Hand Sorting Method Research Articles

Earthworm (Oligochaeta) diversity of Kumaun Himalaya with a new record of Drawida japonica (Michaelsen, 1892) (Monaligastridae) from Nainital, Uttarakhand, India

The present study was conducted to investigate earthworm diversity in the Kumaun region of Uttarakhand, India. Earthworm sampling was made from 1,409–2,224 m from the foothills of the Kumaun Himalaya to higher altitudes monthly from April 2019 to April 2021, covering the major monsoon season in India. Earthworms were collected from twelve different sites using the hand sorting method and preserved in 10% formalin. We recorded 14 earthworm species representing four families: Megascolecidae (Amynthas corticis, Amynthas morrisi, Amynthas alexandri, Metaphire anomala, Metaphire houlleti, Metaphire birmanica, & Perionyx excavatus); Lumbricidae (Aporrectodea caliginosa trapezoides, Aporrectodea rosea rosea, Eisenia fetida, Octolasion tyrtaeum, & Dendrodrilus rubidus); Moniligastridae (Drawida japonica); and Octochaetidae (Eutyphoeus nainianus). Drawida japonica from the family Moniligastridae is being reported for the first time from the Kumaun Himalaya. Moniligastrids are an important, yet often ignored, earthworm group commonly found in cultivated soils of higher altitudes.

Distribution of Soil Macrofauna Diversity and Abudance Land Used at Moving Agricultura Systems Warmare District, Regency of Manokwari, Province of West Papua

Warmare District, Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province is one of the areas where the people still maintain the shifting cultivation system and it has even become one of the local wisdoms in the area. This research aims to examine the diversity and density of soil macrofauna on shifting cultivation land in the Warmare District, Manokwari Regency. The method used in this research is the direct handsorting method in the field and macrofauna identification using a binocular microscope. Data analysis used in this research was cluster analysis with PAST (Powerful Software for Scientific Data Analysis) software version 3.4 and used the Landmarks 3D PCA test to see the relationship between soil macrofauna diversity and land use types. The research results showed that the highest density and diversity of soil macrofauna was shown by the use of forest land with 38 taxa at a depth of 0-10 cm and 37 taxa at a depth of 10-20 cm. Where the high diversity composition of the Shannon-Weaner index is shown by forest land use with a value of 0.94 and is reinforced by the low Simpson index value of 0.30 for forest land use. This is in line with the results of the PCA analysis which shows that macrofauna forest land is compared with monoculture cultivation land and polyculture cultivation land.

Diversity and community structure of soil microarthrophods of several moorlands in Gumukmas District, Jember Regency, East Java

<p>The effectiveness of soil microarthropods as a bioindicator was studied to evaluate various soils in the conditions of various lands, including moorland in Gumukmas District, Jember Regency. This study focuses on data collection of the diversity and structure of soil microarthropod communities along with the assessment of their ecological parameters. Field observations were carried out in five villages in Gumukmas District from August-September 2022 using the hand sorting method. The data were analyzed using α-diversity parameters (Dominance Index, Simpson Index, Evenness, Shannon-Weiner Index, Brillouin Index, and Margalef Species Richness). Habitat similarities were presented by UPGMA multivariate analysis and the estimation of abiotic factors that influence soil microarthropod composition was estimated by Canonical Component Analysis (CCA). The observations showed a total of 24 families from 13 soil microarthropod orders that spread across Gumukmas District. The abundance of diversity based on the α-diversity is still relatively low to moderate, nevertheless, the correlation of microarthropod orders to environmental factors can reveal conditions of the soil cycle through the study site. The results of the study are expected to assist in efforts to restore the diversity of soil microarthropods to support better soil quality.</p>

Perbandingan Struktur Komunitas Cacing Tanah Megadrilli pada Ekosistem Alami dan Ekosistem Buatan

Earthworms are an important component of soil ecosystems. The presence of earthworms in a habitat can enhance the quality of the soil, both in its physical, chemical, and biological properties. This research has the purpose to analyze the comparison of earthworm density found in natural ecosystems and artificial ecosystems. The determination of location points is done using the Cluster Sampling method, which includes both natural and artificial ecosystems. Sampling is conducted using the line transect method along a 100-meter length in 20 plots. The earthworm collection method involves the use of square and hand sorting methods. Data analysis includes density values, frequency, diversity index, and the Morisita index, as well as statistical analysis using an independent sample T-Test to determine the significance of the difference in earthworm abundance between the two locations. Five species of megadrillic earthworms were identified, classified into two ecological categories: epigeic and endogeic. In the natural ecosystem, there were five species, namely Pheretima capensis (epigeic), P. corethururus (endogeic), Pheretima sp.1 (epigeic), Megascolex sp. (endogeic), and Pheretima sp.2 (epigeic). Meanwhile, in the artificial ecosystem, three species were found, which are P. capensis (epigeic), P. corethururus (endogeic), and Pheretima sp.2 (epigeic). The density of megadrillic earthworms in the natural ecosystem (567.8 individuals/m2) is significantly higher compared to the artificial ecosystem (242.5 individuals/m2). The relative frequency of earthworms in the natural ecosystem is divided into 3 categories: Rare (Assesory), Common (Constant), and Very Common (Absolute), whereas in the artificial ecosystem, there are 2 categories: Common (Constant) and Very Common (Absolute). The diversity index of earthworms in the natural ecosystem tends to be higher (H' = 1.236) than in the artificial ecosystem (H' = 0.885). The distribution pattern of megadrillic earthworms in the natural ecosystem is clustered, while in the artificial ecosystem, it is random.

How applied reclamation treatments and vegetation type affect on soil fauna in a novel ecosystem developed on a spoil heap of carboniferous rocks

The restoration of soil fauna on a spoil heap is a strong indicator of successful reclamation. The studies were conducted on two types of materials: bare rock (BR) and BR with topsoil (TS) which were applied during coal spoil reclamation and three vegetation types. Four variants investigated included natural forest succession on BR (Succession_BR) and TS (Succession_TS), afforestation (Reclamation_TS) and afforestation with Robinia pseudoacacia (Robinia_TS). Soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) content, and soil texture were measured in 0–10 cm layers. Earthworms were collected using hand sorting method, and enchytraeids were collected using wet extraction with the heating method.The investigated soil had varying pH values from 5.3 in a BR to 7.2 in Robinia_TS. The highest content of SOC and TN were in Successinon_BR, and the lowest was in Succession_TS. Enchytraeids density was in the following increasing order: 275, 2982, 3001 and 4548 ind m−2 for Succession_BR, Robinia_TS, Succession_TS and Reclamation_TS, respectively. Earthworm density ranged from 0 ind. m−2 in the Succession_BR through 116 ind m−2 and 120 ind m−2 in Reclamation_TS and Succession_TS, respectively up to 162 ind m−2 in the Robinia_TS.The reclamation treatment was a major driver for soil fauna development while vegetation type was of secondary importance. Investigated soil fauna was positively related to pH value and clay content. The most stimulating variant for the development of earthworms and enchytraeids was the application of reclamation with various tree species and the planting of Robinia pseudoacacia on the topsoil.

Makrofauna Tanah di Bawah Pohon Jelutung Rawa (Dyera polyphylla Miq) Di Kebun Benih Semai (KBS) Universitas Palangka Raya

Decomposition of organic matter in the soil is closely related to the presence of soil macrofauna. The better the process of organic matter decomposition, the better the physical and chemical properties of the soil, which, of course, will support soil fertility in a land area. This research aims to determine the presence of soil macrofauna under Jelutung Rawa trees (Dyera polyphylla Miq) in the peatland of the Seedling Garden (KBS) at Palangka Raya University. The research method was conducted by sampling soil macrofauna through Hand sorting method at 25 observation points and Pittfall Trap method at 20 observation points. The observed and identified soil macrofauna were examined in the laboratory using identification guidelines and literature on macrofauna types. The data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener species diversity index formula, the Margalef species richness index, the Pielou evenness index, and the calculation of species presence frequency. The research findings revealed 24 species, 23 genera, 20 families, 7 classes, and 3 phyla of soil macrofauna, with a total of 3,579 individuals. The values of the species diversity index (H'), species richness index (Dmg), evenness index (E), and the frequency of soil macrofauna presence (F) at KBS, Palangka Raya University were as follows: H' = 2.303325269 (moderate category), Dmg = 2.810760521 (moderate category), E = 0.724759677 (fairly even category), and frequency of presence, F = 80% - 100%.

Kepadatan Populasi Cacing Tanah (Haplotaxida: Lumbricina) Sebagai Bioindikator Kesuburan Tanah Di Kebun Nusantara PT. Cinquer Agro Nusantara

Earthworms (Haplotaxida: Lumbricina) are bioindicators of soil fertility. Agricultural systems applied to an agricultural area can affect the presence of earthworms there. This study aims to determine the density of earthworms in plantations owned by PT. Cinquer Agro Nusantara with Agroforestry-Organic, Monoculture-Semiorganic, Polyculture-Organic, Monoculture-Organic, and farmer-owned plantations with Monoculture-Inorganic system. The plot is determined with line transect method and samples of earthworms are taken with hand sorting method. Data analysis was carried out with ANOVA and Post Hoc T-Test with Bonferroni correction. The results showed that the density of earthworms in pepper plantations with Agroforestry-Organic, Monoculture-Semi-organic, Polyculture-Organic, and Monoculture-Organic farming systems is significantly greater than pepper plantations with Monoculture-Inorganic farming system.

Trauma and Gambling

Both gambling-related problems and trauma have long been associated with substantial costs for individuals, their families, and society. Existing reviews of research on the relationship between trauma and gambling have thus far been limited to quantitative work. A scoping review of published peer-reviewed qualitative research was conducted to synthesize existing research concerning the relationship between trauma and gambling. Relevant articles were identified through database searches in Ovid MEDLINE, APA PsycNET, PubMed, Scopus, PTSDpubs, and through hand sorting methods. English and French articles that comprised original qualitative research with results exploring the relationship between trauma and gambling were included. A total of 22 articles published between 2007 and 2022 were included in this review. Four major themes emerged during the narrative and thematic synthesis of the articles: (1) gambling as a consequence of trauma, (2) trauma as a consequence of gambling behavior, (3) cyclical relationship of trauma and gambling, and (4) healing from trauma and gambling-related harms. Future research would benefit from the use of qualitative methods in exploring the complex relationships between trauma and gambling.

Condition of Seagrass Beds Ecosystem on Poncan Gadang Island Based on Macrozoobenthos Diversity

The seagrass ecosystem of Poncan Gadang island is one of the ecosystems that often come under pressure due to ecotourism activities. Pressure on these ecosystems can have an impact on the diversity of the types of animals that live in them. This research is aimed at knowing the condition of seagrass ecosystems based on the diversity of macrozoobenthos that live in them. The observation point is divided into 5 stations. At each point, a square transect of 1x1 meters is made as many as 10 pieces. Collection of macrozoobenthos samples is carried out by the hand sorting method. The samples collected were then identified at the Ecology Laboratory of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Labuhanbatu. Data analysis uses the shannon wienner index (H'), Dominance Index (C') and Similarity Index (IS) formulas. Data analysis was done by computer program Plymouth Routines In Multivariate Ecological Research (Primer) 7th version. The results showed that there were 30 species of macrozobenthos living in the seagrass ecosystem of Poncan Gadang island, with a diversity index (H') of 3.031-3.191, a dominance index (C') of 0.0038 - 0.0053, then a similarity index (IS) of 86.792 – 98.305%. This result indicates the condition of the seagrass beds ecosystem of Poncan Gadang Island is in good condition, with a moderate level of uniformity, low dominance and high similarity

Earthworm species in native and planted forests in Brazil.

Over 150 species of earthworms are known from the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, but many more are expected to live in this megadiverse biome. In the present study, we evaluated earthworm species occurrence and diversity in native and reforested areas in four National Forests in three Brazilian states: Três Barras National Forest (Santa Catarina), Irati and Piraí do Sul National Forests (Paraná) and Capão Bonito National Forest (São Paulo) using formalin and hand sorting methods. A total of 13 species were found, five exotic and eight natives (of which four were new, undescribed species), belonging to six genera and five families (Rhinodrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Benhamiidae, Megascolecidae). In general, higher number of earthworms were collected in Araucaria plantations, except in Capão Bonito where Pinus sp. plantations had higher abundance. Hand sorting also collected more species in all forests, so this should be the preferred sampling method to evaluate earthworm communities. Formalin extraction was efficient only for epi-endogeic earthworms, most of them exotic species. Exotic pine species plantations tend to reduce species richness and abundance, compared with native forests and Araucaria plantations, and substitution of native vegetation for pine plantations should consider potential negative effects on soil animal populations.

Physico-chemical factors influencing of selected paddy fields at Thiruvaiyaru Block Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, South India

This study focused on the Influencing physico-chemical parameters of the soil at different paddy sampling sites. The study period was January 2020 to June 2020. Soil samples were collected using the systematic-random sampling method and hand sorting method (25 x 25 x 30 cm). The study area of this research work is Thiruvaiyaru Block (Kandiyur, Karupur, Maharajapuram, Nadukauvery and Vilangudi) at Thanjavur District. Soil structure of the present study is Clay soil. The Total Nitrogen values ranged from 1.06±0.43 to 5.00±2.04 mg/acre; Total Phosphorus values ranged from 0.44±0.18 to 4.80±1.96 mg/acre and Total Potassium values ranged from 1.40±0.57 to 3.26±1.33 mg/acre. Following heavy metals are analyzed by atomic spectrophotometer. They are zinc, chromium, arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium. The low level of heavy metals appears at all study sites. The origin of the nutrients and their availability certainly affect the soil quality, while the presence of low levels of heavy metals in the soil samples contaminates the paddy soil, which is a global problem.

Community Structure and Distribution of Coleoptera Soil IPM and Non IPM Upland Vegetable Agricultural Areas in Two Villages in Kabanjahe

The concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effort developed by the government in order to reduce the use of pesticides in the agricultural sector. In the development of agriculture in Kabanjahe, both Non-IPM (Non Integrated Pest Management) and IPM (Integrated Pest Management), research is needed to determine the community structure and distribution of soil fauna, including soil coleoptera, and to determine the effect of soil physical and chemical factors on soil coleoptera community structure in the highland vegetable farming area of Kabanjahe district. Karo Regency. Determination of sampling points in this study was carried out using the "purposive random sampling" method, in two agricultural areas, in two villages, namely Sumber Mufakat and Gung Negri, Non-IPM agricultural land areas and IPM agricultural areas. While the active coleoptera sampling of the soil surface was carried out using the Pit Fall Trap method, and the Quadratic and Hand Sorting methods for Coleoptera that live in the soil. The results showed that the number of types and population density of coleopteran soil was more / higher in the area. IPM agriculture. The highest density and relative density values in the research area were the genus Callosoma for the IPM and Non-IPM lands of Sumber Mufakat Village and the IPM of Gung Negri Village, while for the Gung Negri Non-IPM land the genus Scapidium and the genus Tenebrio.

Assessment of Correlation between the Physico Chemical Properties in Paddy Field at Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, Southern India

Thanjavur is known as granary of Tamil Nadu; Paddy is the major crop of this district. Its productivity is influenced by the soil characteristics and irrigation system. Our human society solely depends on the soil for food production. The fundamental data of soil fertility and crop production is very limited in paddy fields at Thanjavur District. The aim of the study is to assess the correlation between the physico- chemical properties in paddy cultivation field at Thirupananthal Taluk, Thanjavur District. The study period is from January 2020 to December 2020. In this study, soil samples were taken using systematic random sampling method and regular soil digging (0-30 cm) (25 x 25 x 30 cm) and hand sorting method. Physical and chemical properties of soil were analyzed using standard methods. Among the 14 parameters analyzed, seven parameters were significantly higher in high cultivation area than that in the low cultivation area. Among the 13 soil parameters, 28 combinations of soil parameter were positively affected or relative with each other of high significance. Similarly, 25 combinations in soil parameters had significantly negative relation with the one other. Correlation between the analytical parameters shows the significant relationship with one another. Usage of pesticides in the paddy cultivation field can also influence the soil quality.

Identification of selected earthworm species of Northeast India using DNA barcoding

Aim: This study aimed at the species identification of selected indigenous earthworms of Manipur and Assam, Northeast India along with an exotic species using morpho-anatomical study and DNA barcoding. Methodology: Indigenous species of earthworms were collected from Imphal and Jorhat, North-eastern part of India. The exotic species of earthworm were collected from Indian Council of Agricultural Research Complex, Manipur. The samples were collected by digging and hand sorting method. Identification of samples was done by both conventional and molecular methods. Molecular characterization was accomplished through PCR amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) genes. Automatic sequencing reactions were performed for the amplified PCR products on ABI3100 Genetic Analyser (Applied Biosystems). Results: Out of five specimens (EM1, EM2, EM4, EG5 and EM6) examined through morpho-anatomical studies, three were identified to species level while the other two were identified to their genus level only. Out of EM1 and EM2 specimens in the genus Perionyx as per the morpho-anatomical studies, DNA barcoding could deduce the EM2 specimen up to the species level as P. excavatus. The exotic EM6 specimen morphologically identified as Eisenia fetida showed 99% COI gene sequence similarity with both E. fetida and E. andrei but its sequence divergence with E. andrei was less than 1%, so, it belonged to E. andrei. Interpretation: This study shows the reliability of clubbing DNA barcoding experiments with classical taxonomy in supplementing and strengthening the traditional taxonomy for accurate identification of earthworms. Key words: Earthworms, Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene, Morpho-anatomical studies, Species identification

Makrofauna Tanah Sebagai Bioindikator pada Areal Perkebunan yang diberi Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Pupuk

Research on Soil Macrofauna as Bioindicator in Plantation Areas Given Palm Oil Mill Liquid Waste as Fertilizer was conducted in 2021. Samples were taken in Long Bed, Flat Bed, and Control areas using Purposive Sampling and Squares and Hand Sorting methods. Each location is determined by 9 sampling points. Soil macrofauna samples were identified in the USU FMIPA Ecology laboratory. From the results of the study, there were 3 soil macrofauna phyla, namely the Annelida phylum, which consisted of 1 class, 1 order, 2 families, and 2 species. Phylum Arthropoda consists of 5 classes, 10 orders, 16 families, and 27 species. Phylum Mollusca consists of 1 class, 1 order, 1 family, and 1 species. The highest population density (K) was obtained from the species Macrotermes gilvus, which was 81.10 individuals/m2 in the Control area, followed by Ponthoscolex corethrurus at 78.81 individuals/m2 in the Flat Bed area. The highest relative density (KR) was found in the species Macrotermes gilvus, which was 49.1% in the control area, followed by Ponthoscolex corethrurus at 46.84% in the Long Bed area. The highest frequency of presence (FK) was found in the Ponthoscolex corethrurus species, which was 100% in the Control and Flat Bed areas, and 88.88% in the Long Bed areas. Species that can live and reproduce well as bioindicators are Ponthoscolex corethrurus in the Long Bed area, followed by the Flat Bed and Control areas. The highest diversity index value was found in the Flat Bed area, which was 3,831 with the criteria for diversity being high, the distribution of the number of individuals for each species was high, the community stability was good and the soil community had not been polluted, while the Equitabilitas value was 1,258 with the criteria for high uniformity, stable community. The application of palm oil mill effluent as fertilizer to the plantation area can increase the life of the soil macrofauna, and the physical-chemical properties of the soil.

Earthworm Diversity and Distribution in Kathmandu, Bagmati Province, Central Nepal

Earthworms are of ecological and economic significance and are directly related wit human health through biogeochemical cycle. Such a valuable faunal group needs immediate intensified taxonomic treatment in Nepal for their sustainable use, efficient commercial production and biodiversity conservation. Systematic random sampling was used for site selection and hand sorting method was used for sample collection from the field. Collected specimen were photographed in field and preserved in ethanol for lab study with tagging. In total, study reported eight species belonging to two families Lumbricidae and Megascolecidae. External morphological features helped on identification and taxonomic key preparation. Among two sites 6 species were common and abundantly recorded from almost habitats whereas, 1/1 species were different in each site with uncommon reporting from harsh environment. Cultivated crop land with litter and compost was known to be more diverse in species richness than other habitats. Detail taxonomic study and distribution mapping is an essential for Earthworms in Nepal to complete the global database and national soil engineer documentation for organic and healthy environment. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 10(2): 124-133.

No-till farming activites in some Umanapu (agroforestry land) on earthworm diversity : a case study in Detusoko District, Ende Regency

No-till farming (NTF) is an agricultural activity without tillage process, so it can minimize damage to soil structure, reduce erosion, and reduce the decrease in soil organic matter content related to the presence of earthworms. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of no-till farming on earthworm diversity. Exploration of earthworms was carried out by hand sorting and monolith sampling methods in Umanapu (agroforestry) of Clove, Cocoa, Candlenut, Coffee and intensive tillage farms. The earthworms were identified by observing the morphology characteristics. In addition, the observation of biomass and population of earthworms, and environmental factors were also carried out. The results showed that there were four genera of endogeic and epigeic worms, namely Lumbricus, aMegascolex, Perithima and Pontoscolex. Diversity index (H'), maximum diversity (H'max) and species evenness (E) of earthworms in intensive tillage agriculture were low but in Umanapu of Clove, Cocoa, Candlenut and Coffee were moderate. The earthworm populations, earthworm biomass (g m2) and the ratio of biomass and population of earthworms (B/P) in Umanapu of Clove, Cocoa, Candlenut and Coffee were equal and significantly different from intensive tillage. The importance value index (IVI) in Umanapu of Clove, Cocoa, Candlenut, Coffee and intensive tillage agriculture were dominated by the Pontoscolex genus. In addition, the environmental conditions such as temperature and pH of soil at each location in Umanapu were not different, as well as the environmental temperature and humidity. NTF can maintain and sustain the existence of species, population and IVI of earthworms, so that soil biological properties are still maintained.

Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Earthworm Species Collected from Different Soil Habitats of Poonch Division Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan.

This study aims to analyze molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of earthworm species collected from different soil habitats of Poonch division Azad Kashmir Pakistan by using CO1 gene partial sequencing methodology. Samples gathered randomly from 18 study sites (127 localities) by digging and hand sorting methods were preserved in pure ethanol at -20°C. The modified CTAB (Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) method extracted high quality DNA from region of representative earthworm's caudal region. This extracted DNA was used to amplify the 700 bp partial region of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene with LCO1490 and HCO2198 universal primers. All of the obtained amplified gene sequences were aligned, edited and analyzed using MEGA X software to characterize different species of earthworms. Thirty-eight (38) Barcoding sequences belonging to 11 different strains of earthworms were successfully generated. Their phylogenetic analysis revealed that 7 Barcoding sequences gave maximum similarity with the available online database, while the rest of the 4 sequences gave lower similarity than the maximum threshold level. The collected DNA barcode sequences were also clustered together by the maximum likelihood method and the resultant phylogenetic tree revealed they belong to different family lineages. Moreover the identified earthworm species have a close evolutionary link with the earthworm fauna of south and central Asia instead of Europe, which might be due to similar climate of both regions.

HUBUNGAN POPULASI CACING TANAH TERHADAP C-ORGANIK DAN N-TOTAL DI LAHAN BUDIDAYA HORTIKULTURA DAN MONOKLUTUR TANAMAN KOPI DI DESA NDUARIA KECAMATAN KELIMUTU

This study aims to determine the relationship between Earthworm Population and C-organic and N-total in Horticulture and Coffee Monoculture cultivation in Nduaria Village, Kelimutu District. This research was conducted using an exploratory method that is carried out by direct observation from the observation location. How to calculate earthworms using the hand sorting method. The method commonly used for the determination of C-organic is the Walkley and Black method, while the method used for the determination of N-total is the Kjehdahl method. This method is used because it is considered simple, fast, easy to do, and requires little equipment. The results of this study indicate that in horticultural land there is no earthworm population found at all depths. Earthworm populations were found at all depths in the coffee plantation monoculture, the highest population was at a depth of 0-10 cm as many as 41 m2, Biomass was 9 g, and Biomass vs Population 0.21 m2. In horticultural fields, the highest c-organic and n-total is at a depth of 0-10 cm, the c-organic value is 3.03% (high criteria) and n-total is 0.47% (medium criteria). The close relationship between the earthworm population, biomass, and biomass versus population was positively correlated with c-organic and n-total in horticultural land and coffee monoculture.

Soil macrofauna diversity in andisol after eight years of Mount Sinabung eruption in Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Sembiring M, Munawaroh H, Mukhlis, Hidayat B, Sabrina T. 2021. Soil macrofauna diversity in andisol after eight years of Mount Sinabung eruption in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3024-3030. The eruption of Mount Sinabung resulted in volcanic ash covering the soil of various thicknesses. That will affect the population and diversity of macrofauna in it. This research aimed to determine the Andisol soil macrofauna in Karo District with various thicknesses of volcanic ash covering from Mount Sinabung. This research was conducted in May 2019. Plots were placed in four locations, Location I: processed land (0 cm), Location II: Land covered by thin ash (?2 cm), Location III: Land covered by medium ash (2-5 cm), Location IV: Land covered by thick ash (?5 cm). Sampling was conducted by using the Pitfall trap, Monolith squared, and Hand sorting methods. The research results indicated that the thicker the volcanic ash covering the soil surface, it would reduce soil moisture, soil water content, organic C, and soil pH, but on the other hand, increase the soil temperature. A total of 20 species were able to live on the Andisols affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung.