Handwritten Sources Research Articles

Pengenalan Pola Tulisan Tangan Aksara Arab Menggunakan Ekstraksi Fitur Discrete Cosine Transform Dan Klasifikasi Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network

Arabic is a language that is spoken as the first or native language of more than 280 million people, most of whom live in the Middle East and North Africa. Apart from the Middle East and North Africa, Arabic is also familiar and often used in Indonesia because of the majority of Indonesia's population is Muslim and Arabic is the language of worship in Islam. The recognition of Arabic handwritten letters is one of the studies that has been done before, where the accuracy results obtained vary according to the research and methods used. This study aims to determine the accuracy resulting from the recognition of Arabic script handwriting patterns using a combination of the DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform) feature extraction method and the ANN Backpropagation classification method. The data used for this study were data from handwritten sources on A4 HVS paper using markers with categories of age from 7-13 years old and 18-23 years old with 15 respondents in each group and a total dataset image of 8400. Testing the best model model obtained on all images produces an accuracy of 80.79%, using the images of age range 17-23 years produces 87.27% accuracy, and the images of age range 7-13 produces an accuracy of 72.84%.
 Keywords: pengenalan pola, tulisan tangan, aksara, DCT, backpropagation

THE INSTRUCTION OF GIRLS IN THE SANTA TERESA ASYLUM (MARANHÃO/ 1856 - 1871)

ABSTRACT This is the trajectory of the Santa Teresa Asylum created in the Province of Maranhão in 1855, exposing its institutional purposes of sheltering, protecting, supporting and educating orphans. This paper was described the school practices inside this educational space. The text talks about the nature feminine formation directing to the domestic jobs of the aristocracy of Maranhão or take care of the home, the husband and children. It was prepared from the exploration of handwritten sources, articles published in newspapers, reports from the directors of the establishment in question and the presidents of the Province and the bibliography produced in the support and instruction of poor and helpless girls from Maranhão.

КАЗАНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ НАЧАЛА 70-х ГОДОВ XIX ВЕКА В ПИСЬМАХ КИЕВСКОГО МАГИСТРАНТА: ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ЗАЩИТЫ И.В. ЛУЧИЦКИМ МАГИСТЕРСКОЙ ДИССЕРТАЦИИ

The year 2021 marks 150 years since the great Russian and Ukrainian historian, the representative of the école russe Ivan Vasilievich Luchitsky defended his Master’s thesis at the Kazan University. This article publishes for the first time seven letters by I.V. Luchitsky preserved in his personal collection at the Institute of Manuscript of Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine. The letters presented here were written in Kazan where the young scholar arrived early in October 1871 in order to defend his thesis titled “Feudal Aristocracy and Calvinists in France” before the jury of the Imperial Kazan University. The publication of the handwritten sources is essential for several reasons: firstly, they bring to light some new facts about the historian’s biography; secondly, they give an idea of the thesis defense procedure in the post-reform Russia; thirdly, they describe the daily life of the Kazan University in the early 1870s, thus being a valuable source for historians. Besides the letters, the scholars and public figures of Kazan who were famous during that period are characterized.

Pietistische Konkurrenz und Naturgeschichte: Die Südasienmission der Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine und die Dänisch-Englisch-Hallesche Mission (1755–1802)

Pietistische Konkurrenz und Naturgeschichte: Die Südasienmission der Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine und die Dänisch-Englisch-Hallesche Mission (1755–1802)

Historical Changes in the Ecological Connectivity of the Seine River for Fish: A Focus on Physical and Chemical Barriers Since the Mid-19th Century

To understand the long-term fate of fish assemblages in the context of global change and to design efficient restoration measures in river management, it is essential to consider the historical component of these ecosystems. The human-impacted Seine River Basin is a relevant case that has experienced the extinction of diadromous fishes over the last two centuries and has recently witnessed the recolonization of some species. One key issue is to understand the historical evolution of habitat accessibility for these migratory species. Thanks to the unique availability of historical, mainly hand-written sources of multiple types (river engineering projects, navigation maps, paper-based databases on oxygen, etc.), we documented and integrated, in a geographic information system-based database, the changes to physical and chemical barriers in the Seine River from the sea to Paris for three time periods (1900s, 1970s, and 2010s). The potential impact of these changes on the runs of three migratory species that have different migratory behaviors—Atlantic salmon, allis shad, and sea lamprey—was evaluated by ecological connectivity modeling, using a least-cost approach that integrates distance, costs, and risks related to barriers. We found that accessibility was contrasted between species, emphasizing the crucial role of the migration type, period, and level of tolerance to low dissolved oxygen values. The highest disruption of ecological connectivity was visible in the 1970s, when the effects of large hypoxic areas were compounded by those of impassable navigation weirs (i.e., without fish passes). As the approach was able to reveal the relative contribution of physical and chemical barriers on overall functional connectivity, it may constitute a model work in assessing the functioning of large river ecosystems.

Nierozpoznany graduał z kościoła świętojańskiego w Toruniu – przyczynek do badań nad księgami muzycznymi diecezji chełmińskiej w średniowieczu

Artykuł referuje wstępne wyniki badań kodykologicznych, zabytkoznawczych i technologicznych przeprowadzonych przy średniowiecznej księdze muzycznej ze zbiorów Muzeum Diecezjalnego w Toruniu (nr inw. MDT-K-003) w ramach grantu 0122/NPRH6/H11/85/2018, Inwentarz Sztuki Torunia, cz. 1, Dziedzictwo sakralne, zespół staromiejski. W skąpej literaturze przedmiotu kodeks rozpoznany został jako antyfonarz, wykonany dla kościoła parafialnego pw. św. Jana Chrzciciela i Jana Ewangelisty w Toruniu, (do którego zasobów archiwalnych do niedawna należał), datowano go na przełom XV i XVI wieku. W prezentowanym artykule księga została rozpoznana jako Graduale de tempore o uzusie krzyżackim: autorzy analizują zawartość kodeksu, omawiają zagadnienia kodykologiczne, związane z jego strukturą materialną i użytkowaniem, prezentują studium zdobień i nowe wnioski proweniencyjne. Księga wykazuje bardzo bliskie analogie – zarówno pod względem oryginalnej struktury, jak i charakteru dopisów – wobec niekompletnego woluminuGraduale de sanctis ze zbiorów Biblioteki Diecezjalnej w Pelplinie (sygn. L2). Oba woluminy pochodzą prawdopodobnie z kręgu kapituły chełmińskiej (co potwierdza także analiza porównawcza zdobień w pelplińskim antyfonarzu L5–L6 wykonanym na zlecenie dziekana kapituły w Chełmży, Iohannes Copetz w 1419 r.) i powstały najpewniej w 2. ćwierci XV wieku. Dokonana tu identyfikacja ważnego, ale mało znanego dzieła rękopiśmiennego, przechowywanego w zbiorach toruńskich, ma duży potencjał i w ujęciu porównawczym może prowadzić do wyłonienia konkretnego skryptorium, czynnego w I poł. XV w. przy katedrze w Chełmży

Real-time Whiteboard Coding on Mobile Devices

Mobile devices typically support input from virtual keyboards or pen-based technologies, allowing handwriting to be a potentially viable text input solution for programming on touchscreen devices. The major problem, however, is that handwriting recognition systems are built to take advantage of the rules of natural languages rather than programming languages. In addition, mobile devices are also inherently restricted by the limitation of screen size and the inconvenient use of a virtual keyboard. In this work, we create a novel handwriting-to-code transformation system on a mobile platform to recognize and analyze source code written directly on a whiteboard or a piece of paper. First, the system recognizes and further compiles the handwritten source code into an executable program. Second, a friendly graphical user interface (GUI) is provided to visualize how manipulating different sections of code impacts the program output. Finally, the coding system supports an automatic error detection and correction mechanism to help address the common syntax and spelling errors during the process of whiteboard coding. The mobile application provides a flexible and user-friendly solution for realtime handwriting-based programming for learners under various environments where the keyboard or touchscreen input is not preferred.

In Studying the History of Uzbek Music Culture the Place of the Bayoz

In many branches of musicology, especially in covering information on the issue of macom, scientific works, brochures, and various handwritten sources are mainly used. It is noteworthy that today bays also serves as a necessary source for studying music, especially our traditional music. In addition, it should be noted that bayez is effectively used in the “Ustoz - shogird” (Teacher-Pupil) education system, and plays a special role in the formation of the curriculum and the performance of singing. The article discusses the above points.

Elementos para uma história das fontes e estemas na obra mauriciana

Partindo de uma releitura do catálogo temático de Cleofe Person de Mattos (1970), este trabalho reflete sobre elementos informacionais extraídos de outros catálogos e também de fontes musicais manuscritas que transmitem a obra de José Maurício Nunes Garcia, existentes em acervos como a Coleção Dom Oscar (Museu da Música de Mariana) e a Coleção Francisco Curt Lange (Museu da Inconfidência de Ouro Preto). A partir de tais reflexões, o autor procura discutir as relações entre tais fontes, seus copistas, a sua circulação entre as instituições, de forma a contribuir para a elaboração de descrições consistentes para os instrumentos de busca (inventários, catálogos, bases etc) que permitam tanto um recenseamento o mais exaustivo possível de fontes para a elaboração de estemas voltados para o trabalho de edição crítica, como também para uma história das fontes mauricianas.

White Mensural Manual Encoding: from Humdrum to MEI

<p><span lang="EN-US">The recovery of musical heritage currently necessarily involves its digitalization, not only by scanning images, but also by the encoding in computer-readable formats of the musical content described in the original manuscripts. In general, this encoding can be done using automated tools based with what is named Optical Music Recognition (OMR), or manually writing directly the corresponding computer code. The OMR technology is not mature enough yet to extract the musical content of sheet music images with enough quality, and even less from handwritten sources, so in many cases it is more efficient to encode the works manually. However, being currently MEI (Music Encoding Initiative) the most appropriate format to store the encoding, it is a totally tedious code to be manually written. Therefore, we propose a new format named **mens allowing a quick manual encoding, from which both the MEI format itself and other common representations such as Lilypond or the transcription in MusicXML can be generated. By using this approach, the antiphony Salve Regina for eight-voice choir written by Jerónimo de la Torre (1607–1673) has been successfully encoded and transcribed.</span></p>

Wyposażenie i wystrój wnętrz siedzib szlachty sandomierskiej w XVII i pierwszej połowie XVIII wieku

W artykule zaprezentowane zostaly kwestie związane z wystrojem i wyposazeniem siedzib szlacheckich w wojewodztwie sandomierskim w XVII i pierwszej polowie XVIII wieku. Zagadnienia te omowione zostaly przede wszystkim na podstawie wydanych drukiem inwentarzy dobr ziemskich spisanych w XVII i XVIII stuleciu, glownie drobnej oraz średniej i zamoznej szlachty sandomierskiej, uzupelnionych o inwentarze zawarte w źrodlach rekopiśmiennych. Zwrocono uwage na typowe rozwiązania, a takze na najciekawsze i niekiedy unikalne przyklady opisywanych detali i przedmiotow, zwlaszcza w izbach mieszkalnych. Scharakteryzowano podstawowe elementy architektoniczne – okna, drzwi, schody i podlogi, oraz grzejniki – piece i kominki, poza tym dekoracje ścian, sposoby oświetlenia wnetrz, a takze meble i sprzety domowe. Informacje pochodzące z inwentarzy dobr ziemskich uzupelniono wybranymi przykladami z testamentow i inwentarzy mobiliow szlacheckich. Podkreślono przy tym ich znaczenie dla uzyskania w miare pelnego obrazu wyglądu analizowanych wnetrz we wspomnianym okresie.

Length Independent Writer Identification Based on the Fusion of Deep and Hand-Crafted Descriptors

Writer's identification from a handwritten text is one of the most challenging machines learning problems because of the variable handwritten sources, various languages, the similarity between writer's pattern, context variation, and implicit characteristics of handwriting styles. In this paper, a combination of the deep and hand-crafted descriptor is utilized to learn patterns from the handwritten images. First, to do so, the local patches are extracted from the handwritten images. Then, these patches are simultaneously fed to deep and hand-crafted descriptors to generate the local descriptions. The extracted local features are then assembled to make the whole description matrix. Finally, by applying the vector of locally aggregated descriptors (VLAD) encoding on the description matrix, a 1-D feature vector is extracted to represent the writer's pattern. It is worthwhile to mention that the generated description does not rely on any language model or context information. Thus, the proposed approach is language and content independent. In addition, the proposed method does not have any restriction on the input length, hence, the writer's sample can be a passage, paragraph, line, sentence, or even a word. The obtained results on three public benchmark datasets of IAM, CVL, and Khatt indicate that the proposed method has a high-accuracy rate in writing identification task. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed method on CVL dataset using both German and English samples demonstrates that the proposed approach has a high capability in learning a writer's pattern from both languages at the same time.

«THE ‘CHRONICLE’ AND ‘KRATKOJE LITOSLOVIE…’ OF MUKACHEVO MONASTERY: PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION, CONTENT, AND DOOM OF HANDWRITTEN SOURCES»

The paper «The ‘Chronicle’ and ‘Kratkoje litoslovie…’ of Mukachevo monastery: problems of interpretation, content, and doom of handwritten sources» is dedicated to investigation a question of existing any lost chronicle of Mukachevo monastery in the Mukachevo eparchy, Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine. Volodymyr Moroz analyses different scientific historical and modern approaches, assumptions and confirmations about this hypothetical chronicle. He deals with original revealed by him handwritten “Kratkoje litoslovie o monasterekh Chyna Vasilija Velykaho v Ouhro-Rosiy nyni sushchykh, jezhe pokazujet v koje lito koj monastyr nachalsja? Kto v nem yhumenom bystj, chto dostopamjatnoje pod kozhdym sovershajesja ot lita 1458” and with two publications of the chronicles in XIX century periodicals, i. e. conventional “Foreword” to the “Mukachevo Chronicle” by Fr Anatolij Kralycjkyj OSBM (1874) and the latter edition of the “Kratkoje litoslovie…” by Fr Matej Vrabelj OSBM (1897–1899). On the ground of comparing the texts, Volodymyr Moroz resumed these three sources are illustrating different stages of Basilian monks’ imagination about the history of Mukachevo monastery and local monkhood. The documents are important sources for explication history of local monastic historiography that need further investigations. Historian reveals and analyses information about the author of “Kratkoje litoslovie…” Fr Manasija Andrejkovych OSBM. Volodymyr Moroz accentuates “Kratkoje litoslovie…” is not a typical simple chronicle of a monastery. It is the complex attempt of recitation monastic’s community history like other Basilian monks deed in neighborhood Galicia region in XVIII-XIX centuries.

The Astrakhan Stage of S. G. Gmelin’s Expedition according to Materials of Russian and Foreign Archives

Introduction. The second half of the 18th century is an important stage in the development of expeditionary activities by the Russian Academy of Sciences. Between 1768 and 1774, several expeditions across Russia were equipped, each being designated its special route and program. The majority of leaders the research teams were of German origin. Professor Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin was in charge of the expedition which headed towards the Caspian Sea. His instructions prescribed to collect and investigate various aspects of national economies, issues of culture, religion and language of local populations, natural resources, flora and fauna, etc. From a political perspective, the most important point was to study the Kalmyk ethnos, especially the organization of power (administrative) relations, genealogical tables of the Kalmyk nobility, their history and causes of the mass exodus of Kalmyks to Dzungaria in 1771 after the abolition of the autonomy of Khans. The sources to characterize S. G. Gmelin’s research activities in Astrakhan Governorate have been dispersed throughout various Russian and foreign archives. Goals. The paper aims to systematize the data and provide an objective historical overview. Methods. The research applied the methods of semantic analysis and translation of 18th-century handwritten sources, methods of microhistorical analysis and methods of prosopography. Conclusions. The conducted analysis of archival sources results in a number of conclusions as follows. Firstly, the range of tasks and areas of work of S. G. Gmelin’s research expedition in Astrakhan Governorate was extremely wide and required the involvement of a large team of specialists from different fields of knowledge. That is why the professor would often turn to locals, most of the latter being members of Sarepta community. Secondly, under the pretext of scientific work, the academic detachment pursued, in particular, intelligence goals. This is confirmed by the widest range of tasks and the nature of data members of S. G. Gmelin’s party were looking for in the Kalmyk Steppe and uluses. Thirdly, the materials collected during the expeditionary work are of great interest for modern ethnographic studies, since they contain unique information about culture, language, national economy, and everyday life of the Kalmyks in the mid-to-late 18th century. But the fate of the last S. G. Gmelin’s works is still in question – he compiled the latter in 1773–1774 — as some part of the materials came into the possession of the Astrakhan merchant Nikolai Rentel, and a certain part was submitted to the Russian Academy of Sciences.

A FORÇA DO FEITIÇO: TRADIÇÃO ORAL, AFRO-MEMÓRIAS E HISTORIOGRAFIA

the article investigated, the thematic about the representations about the spell through handwritten sources, oral testimonies [interview] and bibliography. From the experience of people who would have experienced in the family the evil effects of the spell, historiography was searched for references to construct an analysis of this phenomenon, which can be considered a “long-lasting phenomenon”, according to historian Fernando Braudel. These narratives are present, above all, in the Afro-descendant population, since it is an interpretation derived from the ancestors in the condition of enslaved in the process of the diaspora of the Africans in the modern period.

Vilnius Bishop Konstantinas Kazimieras Bžostovskis’ Contribution to the Kaunas Nunnery of St Benedict

The article discusses relations between the nuns of Kaunas Benedictine convent and the bishop of Vilnius diocese Kontantinas Kazimieras Bžostovskis (Konstantyn Kazimierz Brzostowski), a controversially treated personality in historiography due to his political activities. The research is based on handwritten sources and covers the period from 1687 to 1722. The article reveals the way the bishop of Vilnius diocese took care of spiritual and material issues of Benedictine nuns, discusses reforms that took place in the convent and, lastly, shows how all of that affected the life of the nuns.

A Tale of Two Transcriptions. Machine-Assisted Transcription of Historical Sources


 
 
 This article explains how two projects implement semi-automated transcription routines: for census sheets in Norway and marriage protocols from Barcelona. The Spanish system was created to transcribe the marriage license books from 1451 to 1905 for the Barcelona area; one of the world’s longest series of preserved vital records. Thus, in the Project “Five Centuries of Marriages” (5CofM) at the Autonomous University of Barcelona’s Center for Demographic Studies, the Barcelona Historical Marriage Database has been built. More than 600,000 records were transcribed by 150 transcribers working online. The Norwegian material is cross-sectional as it is the 1891 census, recorded on one sheet per person. This format and the underlining of keywords for several variables made it more feasible to semi-automate data entry than when many persons are listed on the same page. While Optical Character Recognition (OCR) for printed text is scientifically mature, computer vision research is now focused on more difficult problems such as handwriting recognition. In the marriage project, document analysis methods have been proposed to automatically recognize the marriage licenses. Fully automatic recognition is still a challenge, but some promising results have been obtained. In Spain, Norway and elsewhere the source material is available as scanned pictures on the Internet, opening up the possibility for further international cooperation concerning automating the transcription of historic source materials. Like what is being done in projects to digitize printed materials, the optimal solution is likely to be a combination of manual transcription and machine-assisted recognition also for hand-written sources.
 
 

Building a learner corpus

The need for data about the acquisition of Czech by non-native learners prompted the compilation of the first learner corpus of Czech. After introducing its basic design and parameters, including a multi-tier manual annotation scheme and error taxonomy, we focus on the more technical aspects: the transcription of hand-written source texts, process of annotation, and options for exploiting the result, together with tools used for these tasks and decisions behind the choices. To support or even substitute manual annotation we assign some error tags automatically and use automatic annotation tools (tagger, spell checker).

: A Case Analysis of Good Practices for Building a Virtual Library and Reunifying Dispersed Handwritten Collections

This essay will focus on a case study of good practices in the field of projection and circulation of digital contents for humanistic research, starting from handwritten sources: the Virtual Manuscript Library of Switzerland project. As is stated in the website, “the goal of the project is to provide access to all medieval and selected early modern manuscripts of Switzerland via a virtual library”, virtually reunifying dispersed handwritten collections. This goal was made possible thanks to the TEI-P5 standard, which “enables the exchange of metadata with other digitization projects, meta-search engines, and portal sites”.

Tendencies in Noun Stress in the Southern Aukštaitian Subdialects in Handwritten Sources of the 1950s and 1960s

The article deals with variously stressed nouns that were discovered in the 1950s and 1960s in handwritten sources of the southern Aukštainian subdialects in the archive of dialects of the Language History and Dialectology Department of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Data on the nouns and noun forms of the southern Aukštaitians, collected from almost the entire area under study, i.e., fifty-five inhabited settlements, demonstrate two tendencies: stress variance and oxytogenesis.Summarising the collected data, it was established that nouns with the same stem (o, io, ā, ē, ā, i, u and u) are most often stressed in two ways in the southern Aukštaitian area, e.g., kaklas (2/4), žmogùs (4) / žmõgus (2), and others.Words with non-productive i, u, u and consonant stems can also have separate parallels with other stems, or parallel forms of other separate stems, e.g.: vags (4), sing. gen. vagiẽs / vãgio, cf. nom. vãgys / vagia, šuvà (4), sing. gen. šuñs / šunès / šuniẽs / šùnio, etc.The abundance of the variants discovered in these handwritten sources of rather small volume demonstrates the intensity of stress variance in the southern Aukštaitian area in the 1950s and 1960s, which is corroborated by two facts. First, most of the forms of the words with variable stress in the sources under study appear several or even many times. Second, quite a few forms of such nouns were discovered within the same subdialect. Despite all this, nouns in the southern Aukštaitian subdialects are not stressed interchangeably, but according to one accentual paradigm. From two stress variants used in the subdialects, one is main, the other a parallel variant. The nouns in the handwritten sources are stressed in two ways, most often according to the paradigms of stem and mobile accentuation, e.g., bróliai / brolia, sõdžius (2) / sodžiùs (4), etc. The appearance of nouns with dual stress in the southern Aukštaitian subdialects and the tendency towards oxytogenesis are primarily related to the accentual and semantic models of two plurals, simple and collective, which are being reconstructed, e.g., pelis, pl. peliai / collect. pl. peilia.The stress on the singular instrumental endings and/or of the plural accusative forms of nouns with acute stems might also be related to the collective plural. The existence of such forms can be determined by the levelling of the accentual paradigm, cf., pėda, pėd, pėdám(s), pėdùs, pėdas. The possibility that the discussed forms could have been inherited, i.e., could have originated from the oxytonic paradigm, should not be discounted. Undoubtedly, noun accentuation might have been influenced by the factors of stem interaction: the existence of homonymous forms, levelling of the morpho(no)logic paradigm, the conformity of the system, etc. There is also no doubt that the accentuation analogue had an influence as well (especially that of productive stems on unproductive ones).