Waste Handling Research Articles

Mercury in the Barents region – River fluxes, sources, and environmental concentrations

Arctic rivers are receiving increased attention for their contributing of mercury (Hg) to the Arctic Ocean. Despite this, the knowledge on both the terrestrial release sources and the levels of Hg in the rivers are limited. Within the Arctic, the Barents region has a high industrial development, including multiple potential Hg release sources. This study presents the first overview of potential Hg release sources on Norwegian and Russian mainland draining to the Barents Sea. Source categories cover mining and metallurgy industry; historical pulp and paper production; municipal and industrial solid waste handling; fossil fuel combustion; and past military activities. Available data on Hg in freshwater bodies near the identified potential release sources are reviewed. Levels of Hg were occasionally exceeding the national pollution control limits, thereby posing concern to the local human population and wildlife. However, the studies were sparse and often unsystematic. Finally, we present new data of Hg measured in five Barents rivers. These data reveal strong seasonality in the Hg levels, with a total annual flux constituting 2% of the panarctic total. With this new insight we aspire to contribute to the international efforts of reducing Hg pollution, such as through the effective implementation of the Minamata Convention. Future studies documenting Hg in exposed Barents freshwater bodies are warranted.

The present and proposed sustainable food waste treatment technology in Indonesia: A review

Domestic waste is dominated by food waste (FW) in Indonesia. Indonesia has committed to advancing FW management based on The National Strategy Policy Guidelines (Presidential Regulation 97/2017), aiming for a 30% reduction and 70% waste handling by 2025. However, the current FW regulations and treatments are insufficient to reach these targets. This paper aims to quantify the potential FW generation and provide integrated government regulation and technical recommendations on the current technology to enhance the applicability of FW treatment in Indonesia. The proposed treatment technology is discussed within the context of technical, economic, and environmental concerns. The current practical FW treatments include composting and landfill, with landfill having the highest environmental impact. Black soldier flies and thermal treatments are new technologies considered promising by Indonesia’s Waste to Energy regulations. However, FW treatment technical considerations are expected to developing on different scales. Therefore, the environmental impact of current treatments must be considered. It is crucial to analyze specific FW treatment recommendations in terms of product and residuals to improve environmental impact assessment quality.

Public Perception of The Implementation of an Eco Fishig Port Priciple at The Fish Auction Place of Karangantu, Serang City

Eco port is a predicate of a port that has implemented systematic efforts or steps to build and maintain an environmentally friendly port area. Poor sanitation and hygiene conditions such as large amounts of waste from fishing port activities can cause environmental pollution and affect public health. This research aims to determine public perception towards the management of the Fish Landing Place (TPI) of Karangantu in accordance with the principle of eco fishing port. Primary data was obtained through observations in July-August 2022 on ship unloading activities until the transaction process at Karangantu TPI. Interviews with Karangantu Archipelagic Fishing Port (PPN) employees, TPI managers and TPI service users were conducted to find out each stakeholder's perception of environmental sanitation conditions and hygiene of fish catches. Secondary data were obtained from various publications available in Karangantu PPN. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively (tables and graphs) and quantitatively (Likert scale). The results showed that the management of Karangantu TPI is in accordance with the eco port principle. However, the public considers that the parameters of liquid waste handling and the quality of fish catches landed at TPI Karangantu must be improved.

Safety Practices and Associated Factors among Healthcare Waste Handlers in Four Public Hospitals, Southwestern Ethiopia

Occupational safety is a critical concern for disease prevention and control at healthcare facilities. Medical waste handlers, in particular, are those most exposed to occupational hazards among healthcare workers. Therefore, this cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate safety practices and associated factors among healthcare waste handlers in four public hospitals, southwest Ethiopia from 15 March to 30 May 2022. The study included 203 healthcare waste handlers. The data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and observational checklists. The overall performance of occupational safety practices among healthcare waste handlers was 47.3% (95%CI; 40.3, 54.2). Waste handlers with an educational status of secondary and above (AOR 4.95; 95%CI 2.13, 11.50), good knowledge of infection prevention and safety practices (AOR 4.95; 95%CI 2.13, 11.50), training in infection prevention and safety practices (AOR 2.57; 95%CI 1.25, 5.29), and adequate access to safety materials (AOR 3.45; 95%CI 1.57, 7.60) had significantly better occupational safety practices than their counterparts. In general, medical waste handlers’ occupational safety practices were found to be inadequate. Waste handlers’ knowledge of safety measures and training, educational level, and availability of safety materials were predictors of safe occupational practices. Therefore, appropriate strategies and actions are needed to ensure the safe occupational practices of healthcare waste handlers.

Addressing the challenges of homogeneity, quality control and waste handling in soil bio-cementation: A large-scale experiment

In an attempt to go beyond the conventional laboratory experiments widely reported in literature around the emerging technique of soil bio-cementation, this work addresses key challenges related to its large-scale application. Precisely, a state-of-the-art installation with a draining bottom boundary is introduced and a novel treatment strategy, based on ex-situ hydrolysis within a 1000 L bioreactor, is described. Hydrolyzed solutions are injected in a tank filled with 0–4 mm sand, via a system of eight injection tubes to treat a total surface of 40 m2 across a depth of 2 m. A multilevel, spatial and temporal quality control system is used to monitor the injection processes across several cycles via chemical and hydraulic means. In total, 20.8 m3 of reactant solutions are supplied to the targeted zone, equal to one pore volume and over 120 chemical analyses are carried-out. Reaction efficiencies overall exceeded 80%, while by increasing the number of treatment cycles, and thus calcification levels, a gradual increase in the recorded pressure at the injection inlet was captured, that reached up to 75 kPa. Zones where the injection pressure increased the most are found to yield better resistance in the vicinity of the corresponding injection tube. A dynamic penetrometer campaign reveals that increase in the tip resistance, is found to exceed 5 MPa and yields more homogenous response across the bottom 0.5 m of the tank, which is believed to reflect the effect of initial confinement on the deposition of calcite. For the zones with the highest cementation, correlated φ’ values yield a 5° increase, while the oedometric modulus is found to double. The results suggest that ex-situ bio-cementation, where hydrolysis occurs in bioreactors instead of inside the soil mass, is capable of yielding similar precipitation efficiencies and mechanical improvement compared to traditional bio-cementation, where bacteria are injected directly into the soil. Finally, the monitoring of MICP at the scale of typical geotechnical works is discussed along with the problematic of residual ammonium, which in this study is found to reach absorded quantities of 4 mol/L.

Chemically Stable and Heteroatom Containing Porous Organic Polymers for Efficient Iodine Vapor Capture and its Storage

The uses of nuclear reactions are gaining importance in energy and medical therapy applications. Production and safe management of radioactive waste is a major operational challenge. Proper treatment and storage of nuclear waste are important while considering nuclear energy for various applications. While reprocessing used nuclear fuel (UNF), handling of volatile radioactive wastes (e.g., radioisotopes of iodine: 129I/131I) requires special attention. Iodine is present in off-gas streams as either molecular iodine (I2) or organic iodides. 129I is less radioactive than 131I, but has an extremely long half-life. Both are highly toxic, and their nearly quantitative retention from off-gas streams requires packing of iodine filters with efficient adsorbents. Thus, there is a need to develop materials with efficient iodine vapor capture/storage capabilities. Herein, a set of four porous organic polymers are presented that are rich in heteroatoms and possess abundant π-arene motifs with which p-orbitals on iodine can interact effectively via charge-transfer complexations. To mimic the conditions of a UNF reprocessing facility, gas-phase iodine capture experiments were performed under various conditions (dry/humid conditions and at 75 °C/25 °C). The maximum iodine uptake capacity of one of the materials (HPOP-4: 6.25 g/g at 75 °C and 4.35 g/g at 25 °C) is higher than several other iodine vapor adsorbents reported to date. The retention of trapped iodine by HPOPs at 25 °C is also quite remarkable with only 2–3% weight loss from iodine-loaded HPOPs, which makes HPOPs potential material for the storage/transportation of captured radioiodine. The results confirm desirable properties in HPOPs such as facile synthesis, high physiochemical stabilities, good moisture tolerance, rapid adsorption kinetics, and efficient reusability with low compromise in capture performance upon regeneration. These benefits render HPOPs as strong contenders for packing filters used for retaining radioiodine during cleaning either off-gas streams or annulus exhaust air (during “loss of coolant accident”).

Knowledge, attitude and practice of hepatitis C virus among waste handlers in Sidama, Ethiopia

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a worldwide community health problem that gives rise to liver cancer. Even though the prevalence of HCV is higher and waste handlers are at high risk for HCV, there is a paucity of information on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) concerning HCV among waste handlers. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of waste handlers in Sidama, Ethiopia. A quantitative cross-sectional study with simple random sampling was conducted from October 2021 to 30 July 2022 in different public hospitals of Sidama region of Ethiopia. Two hundred and eighty-two waste handlers were selected for the study which was aimed to evaluate their knowledge, attitudes, and practice on hepatitis C virus using a standardized structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were conducted using SPSS version 20 set at 95% CI. Spearman's rho correlation was used to evaluate the association between KAP with p-value ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Mean scores for knowledge, attitude and practice were 22.24±8.15, 46.75±10 and 4.19±1.72, respectively. Educational level (OR = 2.427; 95%CI = [1.116 –37.89], P = 0.042), monthly income(OR = 1.001; 95%CI = [1.000–10.002], P = 0.029), use of media(OR = 2.461; 95%CI = [2.688–8.799], P = 0.006), marital status(OR = 22.961; 95%CI = [1.203–38.157], P = 0.037) and residence(OR = 6.332; 95%CI = [1.703–23.544], P = 0.006) contributed significantly to the prediction of knowledge. Spearman rank correlation revealed significant positive correlations between knowledge-attitude (r = 0.57, P< 0.037), knowledge-practice (r = 0.265, P = 0.00) and attitude-practice (r = 0.72, P = 0.02). Although the study highlighted optimal KAP regarding several aspects of HCV, educational campaigns should emphasize the necessity of continued education about HCV to improve attitudes, knowledge and practices of waste handlers.

Solid Waste Handling Scenarios, Management and Economic Study in Erbil City

Solid waste management has become an important issue for developing countries. Solid waste management is also a weighty problem in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. To date, weak points have been observed in Erbil City, particularly in the handling and transportation of municipal solid waste. Consequently, this issue affects the environment, human health, management, finances, and aesthetics of the city. This research focused on handling scenarios, management, and an economic study of solid waste in New Zanco Village, Erbil City. Data on the quantity and generation rate (GR) of solid waste and current routes for solid waste collection were collected directly. Additionally, truck volume, handling options, and economic subjects were studied. Untimorous software was applied to find the optimum routes for solid waste collection in the studied area. Results revealed that the average GR for 48 samples was 1.114 kg/capita/day. The minimum and maximum values were 0.24 kg/capita/day and 3.28 kg/capita/day, respectively. The optimized capacity for the trucks was 7 m3. The number of pick-up locations per truck was 92. From the current waste collection route, waste is collected in eight cycles each week and the total weekly travel length equals 321.12 km. Based on the results obtained from OptimoRoute software, waste is collected in seven cycles and the total weekly travel length equals 294.03 km. The waste collection will reduce the 27.09 km of travel length in each week, which equals a reduction of 8.43% of the total distance. The operation cost will be reduced by 8.43% per week. Additionally, the total yearly travel length will be reduced by 1,300.32 km and the total yearly cost will be reduced by about $2,730.67.

Conformity assessment analysis of self-declare ecolabel criteria for Indonesia’s tourism villages development in Cikolelet, Banten Province

This study aimed to observe the potential of conformity ecolabel self-declaration claims in Cikolelet Tourism Village, Banten Province, Indonesia. The village has an alternative tourism highland nature, unique culture, creative industry, and environmental conservation. Local people and tourism activities impacted the quality of the village, especially waste management. The literature review and field observation were applied to assess the Self Declare Ecolabel Criteria for waste management in Cikolelet using applicable standards and regulations in Indonesia. The scope of waste management applied to the tourism village includes compostable, recyclable, reusable, and waste reduction. According to the result of assessment and observations, generally, Cikolelet Tourism Village has made environmental management efforts. However, some lack of waste management in terms of waste reduction and handling, including sorting, transportation, processing, and final disposal, requires some improvements to comply with environmentally friendly criteria. A strong commitment is required to actualize the scope of the ecolabel self-declaration.

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF COMPOSTING AS A WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN LAGOS STATE SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

Purpose –– This study assessed the viability of composting as a waste management tool. Methods –– This study assessed waste production and handling in Lagos State and adapted a case study of cost-benefit analysis to ascertain viability. Findings –– Results from the study revealed that one hundred and forty-one billion, one hundred and sixty-one million, and six hundred thousand naira (₦141,161,600,000.00) equivalent to three hundred and twenty-three million, two hundred and sixteen thousand, five hundred and fifty-nine dollars ($323,216,559.05) would be generated as profit per annum if the total waste produced in Lagos State daily is converted to compost. Conclusion &amp; Recommendation –– This study recommends composting as the best waste management strategy in Lagos State and Nigeria due to its financial, environmental, health, and agricultural benefits. Keywords –– Cost-benefit analysis, Compost, Waste Management, Lagos, Nigeria.

RFID and IoT Enabled Framework to Make Pune City an Eco-friendly Smart City

The increasing volume and complexity of waste associated with the modern economy pose a serious risk to ecosystems and human health. Due to the intensive increase in computation, Machine learning is popular. Intelligent solid waste management motivates the Swachh Bharat mission to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the birth of astrapita Mahatma Gandhi. In the context of smart city development, an innovative means of implementing smart solid waste collection is to improve daily solid waste collection at the household level. An intelligent solid waste collection system will be implemented in the Smart City to improve solid waste collection. It is required to educate households about solid waste handling. Municipal Corporation can implement an innovative PPP model as part of an independent India campaign to motivate startup ntrepreneurs, which will generate jobs in India. The city of Pune is in a phase of intelligent urban mobility development to improve citizens’ living standards. Ensure safe traffic management, adequate water supply, smart amenities, and services such as the intelligent collection, transport, and processing of solid waste. RFID and IoT base IT solutions have the potential to develop sustainable, innovative technology to achieve 100% household collections and transportation and treatment of waste so that to minimize waste to send landfill side.

Automatic Waste Segregation

Abstract: Rapid increase in volume and types of solid and hazardous waste due to continuous economic growth, urbanization and industrialization, is becoming a burgeoning problem for national and local governments to ensure effective and sustainable management of waste. It is estimated that in 2006 the total amount of municipal solid waste generated globally reached 2.02 billion tones, representing a 7% annual increase since 2003 (Global Waste Management Market Report 2007). The segregation, handling, transport, and disposal of waste needs to be properly managed to minimize the risk to the health and safety of patients, the public, and the environment. The economic value of waste is best realized when it is segregated. Currently, there is no such system of segregation of dry, wet and metallic wastes at the household level. This paper proposes an Automated Waste Segregator (AWS) which is a cheap, easy to use solution for a segregation system for household use, so that it can be sent directly for processing. It is designed to sort the refuse into metallic waste, wet waste and dry waste

Environmental Impact Assessment on the Development and Operation of Type B Terminal in Bontang City

Purpose: The Type B Terminal is critical for improving the area's connectivity and accessibility, particularly in Bontang City and its surroundings. The principles of equality, ecological balance, resilience, sustainable development, viability, and connectivity will guide the terminal's construction and operation. The effects on environmental components must be evaluated, and appropriate countermeasures must be implemented to ensure the project's long-term viability.&#x0D; Design/methodology/approach: The impacts and countermeasures of the terminal in Gunung Telihan Village, West Bontang District, Bontang City, East Kalimantan Province were determined using a qualitative descriptive method. The matrix method was used to determine the significant impacts during the pre-construction, construction, and operational stages. The structure and operation are expected to have seven effects on the physical environment components, including a reduction in air quality, an increase in noise intensity, a decrease in surface water quality, a disruption in smooth and safe traffic, damage to existing roads, specific waste handling (unloading), and the generation of domestic solid and liquid waste.&#x0D; Findings: At the same time, three components must be evaluated when implementing countermeasures: disruption of smooth and safe traffic, generation of domestic solid and liquid waste, and handling of specific waste (building demolition) to mitigate the impacts.&#x0D; Paper type: Research paper

Pendampingan Pengelolaan Sampah di Pondok Pesantren Islam Ulul Albab Menuju Zero Waste Boarding School

One of the common problems that can be easily found in educational institutions in general, and Islamic boarding schools in particular, is the poor handling of organic and inorganic waste. If waste is handled correctly, it will not only minimize environmental pollution but can also be a source of fundraising. Ulul Albab Islamic Boarding School (UA IBS), which is located in the village of Banjaragung, dist. Jatiagung, reg. South Lampung, Lampung province, Indonesia, was the target partner in organic and inorganic waste management assistance activities. This initial assistance activity, in the form of counseling, was the initial part of the Assistance Program for Organic and Inorganic Waste Management at UA IBS. The main objective of this extension activity was to increase the knowledge of UA IBS managers and residents about integrated organic and inorganic waste management. The method of carrying out this activity was a face-to-face discussion on the concept and technique of integrated waste management to produce a value-added product in the form of compost. The results of this counseling activity were evident from the response of the manager, asatidzah, and students who enthusiastically participated in the activity and increased their knowledge about integrated organic and inorganic waste management to become value-added products.

PERBEDAAN PENGETAHUAN SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH PENYULUHAN PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH PADA MASYARAKAT

The waste problem is a social phenomenon that needs attention from all parties because every human being must produce waste, on the other hand, people do not want to be close to garbage.Handling of waste is still a challenge because there is still waste generation. The effectiveness and efficiency of waste handling. Therefore, it is necessary to have a waste handler at the district/city level. This study aims to analyze differences in knowledge of waste management in Jalan Letjend Sarbini Margajaya, South Bekasi in 2022. This study uses a cross-sectional quantitative research type, namely data related to the independent variable and the dependent variable, collected at the same time. Primary data collection was obtained from questionnaires and secondary data collection was the name of the residents from the head of RT 002. Respondents in this study were 30 people. Data analysis was carried out univariate and bivariate using the normality test and then continued with the Wilcoxon test because there was an abnormal data distribution. The results of this study indicate that there is a difference in knowledge before and after counseling about waste management. With a p-value in the normality test of 0.01/data not normally distributed, it was continued with the Wilcoxon test and obtained a p-value of 0.00 &lt;0.05 then it was stated that there was a difference in knowledge before and after the waste management counseling in RT002 RW 001 Margajaya, South Bekasi.

Study of household waste handling in Buton Utara regency, 2022

Background: Waste handling is one of the health issues that founded in Buton Utara regency. The waste originating from households has not been managed properly. Many people who live in coastal areas still disposed their garbage into the sea. This is due to the lack of waste management facilities such as temporary landfill and waste transport. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the community’s household waste handling. Method: A quantitative descriptive was conducted in this study. Data collection was carried out by survey method using questionnaires and observation checklists. Total amounted samples were 3,640 households and the respondents were housewife. Result: Most of the respondents (30,05%), burned their waste. Some of them, gave the waste to the informal collectors for recycling and the rest (0.27%) was composted. Conclusion: Burning is one way of handling household waste that is carried out by most communities in Buton Utara Regency.

Bioaerosol-induced in vitro activation of toll-like receptors and inflammatory biomarker expression in waste workers

PurposeOccupational exposure to bioaerosols during waste handling remains a health concern for exposed workers. However, exposure-related health effects and underlying immunological mechanisms are still poorly described.MethodsThe present study assessed the inflammatory potential of work-air samples (n = 56) in vitro and investigated biomarker expression in exposed workers (n = 69) compared to unexposed controls (n = 25). These quantitative results were compared to self-reported health conditions.ResultsPersonal air samples provoked an activation of TLR2 and TLR4 HEK reporter cells in one-third of all samples, indicating that the work environment contained ligands capable of inducing an immune response in vitro. Monocyte levels, as well as plasma biomarker levels, such as IL-1Ra, IL-18 and TNFα were significantly higher in exposed workers, compared to the control group when confounding factors such as BMI, sex, age and smoking habits were accounted for. Furthermore, a significant exposure-related increase in midweek IL-8 levels was measured among exposed workers. Tendencies of increased prevalence of health effects of the respiratory tract were identified in exposed workers.ConclusionInhalable dust provoked TLR activation in vitro, indicating that an exposure-related immune response may be expected in susceptible workers. However, despite significant differences in inflammatory plasma biomarker levels between exposed and unexposed workers, prevalence of self-reported health effects did not differ between the groups. This may be due to the healthy worker effect, or other factors such as adequate use of personal protective respiratory devices or adaptation to the work environment with reduced activation of the immune system.

Handling procedures of pharmaceutical waste among medical facility in Nakuru town, Nakuru County, Kenya

The study aimed at handling pharmaceutical waste (anti-biotics) procedures among medical facilities and their contribution to environmental pollution in Nakuru town. There is growing public concern over pharmaceutical substances remnants in water and the environment. This pharmaceutical waste includes antibiotics, which interfere with the water treatment process since most depend on biodegradation. This was achieved by conducting a social survey. The Social survey was used to collect data on handling procedures of pharmaceutical waste among medical facilities. Data were then processed and analysed using descriptive statistics. In this study, 69.57 per cent of the respondents indicated that public health officers were responsible for pharmaceutical waste handling. 83.12 per cent of the respondents indicated that they do not transport pharmaceuticals to other facilities since disposal is done on-site; hence, pharmaceuticals are handled at the point of generation. 75.03 per cent of those who transport pharmaceuticals for disposal outside the facility said they use government vehicles for transport, while 64.4 per cent indicated that they use all protective gear while handling pharmaceutical waste. Eighty-nine per cent also said that they use waste sacks when transporting pharmaceutical waste for disposal. The study provides information on handling procedures that can add information to the existing database and also serve as baseline data for researchers interested in related studies.

UJI PERFORMANSI ALAT DESTILASI UNTUK PEMURNIAN MINYAK DARI LIMBAH PLASTIK

In everyday life the use of plastic materials is very dominant. The use of this plastic material from year to year has greatly increased, which has resulted in an increase in plastic waste. Various parties have conducted research to reduce plastic waste into something that can have added value, including converting plastic waste into alternative energy sources in the form of fuel. Handling of plastic waste can be done by recycling it by heating it in a reactor so that it becomes liquid oil, then the oil is purified using a distillation apparatus. This study aims to determine the performance of oil refining distillation equipment from the processing of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste which can be used as fuel. The research method used is the performance test for refining oil from the processing of plastic waste which is heated with a distillation apparatus. Testing the plastic oil purification distillation apparatus was carried out 5 times, the test was carried out by means of each oil being put into the reactor totaling 3,500ml each time of testing, from the observations it showed that the results of tests 1 to 5 produced refined oil 1 = 1,592ml, 2 = 1.627ml, 3 = 1.609ml, 4 = 1.616ml, 5 = 1.319ml. The total amount of refined oil is: 7,768ml and the average temperature of the reactor is 184.6oC.

Entrepreneurial Production Technology and Growth of Smallholder Dairy Enterprises in Kenya

This study investigated influence of entrepreneurial production technology on growth of smallholder dairy enterprises in Kenya. The enterprises continuous respond to increasing demand for dairy products in the market from rising global populations. Dairy industry has introduced technologies, and adoption has increased productivity. In an attempt to gain and retain competitive advantage in the market, amidst environmental challenges, some related to climate change, enterprises have adopted entrepreneurial production technology. This study proposed that growth of smallholder dairy enterprises depends on the adoption of these technologies. The hypothesis was tested using a field survey on the actual technologies adopted by smallholders and extent of the adoption. Open and closed ended questionnaires were administered to a study sample of 395 smallholder dairy farmers, proportionately drawn from among active members, currently supplying milk to Githunguri, Wakulima and Nyala dairy cooperative societies in Kiambu, Nyeri, Nyandarua and Laikipia counties in high potential Central Kenya. The study established a significant positive influence of entrepreneurial production technology on growth of smallholder dairy enterprises in Kenya, supporting the idea that growth of smallholder dairy enterprises in Kenya is positively correlated to the extent of adoption of entrepreneurial production technologies in breeding, feeds production and feeding, and in waste handling. The results imply that smallholder dairy enterprises are poised to achieve greater growth when they adopt more entrepreneurial production technologies for breeding dairy cattle, feeds production and feeding and in handling waste from their dairy farms Key Words: Entrepreneurship; Entrepreneurial Production Technology; Enterprise Growth