Waste Handling Research Articles

Handling procedures of pharmaceutical waste among medical facility in Nakuru town, Nakuru County, Kenya

The study aimed at handling pharmaceutical waste (anti-biotics) procedures among medical facilities and their contribution to environmental pollution in Nakuru town. There is growing public concern over pharmaceutical substances remnants in water and the environment. This pharmaceutical waste includes antibiotics, which interfere with the water treatment process since most depend on biodegradation. This was achieved by conducting a social survey. The Social survey was used to collect data on handling procedures of pharmaceutical waste among medical facilities. Data were then processed and analysed using descriptive statistics. In this study, 69.57 per cent of the respondents indicated that public health officers were responsible for pharmaceutical waste handling. 83.12 per cent of the respondents indicated that they do not transport pharmaceuticals to other facilities since disposal is done on-site; hence, pharmaceuticals are handled at the point of generation. 75.03 per cent of those who transport pharmaceuticals for disposal outside the facility said they use government vehicles for transport, while 64.4 per cent indicated that they use all protective gear while handling pharmaceutical waste. Eighty-nine per cent also said that they use waste sacks when transporting pharmaceutical waste for disposal. The study provides information on handling procedures that can add information to the existing database and also serve as baseline data for researchers interested in related studies.

UJI PERFORMANSI ALAT DESTILASI UNTUK PEMURNIAN MINYAK DARI LIMBAH PLASTIK

In everyday life the use of plastic materials is very dominant. The use of this plastic material from year to year has greatly increased, which has resulted in an increase in plastic waste. Various parties have conducted research to reduce plastic waste into something that can have added value, including converting plastic waste into alternative energy sources in the form of fuel. Handling of plastic waste can be done by recycling it by heating it in a reactor so that it becomes liquid oil, then the oil is purified using a distillation apparatus. This study aims to determine the performance of oil refining distillation equipment from the processing of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste which can be used as fuel. The research method used is the performance test for refining oil from the processing of plastic waste which is heated with a distillation apparatus. Testing the plastic oil purification distillation apparatus was carried out 5 times, the test was carried out by means of each oil being put into the reactor totaling 3,500ml each time of testing, from the observations it showed that the results of tests 1 to 5 produced refined oil 1 = 1,592ml, 2 = 1.627ml, 3 = 1.609ml, 4 = 1.616ml, 5 = 1.319ml. The total amount of refined oil is: 7,768ml and the average temperature of the reactor is 184.6oC.

Entrepreneurial Production Technology and Growth of Smallholder Dairy Enterprises in Kenya

This study investigated influence of entrepreneurial production technology on growth of smallholder dairy enterprises in Kenya. The enterprises continuous respond to increasing demand for dairy products in the market from rising global populations. Dairy industry has introduced technologies, and adoption has increased productivity. In an attempt to gain and retain competitive advantage in the market, amidst environmental challenges, some related to climate change, enterprises have adopted entrepreneurial production technology. This study proposed that growth of smallholder dairy enterprises depends on the adoption of these technologies. The hypothesis was tested using a field survey on the actual technologies adopted by smallholders and extent of the adoption. Open and closed ended questionnaires were administered to a study sample of 395 smallholder dairy farmers, proportionately drawn from among active members, currently supplying milk to Githunguri, Wakulima and Nyala dairy cooperative societies in Kiambu, Nyeri, Nyandarua and Laikipia counties in high potential Central Kenya. The study established a significant positive influence of entrepreneurial production technology on growth of smallholder dairy enterprises in Kenya, supporting the idea that growth of smallholder dairy enterprises in Kenya is positively correlated to the extent of adoption of entrepreneurial production technologies in breeding, feeds production and feeding, and in waste handling. The results imply that smallholder dairy enterprises are poised to achieve greater growth when they adopt more entrepreneurial production technologies for breeding dairy cattle, feeds production and feeding and in handling waste from their dairy farms Key Words: Entrepreneurship; Entrepreneurial Production Technology; Enterprise Growth

Good Manufacturing Practices in Black Tea Processing at PT. XYZ

Black tea comes from perfectly fermented tea leaves and is one of Indonesia's main export commodities. The high level of black tea exports requires producers to produce high-quality products. One way to realize quality and safe products is by implementing Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). The purpose of this study was to determine the application of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in black tea processing at PT XYZ. The research method was carried out by collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through direct observation and practice in the field, as well as interviews with related parties. While secondary data is obtained through records and archives such as libraries and references to other supporting sources, The variables observed were company location, buildings, sanitation facilities, production equipment, raw and supporting materials, production processes, personnel hygiene, waste handling, production support facilities, and product packaging. The results showed that PT XYZ as a whole had implemented GMP well in the black tea processing industry, with GMP implementation levels ranging from 75–100%. The building GMP component has an implementation rate of 80%, with the "walls and floors" sub-component not properly implemented. In addition, the personnel hygiene component has an implementation rate of 75% with the sub-component "hygiene monitoring for personnel who have direct contact with the product," which is still not properly implemented.

The quality of red guava (Psidium guajava L.) gummy candies with variation additions of pineapple peel extract paste (Ananas comoscus L. Merr) as a gelling agent

Gummy candies is a semi wet-food from fruit or vegetable juices and has the characteristic elasticity and transparency by using a commercial gelling agent. The commercial gelling agent is expensive. Since pineapple peel has not been used widely although it has pectin it could have the potential to act as a gelling agent. In this research, red guava gummies were added with various pineapple peel extract paste. The research was to determine the quality of red guava gummy candies with variation additions of pineapple peel extract paste based on chemical, physical, microbiological, and sensory parameters. Pineapple peel was used to improve the handling of pineapple waste and extend the shelf life of red guava. The research used a random design, in which the pineapple peel extract paste had variation additions of pineapple peel extract paste of 0 g (K), 10 g (A), 14 g (B) and 18 g (C). The parameters tested in this research include chemical, physical, microbiological, and sensory. The best addition of pineapple peel extract paste was 18 g (C) with a quality gummy candies moisture content of 17.87%, ash content of 0.48%, reducing sugar of 17.08%, pH of 2.5; gumminess of 335.31 gF, chewiness of 1344.67 gmm, hardness of 388.61 g and microbiological according to SNI gummy candies (SNI 3547-2-2008) standards.

Pembakaran Sampah Dengan Menggunakan Bahan Plate Berupa Drum Atau Besi Plate (Incenerator) di Pulau Lae-Lae

The purpose of community service is to provide solutions to the waste management problems faced by the people on the island. Through community service, it is expected to be able to provide education and training to the public in environmentally friendly waste management and to provide an alternative for effective and safe waste handling through the use of incinerators. With this urgency, incineration of waste using plate material in the form of drums or iron plates (incinerator) can be an effective alternative in overcoming the problem of waste handling and minimizing the negative impact on the environment and public health.

126 Emission and Exposure Characterization During Metal Waste Recycling

Abstract Waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest-growing waste streams in the EU. The airborne occupational and environmental exposures generated by this waste handling are poorly quantified, and the growing use of nanomaterials in electronics adds to the uncertainty of risk assessment. Emission and personal exposure measurements were carried out during industrial recycling for three different metal waste flows: WEEE, metal scrap and cables. Size distributions and number-, mass- and lung deposited surface area concentrations were assessed by on-line techniques, and filter samples were collected for gravimetric analyses, metal content, and electron microscopy. Samples for elemental analyses with Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) was collected by a 12-stage low-pressure impactor . Additionally, low-cost sensors were deployed for long term monitoring. By number, the size distributions from all three flows were heavily dominated by particles <100 nm. Electron microscopy showed that there are many different elements in the same particle and that the composition of different particles vary considerably. Abundant elements, according to ICP-MS, were Fe, Al, Zn, and Cu, but Pb, Mn, Ba, and Co were also detected. PIXE analysis showed that the chemical composition indeed is different in different particle sizes, with e.g. Cr almost exclusively being present in particles < 200 nm. Low-cost sensors, not previously used for monitoring in highly polluted industrial settings, functioned well after 30 days. This study shows that detailed particle characterization is crucial for understanding of today’s and tomorrow’s waste recycling exposures, and as input to future toxicological assessments.

Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, and Mercury in Urine of Indigenous People Living Close to Oil Extraction Areas in the Peruvian Amazon.

Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, and Mercury in Urine of Indigenous People Living Close to Oil Extraction Areas in the Peruvian Amazon.

Review dalam Pembuatan Arang Aktif Berbasis Limbah Pertanian Dengan Microwave

Conventional handling of biomass waste, such as burning biomass, can cause other problems, and is not effective. Another common handling method is utilizing biomass waste. Second, conventional handling does not significantly reduce the amount of biomass waste. Microwave heating uses several power parameters and activation time to determine the effect of power and activation time on iodine number and surface area [25]. Activated charcoal is used as a raw material because it is hard charcoal and has good quality, and microwaves are used because it saves energy and time. Microwave treatment to study the effect of concentration and time of microwave irradiation separately on iodine number and adsorption capacity. The results of the FTIR spectra show that activated carbon has an –OH group. The results of the adsorption test showed that the activated carbon that had been prepared was able to absorb ions at the optimum concentration. Adsorption isotherm studies were carried out using the Langmuir equation. Microwave irradiation time also has a significant effect on the quality of activated carbon in the microwave irradiation time range

Peningkatan Kualitas Desa Menciptakan Lingkungan yang Sehat, Tanggap, Asri, dan Bijak dalam Menjaga Lingkungan di Desa Muara Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi

The purpose of this activity is to create a healthy, responsive, beautiful and wise environment in protecting the environment in Muara Kumpeh Village, Muaro Jambi Regency. The methods used include: 1) making observations; 2) submission of proposals; 3) collection of seeds; 4) distribution of seeds; and 5) planting on village land. The results of the dedication obtained were the handling of excess waste in Muara Kumpeh Village by recycling waste such as used bottles which were used as flower pots and also other waste. Reforestation of Muara Kumpeh Village by planting 1,500 productive and non-productive tree seedlings, namely 300 durian seeds, 300 avocado seeds, 300 sengkol seeds, 300 neem seeds, 150 teak seeds, 150 mahogany seeds. and also distributed it with the farmer groups of Muara Kumpeh Village to the community.

Peer-Led Educational Intervention and Its Effect On Predisposing Factors of Occupational Risk Prevention Practices Among Medical Waste Handlers in Tertiary Hospitals, Southwest, Nigeria

Peer-Led Educational Intervention and Its Effect On Predisposing Factors of Occupational Risk Prevention Practices Among Medical Waste Handlers in Tertiary Hospitals, Southwest, Nigeria

Pendampingan Pemanfaatan Limbah Tahu Sebagai Pupuk Organik Cair (Poc) Bagi Masyarakat Kelurahan Kayu Manis

Tofu is a food product that comes from processed products (protein coagulation process) of soybeans. This home-based tofu industry, in its processing, can produce waste, namely solid waste (soybean dregs) and liquid waste. Handling of tofu liquid waste is not only a temporary treatment but needs to be done on an ongoing basis, one of which is by making valuable agricultural products having economic value. The methods for implementing this Community Self-Reliance Activity (KKM) include debriefing, team coordination, training, Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) application, mentoring and monitoring. The people involved were UKM Harjasari and KWT Ceria Mandiri Kayu Manis. The results of this activity indicate that community service in the form of assistance in using liquid tofu waste as a POC product can reduce environmental pollution and increase public knowledge about the proper use of natural resources. This can be seen from the increase in general understanding and its application, with an average increase of 62.28%.

Assessment of the management of medical waste during the Coronavirus epidemic was occurring in Al-Diwaniyah Hospital

Medical waste is a global issue because of its detrimental effects on societal safety and the environment. Due to its contagious and harmful nature, which can have negative consequences on people and the environment, medical waste treatment is crucial. Objective: assessment of the medical waste management during the Coronavirus epidemic was occurring in Al-Diwaniyah Hospitals. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was used to carry out the investigation. To randomly select cases, a self-administered Arabic language questionnaire was used. The analysis uses SPSS Version 21. Results: General trash has been accounted for the majority of the waste produced in hospitals, with hazardous medical waste accounting for the second-highest percentage (63%) of waste handlers. In Al-Diwaniyah General Hospital, management levels were subpar, and medical waste management (MW) awareness among the entire medical teams was lacking.. the administrative employees, health professionals, and the cleaning staff did not have the necessary level of understanding concerning medical waste. The report suggests that integrated medical waste management should be clarified, suitable roles should be established, regulatory and legislative departments need to be supported, and increasing the training programs in the that medical institusion

Study on Solid Waste Management in TKR Educational Society -Hyderabad

India being an agricultural country has a present population of approximately 1,405.2 million with 29 states and 7 union territories. The hassle of SWM in India is growing noticeably because of rapid urbanization and population boom. Out of the total waste generated from the industrial, residential, commercial, and agricultural areas a massive amount of waste is generated from residential areas comprising municipal waste. Solid-waste management is the collection, handling, and disposal of solid waste that is thrown away after serving its purpose or becoming unusable. We collected all the information on the solid waste generation rate at the TKR Educational Society. We have studied information on solid waste generation in different months (December, January, and February). TKR Campus.The food waste is 15%,paper waste is 12%,plastic is 13%,concrete waste is 2.17%,vegetable waste is 35%,electric waste is 3.04% and wood waste is 4.3%.the highest percentage of food waste is more. The physio-chemical parameter like moisture content, bulk density, PH value, carbon, nitrogen, and carbon and nitrogen content find in different blocks K9 block, R9 block, boy hostel, pharmacy, and canteen. We find that the mean value of moisture content is 51.2, bulk density is 297.9, PH value is 6.4, Carbon is 52.58, Nitrogen is 6.5, and C/N is 8.

The Incidence of Needlestick and Sharps Injuries Among Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Needlestickinjuries (NSIs) and sharps injuries (SIs) remain significant hazards in most healthcare facilities that expose healthcare workers (HCWs) to blood-borne pathogens (e.g., HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C). This study aims to review the incidence of NSIs and SIs in King Fahad Medical City (KFMC) and correlate this incidence with several parameters related to the event, including age, sex, length of work experience,type of injury, type of instrument causing the injury, type of activity during which the injury happened, nature of the job of the HCWs, and location within the hospital where the injury happened. Methodology This cross-sectional study involves all self-reported documents related to needlestick and sharp injuries among HCWs at King Fahad Medical City (KFMC) in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from January 2017 to December 2020. The data of 389reports of needlestick and sharp injuries detailingincidence and site, shift, type, and instrument related to the incidents were reported to the infection control department for coding and analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)version 22 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY, USA). Results Our data showed that NSIs/SIs could be caused by a wide range of objects used by healthcare workers, including needles, suture needles, scalpels, and sharp devices. Remarkably, the most common cause of NSIs was handling the sharp object (38.8%), followed by disposing of the sharp object (19.3%).Furthermore, nurses were found to be the highest at-risk category of HCWs experiencing NSIs (49.9%), while medical waste handlers (1.5%) and dentists (1.3%) were least likely to incur injuries. Conclusion This study sheds some light on the incidence rates of NCIs and SIs at KFMCand correlates these rates with several demographical, occupational, and experiential parameters related to these events.

Medical Waste Management Practices in Sylhet City among Healthcare Providers

Introduction: In the present world, large amount of wastes are clinical wastes, generated during diagnosis, treatment and research purpose. Most of the clinical wastes are hazardous like infectious, toxic of radioactive compounds. It is challenging to ensure proper waste management for developing countries like Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among doctors, nurse, nursing assistants, OT technicians, janitors, helper, sanitary worker and security guards at different private hospitals, clinics and diagnostic centers in Sylhet city. 300 healthcare staffs were purposively interviewed to evaluate the extend practices of biological or hospital waste management from January 2021 to December 2021. The study was conducted after taking informed written consent. Results: The outcomes of the present study indicated that maximum of the study participants were knowledgeable. But majority (71%) still do not use PPE (Personal protective equipment), 53% were not immunized against hepatitis B. They also had less practice to keep the hospital wastes in correct color coded container and less practice of washing the waste container properly. Conclusion: Most participants valued the significance of waste management practice to prevent health hazards but average practice was observed among them. For proper waste handling and disposal, frequent awareness program should be conducted among the health personnel. Medicine Today 2023 Vol.35(1): 12-15

Potential Spatial Diversity of Pathogenic Intestinal Parasites in Dog’s Faecal Matter in Port Harcourt, Niger Delta: A Huge Source of Environmental Contamination Risk Outcome

Dogs have become a huge part of some homes where they serve as pets or for security. Humans who have them as pets are drawn to them and when these dogs die, their owners are emotionally down. However, in some cases, little or no attention is paid to the health of these dogs as when infected, thus, they could serve as potent reservoirs and vectors of human parasites as they continue to litter their faeces on our environment unabated. This study investigated the presence of intestinal parasites in the faecal matter of domestic dogs and will also highlight the public health implications of poor faecal matter waste handling in our environment. A total of 80 pet dogs that had their owners' consent were randomly recruited, through a cross-sectional research design. Their stool samples were collected aseptically and assayed for gastrointestinal parasites using standard parasitological techniques. The result revealed that the prevalence of parasites using the diethyl ether sedimentation method was 25.1% and the presence of Ancylostoma caninium (21.3%) and Toxocara canis (3.75%) was recorded after microscopy. Female dogs were most infected making up 15% of the total prevalence while male dogs made up 10%. Dogs aged 2-4 years recorded the highest prevalence with 37.5% while 13.8% of those greater than 4 years were infected. Also, the English Bulldog recorded a higher prevalence of 8.75% in comparison to other species sampled. The presence of these parasites in pets poses a public health risk to their owners and the community at large. Proper hygiene and management of these pets and their faecal matter will reduce the risks of parasitic infections, even as our environment would be safe from the heavy burden of environmental contamination of biological waste of Dogs faecal matter

Phenanthrene removal from a spent sediment washing solution in a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor

The issue of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is widespread in marine sediments involving ecological systems and human health. Sediment washing (SW) has proven to be the most effective remediation approach for sediments polluted by PAHs, such as phenanthrene (PHE). However, SW still raises waste handling concerns due to a considerable amount of effluents generated downstream. In this context, the biological treatment of a PHE- and ethanol-containing spent SW solution can represent a highly efficient and environmentally-friendly strategy, but its knowledge is still scarce in scientific literature and no studies have so far been conducted in continuous mode. Therefore, a synthetic PHE-polluted SW solution was biologically treated in a 1 L aerated continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor for 129 days by evaluating the effect of different pH values, aeration flowrates and hydraulic retention times as operating parameters over five successive phases. A PHE removal efficiency of up to 75–94% was achieved by an acclimated PHE-degrading consortium mainly composed of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Firmicutes phyla through biodegradation following the adsorption mechanism. PHE biodegradation, mainly occurring via the benzoate route due to the presence of PAH-related-degrading functional genes and a phthalate accumulation up to 46 mg/L, was also accompanied by a reduction of dissolved organic carbon and ammonia nitrogen above 99% in the treated SW solution.

Impacts of illegal solid waste dumping on the water quality of the Mthatha River

Abstract The world faces problems such as improper waste disposal that have spread to include disposal near water bodies. It is getting difficult to find fresh water everywhere. Given that surface sources provide around one-third of the world's drinking water needs, their contamination exacerbates the issue. This paper aims at evaluating the impacts of solid waste on water quality along the Mthatha River. During the rainy and dry seasons of 2021, Hanna probe instruments were used to assess the physicochemical quality of water before and after identified illegal dump sites. To compare the measured mean values of water quality parameters data were analysed using ANOVA in SPSS version 22. In terms of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrite, conductivity, and Escherichia coli, the water quality in the sampling points after the illegal dump sites revealed deterioration, which was more severe in the rainy season and moderate in the dry season. The study's findings suggest that illegal dump sites along water bodies negatively impact the water quality. Diverse research on water pollution shows that declining water quality endangers aquatic species and is unsafe for human consumption. This paper recommends strengthening of laws against improper waste handling, and frequent waste collection to prevent contamination of water bodies.

Chlorinated paraffins and dechloranes in free-range chicken eggs and soil around waste disposal sites in Tanzania

Electronic waste is a source of both legacy and emerging flame retardants to the environment, especially in regions where sufficient waste handling systems are lacking. In the present study, we quantified the occurrence of short- and medium chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) and dechloranes in household chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs and soil collected near waste disposal sites on Zanzibar and the Tanzanian mainland. Sampling locations included an e-waste facility and the active dumpsite of Dar es Salaam, a historical dumpsite in Dar es Salaam, and an informal dumpsite on Zanzibar. We compared concentrations and contaminant profiles between soil and eggs, as free-range chickens ingest a considerable amount of soil during foraging, with potential for maternal transfer to the eggs. We found no correlation between soil and egg concentrations or patterns of dechloranes or CPs. CPs with shorter chain lengths and higher chlorination degree were associated with soil, while longer chain lengths and lower chlorination degree were associated with eggs. MCCPs dominated the CP profile in eggs, with median concentrations ranging from 500 to 900 ng/g lipid weight (lw) among locations. SCCP concentrations in eggs ranged from below the detection limit (LOD) to 370 ng/g lw. Dechlorane Plus was the dominating dechlorane compound in all egg samples, with median concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.8 ng/g lw. SCCPs dominated in the soil samples (400–21300 ng/g soil organic matter, SOM), except at the official dumpsite where MCCPs were highest (65000 ng/g SOM). Concentrations of dechloranes in soil ranged from below LOD to 240 ng/g SOM, and the dominating compounds were Dechlorane Plus and Dechlorane 603. Risk assessment of CP levels gave margins of exposure (MOE) close to or below 1000 for SCCPs at one location.