Isometric Handgrip Research Articles

Physical, functional and personal variables affecting shoulder complaints in healthcare workers.

Work-related shoulder disorders adversely affect the quality of life and lead to increased costs related to decreased productivity and injury treatment. Therefore, understanding the relationship between strength, upper extremity function and work ability contributes to the development of interventions aimed to improve the well-being of healthcare workers. Correlate shoulder abduction and handgrip strength with upper extremity function and work ability in healthcare workers with shoulder complaints. 67 workers with shoulder pain in the last year were assessed by Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH), Work Ability Index (WAI), isokinetic shoulder strength and isometric handgrip strength dynamometers. Data were analysed with Spearman's Correlation Coefficient (ρ= 0.05), SPSS 20.0®. 52% males, mean age 48.4 years, 42% physically active, most administrative and general services workers. Low correlation between handgrip strength and QuickDASH (r=-0.359; p = 0.004); low correlation between handgrip strength and WAI (r = 0.359; p = 0.003) and between shoulder abduction strength and the QuickDASH (r = -0.267; p = 0.049); no significant correlation between shoulder abduction strength and WAI (r = 0.001; p = 0.997). Handgrip and shoulder abduction strength were inversely associated with upper extremity dysfunction. Shoulder abduction strength was associated with work ability. The inclusion of strength assessment in workers is important to guide strategies to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.

The effects of low vs. high rating of perceived exertion clamp exercise on performance, neuromuscular, and muscle oxygen saturation responses in females.

This study examined the time course of changes in force, relative to critical force (CF), electromyographic amplitude (EMG AMP), neuromuscular efficiency (NE), and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), as well as time to task failure (TTF) and performance fatigability (PF) during isometric handgrip holds to failure (HTF) anchored to the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at 3 and 7. Ten females completed pre-test maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs), submaximal HTF at four percentages of MVIC, an HTF at RPE = 3 and 7, and post-test MVICs. Analyses included paired samples t-tests, repeated measures ANOVAs and planned comparisons. TTF was not different between RPE 3 (540.4 ± 262.1s) and 7 (592.2 ± 299.6s), but PF for RPE 7 (42.1 ± 19.1%) was greater than RPE 3 (33.5 ± 15.4%) (p < 0.05). There were RPE-dependent decreases in force, EMG AMP, and NE across three discernable phases during the HTF (p < 0.01), but there were no significant changes in SmO2 across time. Although there were overall similar patterns across time for force, neuromuscular, and muscle metabolic responses between the RPE holds, the greater PF at RPE 7 than RPE 3 may be explained by the longer sustained time above CF at RPE 7, resulting in greater accumulation of intramuscular metabolites and afferent feedback. Throughout each trial, it is possible that force was adjusted to avoid the sensory tolerance limit, and the task was ended when force could no longer be reduced to maintain the assigned RPE, resulting in a similar TTF for RPE 7 and RPE 3.

Smaller Left Ventricular Size But Preserved Function in Adolescents and Adults Born Preterm.

Prematurely born adults have increased risk for cardiovascular disease. There are limited cardiac data on US-born preterm individuals. We aimed to determine whether adolescents and adults born prematurely have altered left ventricular (LV) structure and function, and to interrogate diastolic function using isometric handgrip exercise. Adolescents and adults born moderately to extremely preterm (≤32 weeks gestation or <1500 g birth weight) were recruited from the Parkland Health Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Registry. Full-term participants were recruited from the local area. Study procedures included anthropometrics and vitals, handgrip testing, and echocardiography performed at rest and during isometric handgrip exercise. Data were reported as mean±SD. The study enrolled 107 preterm and 48 term participants. Preterm participants (gestational age: 29.5±2.5 weeks) were shorter with higher body mass index (P<0.001) compared with term participants. Preterm participants exhibited smaller LV end-diastolic volume index (50.8±10.1 versus 56.9±10.0 mL/m2, P<0.001), LV stroke volume index (29.6±6.0 versus 34.1±6.5 mL/m2, P<0.001), and LV mass index (67.2±13.1 versus 73.3±14.2 g/m2, P=0.002) compared with term individuals. Preterm participants also had subclinical reductions in LV peak systolic tissue velocity and peak early diastolic tissue velocity lateral at rest. Isometric handgrip exercise promoted a reduction in diastolic function and an increase in hemodynamic measures, but changes during isometric handgrip exercise were similar between groups. Adolescents and adults born preterm exhibit overall normal cardiac function despite smaller cardiac volumes and mass compared with individuals born full term. Effects are most pronounced at the lowest gestational ages.

Penerapan Isometric Handgrip Exercise untuk Menurunkan Tekanan Darah pada Penderita Hipertensi di Wilayah Puskesmas Pucangsawit

Background: Hypertension that occurs in the world of the entire world population is 22% (WHO, 2021). Based on data obtained from the Pucangsawit Community Health Center, in 2023 there were 1,623 cases of Primary Hypertension. Isometric handgrip exercise therapy is a non-pharmacological therapy to help lower blood pressure. Objective: determine changes in blood pressure values in two respondents with hypertension before and after being given isometric handgrip therapy. Method: This research is a case study research using descriptive methods, namely by observing and interviewing two respondents with hypertension who are at risk of developing kidney disease and other diseases with a decrease in blood pressure results that become normal. Results: There was a decrease in blood pressure values in Mrs. S from 143/90 mmHg to 135/85 mmHg, while in Mr. N decreased from 160/98 to 150/90 mmHg. Conclusion: after applying isometric handgrip therapy to Mrs. S and Mr. N there is a decrease in blood pressure values ​​in hypertensive sufferers. This shows that the isometric handgrip can reduce blood pressure to normal.

Arterial blood pressure regulation during prolonged isometric exercise in artistic gymnastic athletes compared to controls.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the baroreflex sensitivity alterations in regulating arterial blood pressure during prolonged isometric exercise at different intensities in elite artistic gymnastic athletes compared to non-athletes. Fourteen young males participated in the study; 7 international level artistic gymnastics athletes and 7 physically active students inexperienced to isometric or resistance training. On two occasions, both groups performed 3 minutes of isometric handgrip exercise either at 30% or 50% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), in a randomized order. Force production, arterial blood pressure and baroreflex sensitivity through finger plethysmograph were continuously recorded. At rest, arterial blood pressure was normal in both groups (systolic blood pressure [SBP], athletes [A]: 128±9.0 mmHg, non-athletes [NA]: 130±7.2 mmHg, P=0.62; DIA, A: 75.6±5.2, NA: 78.5±4.6, P=0.31) but baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was higher in athletes than in non-athletes (A: 16.6±7.4, NA: 12.0±7.9, P=0.02). During prolonged isometric exercise at 30% MVC, blood pressure was similar between groups (SBP, A: 176.9±16 mmHg vs. NA: 189.5±15.1 mmHg P=0.9, diastolic blood pressure [DBP], A: 108±11 mmHg vs. NA: 118±11 mmHg, P=0.6) and BRS was still higher in athletes (A: 13.28±5.75 ms/mmHg vs. NA: 6.72±3.83, P=0.04), whereas at 50% MVC, blood pressure was lower in the athletes compared to the control group (SBP, A: 182.5±15 mmHg vs. NA: 222.1±19.3 mmHg, P=0.001; DBP A: 115±14 mmHg vs. NA: 141±20 mmHg, P=0.02,without statistically significant difference in BRS between groups (A: 7.39±5.34 ms/mmHg vs. NA: 3.9±1.73 ms/mmHg, P=0.44). The results of our cross-sectional study revealed that after years of exposure in high amounts of training loads, baroreflex sensitivity is increased in healthy athletes probably in order to prevent excessive increases in blood pressure during exercise.

Comparing The Effects of Compression Contrast Therapy and Dry Needling on Muscle Functionality, Pressure Pain Threshold, and Perfusion after Isometric Fatigue in Forearm Muscles of Combat Sports Athletes: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of compression contrast therapy (CT) and dry needling therapy (DN) on muscle tension (MT), muscle strength (Fmax), pressure pain threshold (PPT), and perfusion (PU) following fatigue of forearm muscles (e.g., flexor carpi radialis) in combat sports athletes. A single-blind randomized controlled trial was employed. Participants first underwent muscle fatigue induction, which involved sustaining an isometric handgrip at 60% of their maximum voluntary contraction in 5-second cycles. This was followed by exposure to one of the regenerative therapies. Forty-five participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: CT/DN (n = 15), CT/ShDN (n = 15), and ShCT/DN (n = 15). The sham condition (Sh) involved a simulated version of the technique. Measurements were taken at four time points: (i) at rest; (ii) immediately after exercise that led to a state of fatigue; (iii) 5 minutes after therapy (PostTh5min); and (iv) 24 hours after therapy (PostTh24h). Each participant was exposed to one experimental condition and one control condition, thereby undergoing evaluation in two sessions. Significant differences between groups were found in MT during the PostTh5min (p = 0.005), as well as in PU during the PostTh5min (p < 0.001) and PU during the PostTh24h (p < 0.001). All groups showed significant improvements at 5 minutes post-therapy compared to immediately post-muscle fatigue. As conclusions, CT/DN seems to be significantly better for enhancing MT and PU after 5 minutes of muscle fatigue induction. Using either CT, DN, or both combined is recommended to enhance the recovery of muscle functionality and properties, favoring recovery and potentially speeding up performance enhancement.

Endothelial Dysfunction in Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: A Clinical Translational Study.

Youth-onset type 2 diabetes (Y-T2D) is associated with increased risk for coronary atherosclerotic disease, but the timing of the earliest pathological features and evidence of cardiac endothelial dysfunction have not been evaluated in this population. Endothelial function magnetic resonance imaging may detect early and direct endothelial dysfunction in the absence of classical risk factors (severe hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia). Using endothelial function magnetic resonance imaging, we evaluated peripheral and coronary artery structure and endothelial function in young adults with Y-T2D diagnosed ≤5 years compared with age-matched healthy peers. We isolated and characterized plasma-derived small extracellular vesicles and evaluated their effects on inflammatory and signaling biomarkers in healthy human coronary artery endothelial cells to validate the imaging findings. Right coronary wall thickness, coronary artery flow-mediated dilation, and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation were measured at baseline and during isometric handgrip exercise using a 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging. Human coronary artery endothelial cells were treated with Y-T2D plasma-derived small extracellular vesicles. Protein expression was measured by Western blot analysis, oxidative stress was measured using the redox-sensitive probe dihydroethidium, and nitric oxide levels were measured by 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluororescein diacetate. Y-T2D (n=20) had higher hemoglobin A1c and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, but similar total and LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol compared with healthy peers (n=16). Y-T2D had greater coronary wall thickness (1.33±0.13 versus 1.22±0.13 mm; P=0.04) and impaired endothelial function: lower coronary artery flow-mediated dilation (-3.1±15.5 versus 15.9±17.3%; P<0.01) and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (6.7±14.7 versus 26.4±15.2%; P=0.001). Y-T2D plasma-derived small extracellular vesicles reduced phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide levels, increased reactive oxygen species production, and elevated ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule)-mediated inflammatory pathways in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Coronary and brachial endothelial dysfunction was evident in Y-T2D who were within 5 years of diagnosis and did not have severe hyperglycemia or dyslipidemia. Plasma-derived small extracellular vesicles induced markers of endothelial dysfunction, which corroborated accelerated subclinical coronary atherosclerosis as an early feature in Y-T2D. URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02830308 and NCT01399385.

Xbox Kinect Sports vs. Nintendo Switch Sports and Their Effects on Body Composition and Physical Performance in Older Females: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of Xbox Kinect Sports (XKS) regarding Nintendo Switch Sports (NSS) and an inactive control group (CG) on body composition (body fat percentage, BFP; and fat-free mass) and physical performance (maximal isometric handgrip strength, MIHS; 30-s chair stand, 30-S; timed up-and-go, TUG; sit-and-reach; and 2-min step) in physically inactive older females. Methods: A randomized controlled trial study was conducted with three parallel groups: XKS (n = 13), NSS (n = 14), and CG (n = 16) considering three weekly 60-min sessions for 12 weeks with pre- and post-assessments. Results: A two-factor mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) model with repeated measures was performed to measure the time × group effect. Multiple comparisons revealed significant differences in BFP (F(2,18) = 6.12; p = 0.005; ηp2 = 0.226, large effect), 30-S (F(2,18) = 20.7; p = 0.000; ηp2 = 0.496, large effect), TUG (F(2,18) = 10.0; p = 0.000; ηp2 = 0.323, large effect), sit-and-reach (F(2,18) = 37.3; p = 0.000; ηp2 = 0.640, large effect), and 2-min step (F(2,18) = 9.85; p = 0.000; ηp2 = 0.319, large effect) in favor of XKS regarding NSS and CG. The intragroup results only present in XKS a significant decrease in BFP (p = 0.02; d = 0.98) and significant improvements in the 30-S (p = 0.000; d = 1.88), TUG (p < 0.01; d = 2.00), sit-and-reach (p = 0.003; d = 2.58), and 2-min step (p = 0.004; d = 1.05). Conclusions: training using XKS significantly decreases BFP and improves 30-S, TUG, sit-and-reach, and 2-min step in physically inactive older females.

Psychometric properties of the modified reaching performance scale in persons with multiple sclerosis

BackgroundA valid and reliable assessment tool to describe the quality of the movement pattern of reaching can provide valuable insights into motor performance deficits in persons with MS (pwMS). The Reaching Performance Scale, developed for stroke, is a promising scale to assess movement patterns in pwMS. However, psychometric properties of the scale are lacking in pwMS. ObjectivesFirstly, to investigate the content validity of the modified Reaching Performance Scale for application in patients with MS (mRPS). Secondly, to investigate the psychometric properties (within- and between-session reliability and concurrent validity) of the mRPS for pwMS. MethodsForty-five pwMS (mean EDSS 6.6 pt, IQR 6–7.5) executed the mRPS that rates the quality of movement patterns and compensations during reach to grasp tasks. The content validity was determined by an expert panel based on observations of subjects performing the RPS. The reliability was based on five repetitions within one day, and between two days. For the concurrent validity, outcome measures at two levels of the International Classification of Functioning were correlated with the mRPS: Body Structure and Function level: Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Limb (FMA-UL), maximal isometric hand grip strength (HGS; Activity level: Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Box and Blocks Test (BBT), Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT) and Trunk Impairment Scale 2.0 (TIS 2.0) as well as perceived performance by the Manual Ability Measure-36 (MAM-36). ResultsScale modifications were made only on the ratings of the trunk displacement subscale. The mRPS had excellent agreement scores for within-session reliability (range of Kappa between 0.85 and 0.98) and moderate-to-excellent agreement scores for between-session reliability (K: 0.66–1.00). Regarding validity, the mRPS was highly correlated with the ARAT (rho=0.74, p < 0.001), followed by moderate correlations with trunk performance (TIS 2.0, rho= 0.61, p < 0.001), hand function (BBT: rho=0.64, p < 0.001; NHPT: rho=-0.61, p < 0.001) and perceived performance (MAM36 rho= 0.53, p < 0.001). ConclusionThe mRPS is a reliable measurement tool to describe the movement pattern quality and motor compensations used during reaching in pwMS. Concerning concurrent validity, the mRPS is partially related to other measures of upper limb and trunk performance.

Pengaruh Isometric Handgrip Exercise terhadap Tekanan Darah pada Lansia dengan Hipertensi di Desa Gringging Kabupaten Sragen

Background: The prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia in 2021 reached 34.1% or more than 70 million people, and in Central Java in 2021 hypertension patients reached 37.57%. One of the interventions that supports is isometric handgrip exercise, to reduce blood pressure. Objective: To determine the effect of isometric handgrip exercise on blood pressure in elderly with hypertension in Gringging Village, Sragen Regency. Methods: The type of research is quantitative, the research method uses Pre-Exsperiment with One Group Pre Test-Post Test design. Using nonprobability sampling technique with purposive sampling method. Sampling as many as 15 respondents. The research instrument uses a sphygmomanometer. Data analysis with wilcoxon test. Results: in the study isometric handgrip exercise was given for 5 consecutive days with a time of 3 minutes and each hand got 2 contractions with a duration of 45 seconds per contraction. The results of the Wilcoxon test obtained a p-value of 0.000 &lt;0.05. Conclusion: There is a significant effect of isometric handgrip exercise on blood pressure in elderly with hypertension in Gringging Village, Sragen Regency.

Effect of 10-week Isometric handgrip exercise at home on hemodynamic and psychological factors of sedentary hypertensive women during COVID-19

Background and Objective: COVID-19 poses significant public health threats and impacts physical activity, particularly in hypertensive patients. The aim of this study is to examine the ten weeks of isometric handgrip exercise impact on hypertensive women during quarantine. Methods: thirty female volunteers with high blood pressure participated in this randomized controlled trial study. The isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise group performed the exercise for ten weeks (3 sessions per week, 4x2 min isometric contractions at 30% MVC, separated by 2 minutes rest) via video call at home, and the control group had no exercise program. The blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, and mean), heart rate, and myocardial oxygen consumption were measured before and after exercise program; DASS21 and quality of life (Sf-36) questionnaires were then completed by the participants. Results: Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure showed a significant decrease (5 mmHg, 2 mmHg, respectively); quality of life and DASS21 scores showed a significant improvement after IHG exercise compared to the control (p &lt; .05). Conclusion: IHG exercise activity at home is highly effective and useful for improving blood pressure and quality of life of hypertensive women, and it is also a treatment option to reduce stress, depression and anxiety due to COVID-19.

Characteristics associated with responsiveness to isometric handgrip training in medicated hypertensive patients: secondary data analysis.

Isometric handgrip training (IHT) has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. However, factors that predict responsiveness to IHT are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the patient characteristics associated with the antihypertensive response to IHT using a recommended statistical approach for evaluating interindividual responses. Data from four randomized controlled trials were combined, totaling 81 patients undergoing IHT (48.8% women; 60 ± 11 years) and 90 control patients (45.6% women; 62 ± 12 years). IHT consisted of 4 × 2 min isometric contractions at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction, performed three times/week for 8-12 weeks. BP was measured at baseline and following IHT and control interventions. The interindividual variation was assessed by the standard deviation of the individual responses (SD ir ), and linear regression analyses were conducted to explore response predictors. IHT significantly decreased both SBP (-5.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) -9.5 to -1.3 mmHg) and DBP (-2.8; 95% CI -5.1 to -0.6 mmHg). The interindividual variation of BP change was moderate for systolic (SD ir = 5.2 mmHg, 0.30 standardized units) and low for diastolic (SD ir = 1.7 mmHg, 0.15 standardized units). Sex, age, and BMI were not associated with the antihypertensive effect of IHT. However, a higher baseline SBP ( b = -0.467, P < 0.001) and absence of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers use ( b = 0.340, P = 0.001) were associated with greater BP reductions. IHT reduced BP in medicated hypertensive patients regardless of age, sex, and BMI. Patients with a higher baseline SBP and those not prescribed dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers were more responsive to IHT.

Comparison of Force, Neuromuscular, and Metabolic Responses During Sustained, Isometric Handgrip Holds to Failure Anchored to Low and High Perceptual Intensities in Men: An Exploratory Study.

Kwak, M, Succi, PJ, Benitez, B, Mitchinson, C, Samaan, MA, Abel, MG, and Bergstrom, HC. Comparison of force, neuromuscular, and metabolic responses during sustained, isometric handgrip holds to failure anchored to low and high perceptual intensities in men: An exploratory study. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): e405-e416, 2024-This study examined the responses of force alterations, relative to critical force (CF), neuromuscular parameters, and muscle oxygenation (SmO2) for isometric handgrip holds to failure (HTF) anchored to ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) of 3 and 7. Twelve men completed pre-maximal voluntary isometric contractions (pre-MVIC), submaximal HTF at 4 percentages of pre-MVIC, HTF at RPE = 3 and 7, and post-MVIC. Mechanomyograpic (MMG) signals and SmO2 were recorded during the RPE HTF. Analyses included paired-samples t-tests and repeated-measures ANOVAs at an alpha level of p ≤ 0.05. Time to task failure was not different between RPE 3 (478.7 ± 196.6 s) and RPE 7 (495.8 ± 173.8 s). Performance fatigability (PF) and MMG amplitude (AMP) were greater for RPE 7 (PF: 37.9 ± 12.9%; MMG AMP: 15.7 ± 7.4% MVIC) than RPE 3 (PF: 30.0 ± 14.5%; MMG AMP: 10.2 ± 6.5% MVIC), but MMG mean power frequency (MPF) was greater for RPE 3 (146.2 ± 31.1% MVIC) than RPE 7 (128.8 ± 23.0% MVIC). There were RPE-dependent decreases in force (p ≤ 0.01) across 3 discernable phases during the HTF. There were decreases in MMG AMP across time for both RPEs, but there were no significant changes in MMG MPF or SmO2. There were overall similar motor unit control strategies and local metabolic demand between RPEs. The majority of the HTF performed below CF at RPE 3 and 7 indicated CF did not reflect the highest sustainable force. When prescribing isometric exercise anchored to RPE, practitioners should be aware of the magnitude of force loss and relative intensity of the task to be sure desired training loads are met.

A Characterization of the Cardiac Physiology and Aortic Pulse Wave Properties of Artistic Swimmers Across Competitive Levels.

The distinct physical and environmental stressors of artistic swimming (previously termed synchronized swimming) result in unique hemodynamic stimuli. Given that the hemodynamic stress associated with participation in an exercise modality drives adaptation of the heart and central vasculature, artistic swimming may produce a distinct cardiovascular phenotype. Presumably, athletes competing at the highest levels also have greater training exposure and, thus, exhibit more adaptation. The purpose of this study was to characterize cardiovascular form and function across the competitive spectrum of artistic swimmers. Cardiovascular structure and function were compared in a cross-sectional study of healthy controls, varsity, and elite artistic swimmers, using pulse wave analysis, pulse wave velocity, and echocardiographic images both at rest and during isometric handgrip exercise. Aortic stiffness was similar across all groups, as were characteristics of the decomposed aortic pressure waveform. At rest, both varsity and elite swimmers demonstrated similar systolic function compared to controls. However, peak left ventricular twist was greater in varsity and elites (controls: 8.0 ± 3.9, varsity: 12.8 ± 8.6, elites: 13.4 ± 3.9; both p < 0.02). Furthermore, elites demonstrated greater peak left ventricular radial strain (controls: 29.2 ± 9.9, varsity: 32.5 ± 10.3, elites: 53.9 ± 15.1; both p < 0.001) and longitudinal strain (controls: -16.9 ± 1.6, varsity: -16.5 ± 1.8, elites: -19.5 ± 3.2; both p < 0.04). In contrast to controls, both varsity and elite artistic swimmers demonstrated no change in peak late diastolic transmitral filling velocity (controls: Δ0.2 ± 0.04 m/s, varsity: Δ0.06 ± 0.04 m/s, elites: Δ0.05 ± 0.04 m/s) during isometric handgrip exercise (both p > 0.05), with elites demonstrating lower peak velocity than varsity swimmers, (p = 0.048) indicating preservation of diastolic function. Artistic swimmers demonstrate distinct cardiac physiology at rest and during isometric handgrip, with a greater extent of distinguishing features observed in those competing at the highest level of competition.

Comparison of isometric handgrip test among pregnant offspring of hypertensive parents and pregnant offspring of non-hypertensive parents.

A family history of hypertension is one of the important risk factors for the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Offspring of hypertensive parents should be screened for PIH. The isometric handgrip (IHG) test is used to assess autonomic function among them. Autonomic function dysregulation can indicate their predisposition to develop PIH later in the course of pregnancy. To compare the IHG among pregnant offspring of hypertensive parents (Group 1) and non-hypertensive parents (Group 2). This is a cross-sectional study done among 100 pregnant women in the second trimester (50 participants in each group). Blood pressure responses to sustained hand grip for 2 minutes of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) were recorded, immediately at the end of the IHG test and after 5 minutes of the IHG test. Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the responses in two groups. There is no statistical difference in basal blood pressure and heart rate between the two groups. Group 1 exhibited a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) compared to Group 2 immediately after 2 minutes of the IHG test. There is a significant increase in SBP after 5 minutes of the IHG in Group 2. Offspring of hypertensive parents have increased sympathetic reactivity and restoration of the blood pressure is significantly less compared to offspring of normotensive parents, which may predispose them for PIH. IHG can be applied as a convenient tool to screen the population who are at risk of PIH in places like primary health centres or field screenings where IHG is one possible option.

Tournament Recovery Profiles and Physical Demands in a Collegiate Women's Tennis Team.

Tendero-Ortiz, E, Johnson, MJ, Horsfall, CM, Vondrasek, JD, Grosicki, GJ, Riemann, BL, and Flatt, AA. Tournament recovery profiles and physical demands in a collegiate women's tennis team. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-We aimed to characterize recovery profiles and tournament physical demands in women's collegiate tennis players. A Division 1 team (n = 9) participated in the study. Markers of cardiac autonomic (resting heart rate [HR], HR variability), neuromuscular (isometric handgrip strength, seated single-arm shot-put test [SSAPT], hexagon agility, countermovement jump characteristics), and perceptual recovery were obtained before the tournament (baseline) and again 1 and 2 days posttournament. Cardiorespiratory (HR) and movement characteristics from matches were quantified with wearable devices. p values < 0.05 were statistically significant. No recovery markers differed from baseline (ps > 0.05), although small effect size reductions 1 day posttournament were noted for SSAPT, hexagon agility, and select countermovement jump characteristics. In addition, hexagon agility times and SSAPT were slower (p < 0.01) and shorter (p < 0.05), respectively, at 1 versus 2 days posttournament. Similarly, relative to 1 day posttournament, perceptual makers were improved 2 days posttournament (ps < 0.05). Mean and peak HR were higher for singles versus doubles matches (ps < 0.05). Except for average speed, movement parameters were greater during singles versus doubles matches (ps < 0.05). Markers of recovery were minimally affected 1 day posttournament relative to baseline, but perceptual and select neuromuscular markers were most improved 2 days posttournament. Thus, passive rest or limited intensity training 1 day posttournament seems advisable. Competition HR and movement profiles inform practitioners of the cardiorespiratory and locomotor demands of women's collegiate tennis, which may be useful in designing preparatory conditioning programs to ensure that players attain match-specific physical capacities in training before competition.

Cardiovascular Autonomic Modulation in Chronic Coronary Syndrome Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Introduction The risk of sudden death in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is increased by unbalanced cardiovascular autonomic function. Since myocardial ischemia appears to be the causeof this condition of autonomic dysregulation, treating this condition should improve and correct the autonomic functions. Improving myocardial perfusion by PCI might have beneficial effects on the recovery of autonomic balance in ischemia-triggered autonomic dysregulation. Objective In the present study, autonomic modulation in patients with CCS was evaluated before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using cardiovascular reflex tests. Methods A total of 30CCS patients were recruited from the cardiology outpatient department. The patients were tested withcardiovascular reflex tests (lying to standing, 30:15 ratio, Valsalva ratio, isometric handgrip test, and deep breathing test) before and after PCI. The licensed statistical software SPSS version 21.0 was used to compile and analyse the data. Results Out of 30 patients, parasympathetic reactivity tests conducted post-PCI were significantly higher as compared to pre-PCI patients: (1) lying to standing - 30:15 ratio (1.17± 0.102 versus 1.03± 0.064, p=0.000); (2) Valsalva ratio (1.42±0.276 versus 1.02±0.133, p=0.000), (3) delta heart rate in deep breathing test (17.23± 3.004 bpm versus 7.85± 4.076 bpm, p=0.000), and (4) expiration to inspiration (E:I) ratio (1.25± 0.050 versus 1.11± 0.064, p=0.000. Among sympathetic reactivity tests, lying to standing test for fall in systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in the pre-PCI state than post-PCI (-20.73± 10.29 versus -2.33± 7.67, p=0.000). The rise in DBP of the isometric handgrip test was significantly higher in post-PCI compared to pre-PCI patients (36.73±8.39 mm Hg versus 16.63±8.47 mm Hg, p=0.000). Conclusion Resting autonomic tone as determined by cardiovascular reflex testing reveals an increase in both parasympathetic and sympathetic reactivity following PCI in CCS, according to the findings of this preliminary study. As a result, we propose that noninvasive procedures like cardiovascular reflex tests be used to stratify the likelihood of illness development in the future.

Establishment of regression-based isometric strength reference values for the upper limb in persons with multiple sclerosis.

Muscle weakness is common and significantly affects persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), with dysfunction in upper limb (UL) muscle groups occurring in approximately 60% of PwMS. To develop gender-specific regression-based prediction equations, with 95% confidence intervals for maximal bilateral UL isometric strength (shoulder abduction and adduction, wrist flexion and extension) and hand grip strength in PwMS. Cross-sectional study. Comprehensive MS center. 256 PwMS. Not Applicable. Shoulder abduction and adduction and wrist flexion and extension isometric strength(Biodex System 4 Pro Dynamometer) and hand grip strength (Jamar handheld dynamometer) were measured. Disease characteristics (disability and disease duration) and demographics (age, height, and weight) were collected. Regression-based predictive equations were generated for the UL muscle groups for each gender and limb, using age, height, weight, disability, and disease duration as covariates. Variables were compared between genders using the Mann-Whitney U test. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) reference values (mean ± SD) were reported based on age (<30, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 years) and disability (mild, moderate, severe ambulant, and severe nonambulant) for each gender and limb. Regression-based equations were developed for both genders' strongest and weakest limb, accounting for age, height, weight, disability, and disease duration. MVC was higher in men than women (p < .001) in all muscle groups. Overall, MVC was significantly related to age in 14, height in 5, weight in 6, disability in 14, and disease duration in none of the 20 models. This is the first study to provide regression-based prediction equations for strongest and weakest MVC of UL muscle groups and demonstrated an inverse relationship between MVC with disability and age. Regression-based reference strength values can help clinicians understand muscular strength along a spectrum of PwMS and can aid in goal setting and education for realistic outcomes.

Reduced dynamic changes in pulmonary artery compliance during isometric handgrip exercise in patients with heart failure

Exercise intolerance is a debilitating symptom in heart failure (HF), adversely affecting both quality of life and long-term prognosis. Emerging evidence suggests that pulmonary artery (PA) compliance may be a contributing factor. This study aims to non-invasively assess PA compliance and its dynamic properties during isometric handgrip (HG) exercise in HF patients and healthy controls, using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). We prospectively enrolled 36 subjects, comprising 17 HF patients (NYHA class II and III) and 19 healthy controls. Participants performed an HG test, and we assessed changes in PA compliance and hemodynamic flow parameters using advanced CMR techniques. We also explored the relationship between CMR-derived PA compliance metrics and established clinical indicators, ensuring the validity of our findings through intra- and interobserver agreements. HF patients had significantly lower resting PA compliance compared to controls (28.9% vs. 50.1%, p < 0.01). During HG exercise, HF patients exhibited a dampened adaptability in PA compliance. Hemodynamic responses, including heart rate and blood pressure, were not significantly different between the groups. Further analyses revealed a significant correlation between changes in PA compliance and functional capacity, and an inverse relationship with NYHA class. Our study demonstrates a marked difference in PA vascular responses during HG exercise between HF patients and healthy controls. The compromised adaptability in PA compliance in HF patients is correlated with diminished functional capacity. These findings have significant clinical implications and may guide future interventional strategies in HF management.

Effects of short-term dietary nitrate supplementation on exercise and coronary blood flow responses in patients with peripheral artery disease.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a prevalent vascular disorder characterized by atherosclerotic occlusion of peripheral arteries, resulting in reduced blood flow to the lower extremities and poor walking ability. Older patients with PAD are also at a markedly increased risk of cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction. Recent evidence indicates that inorganic nitrate supplementation, which is abundant in certain vegetables, augments nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and may have beneficial effects on walking, blood pressure, and vascular function in patients with PAD. We sought to determine if short-term nitrate supplementation (via beetroot juice) improves peak treadmill time and coronary hyperemic responses to plantar flexion exercise relative to placebo (nitrate-depleted juice) in older patients with PAD. The primary endpoints were peak treadmill time and the peak coronary hyperemic response to plantar flexion exercise. Eleven PAD patients (52-80 yr.; 9 men/2 women; Fontaine stage II) were randomized (double-blind) to either nitrate-rich (Beet-IT, 0.3 g inorganic nitrate twice/day; BRnitrate) or nitrate-depleted (Beet-IT, 0.04 g inorganic nitrate twice/day, BRplacebo) beetroot juice for 4 to 6 days, followed by a washout of 7 to 14 days before crossing over to the other treatment. Patients completed graded plantar flexion exercise with their most symptomatic leg to fatigue, followed by isometric handgrip until volitional fatigue at 40% of maximum on day 4 of supplementation, and a treadmill test to peak exertion 1-2 days later while continuing supplementation. Hemodynamics and exercise tolerance, and coronary blood flow velocity (CBV) responses were measured. Although peak walking time and claudication onset time during treadmill exercise did not differ significantly between BRplacebo and BRnitrate, the diastolic blood pressure response at the peak treadmill walking stage was significantly lower in the BRnitrate condition. Increases in CBV from baseline to peak plantar flexion exercise after BRplacebo and BRnitrate showed a trend for a greater increase in CBV at the peak workload of plantar flexion with BRnitrate (p = 0.06; Cohen's d = 0.56). Overall, these preliminary findings suggest that inorganic nitrate supplementation in PAD patients is safe, well-tolerated, and may improve the coronary hyperemic and blood pressure responses when their calf muscles are most predisposed to ischemia.Clinical trial registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT02553733.