Hard Red Spring Wheat Varieties Research Articles

Impact of starter culture on biochemical properties of sourdough bread related to composition and macronutrient digestibility

Due to the desire for nutritionally dense foods, there is interest in whole grain and sourdough bread products. This research study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different starter cultures and stone mill settings on the nutritional attributes of sourdough bread. Using a stone mill, a blend of three hard red spring wheat varieties was ground into whole-grain flour. Three different gap settings and two different rotation speed values were used to produce flour samples with six different treatments, and those six flour samples were used to make sourdough bread with two different starter cultures. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in dietary fiber content, arabinoxylan content, total starch content, and protein digestibility between sourdough bread made with rye and wheat starter cultures. Higher protein digestibility values were observed for most of the sourdough samples with the rye starter culture compared to the wheat starter culture. In addition, the protein digestibility showed a strong negative correlation (r = −0.85) with the coarse particles and a positive correlation (r = 0.70) with the fine particle size fraction. These results demonstrated that selected starter cultures and the raw material with the desired particle size could improve sourdough bread's nutritional attributes and potential application in the baking industry.

Effects of Metconazole + Prothioconazole, Pydiflumetofen + Propiconazole, and Variety Resistance on Fusarium Head Blight and Yield in Hard Red Spring Wheat

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe), is one of the most significant diseases of hard red spring wheat (HRSW) in North Dakota. Implementing integrated management practices such as host resistance and fungicides can be used to manage FHB and the associated mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). However, depending on the production year in North Dakota, both management tools might not be needed for FHB. The objective of this research was to evaluate fungicide premixes and varietal resistance on suppression of FHB, suppression of DON, and economic response in diverse FHB environments in dryland HRSW. Seven field experiments were conducted at dryland locations from 2019 to 2021. Two HRSW varieties, WB-Mayville (susceptible) and ND-VitPro (moderately resistant) served as the main plots, and seven fungicide treatments, including a nontreated control, served as the subplots. Based on disease levels and local weather data (relative humidity, rainfall, and temperature), field experiments were categorized into four FHB management environments (high, moderate, low, and no disease) to assess the effectiveness of management tools in field situations faced by HRSW growers. The fungicide premixture treatments of metconazole + prothioconazole and pydiflumetofen + propiconazole provided similar or better suppression of FHB and DON when compared with FHB fungicide standards. The results suggest that the use of fungicides on a moderately resistant variety provided a more favorable economic response when compared with their use on a susceptible variety in moderate and low FHB environments. The results from this study will help guide FHB management decisions in dryland HRSW.

Do Hard Red Spring Wheat Varieties Vary in Their Response to Sulfur?

Sulfur is increasingly reported as deficient in many crops in the Upper Midwest of the United States. The objectives of this study were to determine if hard red spring wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L. em thell.) varieties vary in response to S and to determine if plant tissue analysis can predict grain yield. Two studies were established in Minnesota. Study 1 compared two sources of S applied at four rates with and without in‐season S. Study 2 compared the response of six HRSW varieties to three rates of S (0, 8, and 16 kg S ha−1). Spring wheat grain yield and protein concentration were not affected by S rate, source, or timing with soil organic matter (SOM) &gt;20 g kg−1. For locations with SOM &lt;20 g kg−1, which were all sandy and irrigated, 8 kg S ha−1 maximized grain yield and protein concentration. Flag leaf S concentration varied among varieties separately from S rate applied. Wheat grain yield decreased when flag leaf S concentration was &lt;4.1 g S kg−1, and grain yield responses were likely with concentrations &lt;2.8 g S kg−1. There were negative relationships between tissue N/S concentration ratios and grain yield, but critical N/S concentration could not be determined. Application of S for HRSW should be targeted to soils with SOM &lt;20 g kg−1 (0–15 cm). Sulfur rates sufficient to increase yield will result in an optimal protein concentration, and guidelines should not be varied based on the variety grown.Core Ideas Application of 8 kg S ha−1 increases hard red spring wheat yield on sandy soils. Flag leaf tissue S concentration will vary based on hard red spring wheat varieties. Variety variation in flag leaf total S concentration cannot predict variety sulfur requirements. Sulfur application rates should not be changed based on hard red spring wheat variety. Tissue total S concentration is a better predictor of grain yield than the N/S concentration ratio.

Agronomic Traits in Durum Wheat Germplasm Possessing Puroindoline Genes

Core Ideas Durum wheat is an underutilized crop due to it hard kernel texture; soft kernel durum removes this limitation. Initial soft kernel durum lines show favorable agronomic performance, including grain yield and pest resistance. Soft durum lines show strong potential for future growth in the Pacific Northwest. ABSTRACTDurum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) represents only 5% of global wheat production. Durum production is limited by its very hard kernel texture, which requires specialized milling and limits end‐product utilization. However, soft kernel durum wheat was recently developed to remove these constraints, but it has not until now been examined for its agronomic potential and pest resistance, which were the focus of this study. The soft durum lines were compared with two commercial hard red spring wheat varieties, Buck Pronto and Alum. Soft durum lines were relatively competitive for grain yield (i.e., &gt;90%) with Buck Pronto at 16 of 34 locations. Increasing seeding rate did not increase grain yield of soft durum. The soft durum lines showed no tolerance of acid soils/Al, but exhibited moderate‐to‐strong resistance to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici). Good resistance to stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) and near complete resistance to dwarf bunt (caused by Tilletia controversa) were observed. Resistance to Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) was observed in some of the plants, with three of the durum lines showing a larger proportion of resistant plants. Varying levels of resistance to cereal cyst nematode (Heteroderma filipjevi) were recorded, with some lines highly resistant. These studies show that there is good agronomic potential in the current soft durum lines for moderate yield and good pest resistance. Further breeding efforts and germplasm introgression will likely improve the competitiveness of soft durum wheat with currently grown hard red spring wheat.

Wheat preharvest herbicide application, whole‐grain flour properties, yeast activity and the degradation of glyphosate in bread

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of wheat preharvest application of a glyphosate‐based herbicide (Roundup WeatherMax® with Transorb® 2 Technology) on whole‐grain flour composition and properties, including yeast activity. The effect of dough fermentation on the degradation of herbicide residues was also estimated. Grain samples from two hard red spring wheat varieties exceeded the maximum residue limits (5 mg kg−1) in Canada. Glyphosate had minor effects on wheat kernels composition and properties, including fructans content and yeast gassing power. No degradation of Roundup® or pure glyphosate was seen after dough fermentation for up to 4 h and baking. These results call for more scientific studies on glyphosate residues in wheat.

Genetic analysis of kernel texture (grain hardness) in a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) bi-parental population

Kernel texture (grain hardness) is a key trait that influences the milling and baking quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Herein, hard red spring wheat varieties Butte86 and ND2603, possessing the Pina-D1b and Pinb-D1b alleles, respectively, were used as parents in the development of 132 recombinant inbred lines (RIL). The RIL population and its parents were phenotyped for single kernel characterization system (SKCS) and NIR kernel texture, grain protein content, test weight, SKCS weight, and SKCS diameter, and genotyped using next-generation genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology, SSR markers and allele-specific sequence tagged site markers. Linkage maps for the entire RIL population and for two subsets of RILs, grouped on the basis of the Puroindoline-D1 alleles, were developed using a total of 695 markers. Multiple QTL mapping identified 10 QTLs for SKCS and NIR kernel texture with significant loci on 1AS, 1BS, 1BL, 5AL, 5BL, 6BL and 7BS. Of these, the 1BS QTL was associated with the Glu-B3 amplicon 691, and one of the 1BL QTL with Glu-B1. All QTL conferred an additive effect of ∼3–8 hardness units, a difference in kernel texture similar to or greater than the difference between the Pina-D1b and Pinb-D1b hardness mutations.

Repeatability of Mice Consumption Discrimination of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties across Field Experiments and Mouse Cohorts.

Whole grain wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) foods can provide critical nutrients for health and nutrition in the human diet. Potential flavor differences among varieties can be examined using consumption discrimination of the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) as a model system. This study examines consistency and repeatability of the mouse model and potentially, wheat grain flavor. A single elimination tournament design was used to measure relative consumption preference for hard red spring and hard white spring varieties across all 3 experiments in combination with 2 mouse cohorts. Fifteen replicate mice were used in 24-h trials to examine differences in preference among paired wheat varieties until an overall "winner" was established as the most highly preferred variety of wheat. In all 3 experiment-cohort combinations, the same varieties were preferred as the "winner" of both the hard red spring and hard white spring wheat varieties, Hollis and BR 7030, respectively. Despite the consistent preference for these varieties across experiments, the degree (magnitude) to which the mice preferred these varieties varied across experiments. For the hard white spring wheat varieties, the small number of varieties and confounding effects of experiment and cohort limited our ability to accurately gauge repeatability. Conversely, for the hard red spring wheat varieties, consumption preferences were consistent across experiments and mice cohorts. The single-elimination tournament model was effective in providing repeatable results in an effort to more fully understand the mouse model system and possible flavor differences among wheat varieties. The mouse model system used here is effective in identifying wheat varieties that may be more or less desirable to humans in whole wheat foods. The system identifies consistent differences across different mouse cohorts and crop years.

Performance and stability of performance of spring wheat variety mixtures in organic and conventional management systems in western Canada

SUMMARYWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety mixtures represent a relatively unexplored avenue for maintaining and stabilizing yield for both organic and conventional producers. The present study examined the responses of three Canadian western red spring wheat varieties in sole crop and in variety mixtures to varying levels of simulated and natural competition, as well as environmental stress at one conventionally and two organically managed locations in central Alberta, Canada, between 2003 and 2005. Three modern hard red spring wheat varieties (Superb, semi-dwarf; AC Intrepid, early maturing and 5600HR, tall), along with 13 two- and three-way variety mixtures, were planted under two levels of simulated weed (Brassica juncea L.) competition at each of the eight location-years. The B. juncea weed competition treatment decreased yields at all locations. Overall yield was lowest at the certified organic farm and highest under conventional management. Sole-crop semi-dwarf Superb and all three Superb–Intrepid mixture entries consistently yielded among the highest, regardless of management system, testing location or competition treatment. The 1:1 and 1:2 Superb–Intrepid mixture entries were the most stable of all entries tested. Early season vigour was strongly associated with yield, with the strongest correlation occurring under low-moisture, low-nutrient, high-competition conditions at the certified organic farm. Spring wheat variety mixtures may provide greater stability with little or no reduction in yield, while providing greater competitive ability.

Producer participatory spring wheat variety evaluation for organic systems in Minnesota and North Dakota

AbstractOrganic producers in Minnesota and North Dakota, USA, indicated that they wanted to participate in hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL. emend. Thell) variety evaluations. The objectives were to determine if a farmer–researcher developed scoring system could be used to rank wheat varieties for yield potential when grown in certified organic fields, identify views of organic producers about on-farm research, and identify the educational impact of the participatory variety evaluation process. Hard red spring wheat varieties were compared for grain yield at six locations on certified organic farms in Minnesota and North Dakota over a three-year period. A scoring system was developed and then used to identify the relative rank of adapted varieties for yield. Producers were asked to rank all varieties on a scale from 1 to 9, where 1 is lowest yield potential and 9 is highest yield potential. Producers were able to distinguish higher producing varieties as a group in 2003 and 2004. ‘Oklee’ a high yielding variety was ranked lowest in 2005. There was a significant linear relationship between producer ranking and yield (P&amp;lt;0.05) even though producers could not pick the highest yielding varieties consistently in the field. The producer survey showed that grain yield, protein content, wheat scab resistance, leaf disease resistance, early seedling vigor, test weight and canopy closure were traits producers valued most in a variety. Heading date, impact on succeeding crops, straw and stubble production were ranked lower. Multi-year variety evaluation on certified organic land was highly valued by the producers surveyed. From an educational perspective, the exercise was successful in that producers had to observe individual varieties carefully in order to come to a consensus producer ranking. The model of participatory research can be used for a variety of field research projects and field days.

Variable crop plant establishment contributes to differences in competitiveness with wild oat among cereal varieties

Field experiments were conducted at three locations in Alberta to determine the relative competitiveness with wild oat (Avena fatua L.) of three hard red spring (HRS) and three Canada prairie spring (CPS) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties and a semidwarf hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (Falcon), and normal height general purpose barley (AC Lacombe). Crop variety significantly affected crop yield loss, wild oat shoot dry weight and wild oat seed yield (competitive indicators). AC Lacombe barley was consistently more competitive than Falcon barley or any of the wheat varieties, while the HRS wheat varieties were mainly more competitive than the CPS varieties. Falcon barley was generally similar in competitiveness to the CPS wheat varieties. Differences among varieties in crop plant density at establishment correlated significantly with the competitive indicators suggesting that this factor contributed to the differences in competitiveness among the varieties. Crop density tended to be higher with the more competitive AC Lacombe barley and HRS wheat varieties than with the less competitive Falcon barley and CPS wheat varieties. Variety and seeding rate did not interact significantly but intentionally increasing the seeding rate improved the competitiveness of all varieties. Key words: Hard red spring wheat, Canada prairie spring wheat, crop seeding rate, hull-less barley, semi-dwarf wheat and barley

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF FIELD WHEAT VARIETAL PERFORMANCE TRIALS

The purpose of this research was to formulate statistical models and assumptions to apply to the problem of comparing wheat varieties for yielding ability among locations within seasons and over seasons. The methodology could just as well be applied to field testing of other crops for yield or other characteristics of interest (test weight, protein level, etc.) The methodology approaches the problem of comparing varieties by comparing how well each "measures up" when matched against some common checks. For each variety, the basic data are differences in yield between the variety and the average yield of the checks at different testing locations within a season and over seasons. The differences are assumed to be "nature-randomized" sample values from a population of differences created by different environments within seasons and over seasons. The methodology is illustrated by application to hard red spring wheat varieties in the U. S. N orthem Plains. Results showing varieties in descending order by differential yielding ability, together with standard errors and probabilities when testing null hypotheses, provide a consolidated summary of elite varieties in testing programs.

Irrigated Spring Wheat Response to Topdressed Nitrogen as Predicted by Flag Leaf Nitrogen Concentration

Topdressed N is frequently applied to irrigated hard red spring (HRS) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in an effort to increase grain protein content (GPC). However, the actual need for supplemental N could be better defined if the probability of a response was referenced to some measure of plant N status. This study was conducted to determine whether flag leaf N (FLN) concentration at heading could be used to estimate the potential for increasing GPC with topdressed N. Field studies were conducted in 1989, 1990, and 1991 on a Declo silt loam (coarse loamy, mixed, mesic Xerollic Calciorthid). Two HRS wheat varieties (Copper and Pondera) received preplant applications of either 0, 60, 120, or 180 lb N/acre to produce a range of FLN concentrations at heading. Plants at each N level were top-dressed with either 0, 20, or 40 lb N/acre 1 to 2 d after heading. Topdressed N had relatively little effect on grain yield or test weight. Flag leaf N concentrations and GPC were both increased by preplant and topdressed N applications, however. Grain protein contents of both varieties were positively correlated with N concentrations of flag leaves sampled prior to N top-dressing. Grain protein content of low N plants (3.0 to 3.6% N) was increased by 1.0 to 1.5% with 20 lb N/acre topdress applications and 2.0 to 2.5% with 40 lb N/acre applications. Increases in GPC resulting from N topdressing decreased linearly as FLN at heading increased. Plants with FLN concentrations above 4.2% did not benefit from topdressed N. Results of this study provide preliminary evidence that FLN concentration can provide a good indication of the likelihood of a response to topdressed N. Research Question Irrigated hard red spring wheat growers are encouraged to split N applications during the growing season to increase grain protein content (GPC) and N-use efficiency. Split N applications could be managed more effectively if there was a predictive tool available to correlate plant N status with the potential for a GPC response to N topdressing. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate flag leaf N (FLN) concentration as a more precise predictor of GPC response to N topdressing. Literature Summary Studies conducted with irrigated and nonirrigated wheat production systems have shown that wheat GPC can be influenced by late split N applications. Responses are especially effective when application is made between heading and flowering. The response becomes limited, however, if plant N status is high. Pacific Northwest wheat growers frequently apply late-season N fertilizer in hopes of obtaining a GPC response. Few studies have been completed which provide growers with information to predict a response to these late N fertilizer applications. Study Description Two irrigated hard red spring wheat cultivars were planted in combination with four preplant and three topdressed-N fertilizer rates in each of 3 yr at Aberdeen, ID. Wheat varieties: Copper and Pondera, 110 lb/acre in 7 in. row Soil: Declo silt loam Fertility: Idaho Soil Test Irrigation: Sprinkler irrigation Weed control: Bromoxynil and MCPA Treatments: N was applied preplant at either 0, 60, 120, or 180 lb N/acre Topdressed N rates of 0, 20, or 40 lb N/acre were applied at heading N fertilizer: Ammonium nitrate (34-0-0) Flag leaf N sampling: Heading (Zadoks 59) and early milk (Zadoks 73) Sample size: 25 flag leaves/plot Applied Question Is FLN concentration at heading a good predictor of GPC response to topdressed N in irrigated hard red spring wheat? When hard red spring wheat plants were topdressed with N at heading, there usually was an increase in GPC. This increase was closely related to FLN concentration at heading. Nitrogen topdressing increased GPC of low N plants (3.0 to 3.6% N) by 1.0 to 2.5%. As FLN at heading increased, the GPC response to topdressed N became progressively smaller. Plants with FLN concentrations above 4.2% generally did not respond to topdressed N. Heading is an appropriate sampling time since topdressed N is often applied during flowering. The relationships between FLN and GPC may differ between locations, soil moisture conditions, and other environmental factors. Therefore, local calibration of FLN relationships with yield and GPC probably will be required for specific production areas. Recommendations We recommend that growers who have a desire to increase GPC with late season N applications use FLN concentrations at heading as an appropriate predictor for response.

Timing Split Applications of Nitrogen for Irrigated Hard Red Spring Wheat

Split N applications offer the potential for improving yield and quality of irrigated spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) while minimizing NO 3 − leaching losses. Field studies were conducted in 1985 and 1986 to evaluate the effects of N rate and timing on grain yield, test weight, and protein content of four hard red spring wheat varieties. The soil type was a Declo silt loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Xerollic Calciorthid). In both years, two N levels (60 and 120 Ib N/acre) were applied preplant, or as various combinations of preplant and topdressed N. Topdress applications of 30 Ib N/acre were made at either stem elongation (Feekes stage 7), anthesis (Feekes stage 10.5), or at both stem elongation and anthesis (...)

INHERITANCE OF PROTEIN CONTENT AND SEDIMENTATION VALUE IN DIALLEL CROSSES OF SPRING WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM)

The inheritance of flour protein content and sedimentation value was investigated in diallel crosses among four hard red spring wheat varieties. Variances for the space-planted parental and F2populations were relatively high. Broad sense heritability values for each trait averaged 55% in the six crosses. Use of purified lines as parents in a 3-selection diallel did not alter the heritability of protein content but the estimates for sedimentation value were substantially improved.Phenotypic correlations in the F2populations indicated the two quality traits had no consistent relationship, positive or negative depending on the cross. The negative association of protein content with grain yield was significant in nearly all crosses.The diallel cross analysis showed that each quality factor was controlled primarily by intragenic allele systems. Sedimentation value showed partial dominance, with dominant genes contributing to high measurement. Over-dominance in slight magnitude was indicated for protein content, with both dominant and recessive genes contributing to the high expression of this character.

Amino Acid Composition of Wheat Varieties and Flours Varying Widely in Bread‐Making Potentialities

SUMMARYEight composites of hard red winter wheat varieties and 5 hard red spring wheat varieties from several locations, and single samples of soft red winter, durum, and club (white) wheat were milled to flour on a semi‐commercial mill, and their chemical composition, rheological properties, and bread‐making potentialities were evaluated. Protein determined by the Kjeldahl procedure was highly correlated with protein estimates by the acid‐orange‐12 binding method. The histidine, arginine, threonine, glycine, and methionine concentrations in protein were negatively correlated, and the glutamic acid and proline concentrations were positively correlated, with the total protein contents of the wheats. The contents of almost all the amino acids increased as the protein of the wheat and flour samples increased. Only cystine and methionine in the wheat, and lysine, cystine, and methionine in the flour failed to follow this pattern. Milling wheat to flour lowered (in decreasing order) concentrations of lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, histidine, threonine, and valine. The concentrations of glutamic acid, proline, and phenylalanine were higher in flour than in wheat. The concentrations in protein of basic amino acids, glutamic acid, and threonine were significantly correlated with certain rheological properties or bread‐making potentialities of the flours. Proteins of hard red spring wheats contained less lysine, arginine, and methionine, and more cystine, than hard red winter wheats.

Effects of Dates and Rates of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Quality and Field Performance of Five Hard Red Spring Wheat Varieties1

SynopsisFlour protein percentages were nearly the same from wheat receiving applications of nitrogen fertilizer at sowing time and in the flowering stage, but valorimeter values were significantly lower from applications made in the flowering stage. Rates of nitrogen fertilizer produced significant differences in flour protein, flour yield, absorption, valorimeter, and loaf volume.

KERNEL TEXTURE AS AN INDICATOR OF QUALITY IN HARD RED SPRING WHEATS

The gray wooded soils found at Fallis, Alberta, provided a satisfactory means of obtaining a differentiation in kernel texture in hard red spring wheats. Correlation studies showed that the varieties behaved more or less similarly from year to year in kernel texture, protein content and loaf volume, but not in partial baking score. Kernel texture was indicated as being a better measure of partial baking score than protein content, while the latter was the better index of loaf volume. A close relation was found between the kernel texture of the varieties grown at Fallis and both the partial baking score and loaf volume of the same varieties grown at Edmonton. In the case of protein content determined on the Fallis material no such relation was obtained. The wheat-meal fermentation test was found to be of little value in differentiating between the baking quality of hard red spring wheat varieties.