did not stop coyotes from killing prey. Bourne and Dorrance (1982) reported that LiCl baits, and probably bait aversion, did not measurably reduce coyote predation of lambs on farms with LiCl baits compared to farms with placebo baits (no LiC1). Burns (1980) demonstrated that, with high LiCl doses, the salt flavor of LiCl interfered with the ability of coyotes to form aversi ns to baits and prey killing, a finding supported by Conover (1982). Later, Burns and Connolly (1980) produced a blacktailed jack rabbit (Lepus californicus) bait aversion with a lower dose of LiCl that reduced salt-taste interference. After showing bait aversion, however, coyotes continued to kill and eat jack rabbits. Coyotes easily discriminated between baits and live prey and after killing, fed, probably because they detected no LiCl flavor and odor Ellins and Martin (1981) reported that coyotes could use LiCl odor to discriminate between treated and untreated