Hammer Throw Research Articles

Realization of Swing Manipulation by 3-DOF Robot Arm for Unknown String via Parameter Estimation and Motion Generation

Dynamically manipulating flexible objects using robots is difficult. Some studies have been conducted that only considered one type of object with known properties or that needed an identification test for string properties in advance. We propose a method to realize the dynamic manipulation of a string with unknown characteristics. We use a mass-spring-damper model for the string and repeat three steps: motion generation, real manipulation, and parameter estimation. The proposed method estimates the string properties to realize the motion objective via the real manipulation of the string. An identification test in advance was not necessary. In this study, we focus on swing manipulation. This can increase the motion energy of a string without a high-power actuator. After making a large swing, the robot can throw strings to a more distant target, such as a hammer throw. This motion is useful for explanation robots, rescue robots, and so on. We modified the proposed method to generate a swing manipulation. Then, we investigate whether swing manipulation can be performed by the proposed method and demonstrate its effectiveness via experiments with various strings with unknown characteristics.

Rehabilitation and return to sport of a high-level track & field athlete with low back pain - a case report.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Low back pain is prevalent among elite athletes with initial high levels of physical activity. Currently, there is a lack of evidence describing the optimal management strategy of high-level track and field athletes presenting with low back pain. CASE DESCRIPTION: This case report describes the clinical management and return-to-sport strategies of a male high-level track and field athlete presenting with low back pain in an outpatient physiotherapy clinic. Mechanical diagnosis and therapy (MDT) served as an important tool in the clinical management of the athlete. Patient-Specific Function Scale (PSFS), an 11-point scale (0 = unable to perform activity to 10 = able to perform activity at preinjury level), was used during three activities: hammer throw, squats and getting socks and shoes on. OUTCOMES: Eight weeks after initial consultation (15 weeks after the index injury), the athlete returned to sport and competition at national championship-level. PFPS scores at final consultation: hammer throw – 10/10; squats – 10/10 and getting socks and shoes on – 10/10. CONCLUSION: In combination with modern rehabilitation strategies, MDT provided the opportunity to engage the athlete as an active collaborator, which is in accordance with current clinical guidelines and best practice.

Biomechanical study of body movement that gains handle leading distance during the hammer throw turn.

Biomechanical study of body movement that gains handle leading distance during the hammer throw turn.

THE DIFFERENCES IN KINEMATIC PARAMETERS OF HAMMER THROW FINALISTS OF THE 2017 LONDON ATHLETICS WORLD CUP

Hammer throw is motor-wise an extremely complex throwing discipline with the manifestation of several different forces that impede the rotational movement of the device and the thrower in the projected sagittal plane. Kinematic parameters are one of the segments when analyzing athletic disciplines, including hammer throw. This study aims to determine spatial and time differences of kinematic parameters between male and female hammer throw finalists at the 2017 Athletics World Cup in London. The study was conducted on a sample of 24 finalists of the 2017 Athletics World Cup in London, with the aim to analyze the differences in kinematic parameters between male and female hammer throwers. The results were acquired by applying the Independent Sample t-Test. It has confirmed the differences in most of the parameters, except those regarding ejection height (T=2,992; p<0,009), where it established statistically significant discrepancies between male and female finalists. On average, the male finalists threw a hammer from a height of 1,74±0,13m, and the female finalists from 1,54±0,17m. Based on the obtained results of kinematic parameters, it can be concluded that quantitative and qualitative differences in the measured kinematic parameters of the finalists in London are evident, but that statistically significant differences are recorded only in the ejection hight of the device.

Differences of Results between Women’s and between Men’s Finalists in the Running, Jumping and Throwing Disciplines of the Finalists of the World Championships

Background: The Worlds Athletics Championships, along with the Olympic Games, represent the largest review of athletes in which they record top results, often projecting new world records. Any research that analyzes top athletes contributes to shedding light on a number of issues. It is especially interesting to analyze and compare the results of athletes from one time distance. The main goal of the research was to determine the result differences in sprint, jumping and throwing disciplines, between men's and women's finalists participating in the World Athletics Championships in Edmonton, 2001 and Doha in 2019. Methods: the current study included a total of 493 finalists (247 men's and 246 women's) of the World Championships in Edmonton, 2001 and Doha, 2019. The results in sprint, jumping and throwing disciplines were analyzed in order to determine the result differences in the championship finals. To obtain the necessary information, a t-test for independent samples was applied and the relevant statistical parameters were calculated. Results: the results were confirmed between the final evident differences in all disciplines. Men in Edmonton were successful in 41% of the discipline (400m, pole vault, discus throw, hammer throw, javelin throw), and in Doha 59% of the discipline (100m, 200m, 110H, high jump, long jump, triple jump), while in the category of women's finalists, participants in Edmonton were successful in 17% of disciplines (long jump, throwing the ball), while female athletes were successful in 83% of disciplines (100m, 200m, 400m, 110H, triple jump, high jump, high jump with a pole, Throwing a spear, throwing a discus, throwing a hammer). Statistically significant differences between male finalists were recorded only in the disciplines: 200m (t=2.318; p<0.039), throwing the ball (t= -2.939; p<0.009) and hammer throw (t= -2.802; p<0.013), and in female finalists in the 200m disciplines (t=2.402; p<0.025), pole vault (t=-5.552; p<0.000) and hammer throw (t= -6.410; p<0.000). Conclusion: the consequences of this distribution of differences finalist can be found in various morphological, motor and biomechanical parameters, technical experience, neuromuscular movements, level of motivation and preparedness at the time of onset and other endogenous-exogenous factors.

Differences in kinematic parameters between male and female hammer throw finalists of the World Championship in Daegu in 2011

Background and Study Aim. Hammer throwing is the most complex athletic throwing discipline with rotational trajectory and strong effect of several different forces that try to disable the projected throwing trajectory. Kinematic parameters are an important segment in the analysis of athletic disciplines, including hammer throw. They are an indicator of influence and often a difference between competitors of different or the same rank of the competition.&#x0D; The aim of the study was to determine the spatial and temporal differences of kinematic parameters between male and female elite hammers.&#x0D; Material and Methods. The study was conducted on sample of 16 Daegu World Championship finalists in 2011, to analyse differences in kinematic parameters between male and female throwers hammer. To obtain the required results, t-test for small independent samples was applied.&#x0D; Results. The data obtained in the study were given as Mean and Standard deviation. Statistically significant differences between male and female finalists were confirmed in the rate of ejection (t=3.684; p&lt;0.004) and the speed of the fourth turn (t=4.396; p&lt;0.002). The male finalists achieved an average ejection velocity of 27.91m/s and the female finalists 27.17m/s, with an average turn speed of 4.67m/s (male) and 4.03m/s (female).&#x0D; Conclusions. The research has shown that significant differences were made between male and female finalists in Daegu in 2011. The causes of differences can be found in length of training, different training process, technical mastery, competitor experience, morphological profile, motor and anatomical structures, movement technique and biomechanical parameters, which were not taken into the research.

Biomechanical Analysis Hammer Throw: The Influence of Kinematic Parameters on the Results of Finalists World Championships

Background: Hammer throw is the most complex athletic throwing discipline with a rotational trajectory and the strong action of several different forces that try to disable the projected throwing trajectory. Kinematic parameters are an important segment in the analysis of athletic disciplines, including hammer throw. Aim study: The aim of the study was to determine the influence of spatial and temporal biomechanical parameters on hammer throw results. Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 56 male and female World Championship finalists (Berlin, 2009, Daegu, 2011, London, 2017). Multiple regression analysis was applied to determine the influence of defined kinematic parameters on the result performance of the throw. Result: The results of the male finalists confirmed the direct correlation between the starting speed (r=0.64 p=0.001), the first turn speed (r=0.47 p=0.017), the release velocity (r=0.86 p=0.000), the release of angle (r=0.37 p=0.049), and the inverse effect of the duration of the first (r=-0.40 p=0.046) and third turn (-0.46 p=0.020). The regression function of the male sample also confirmed the influence of starting speed, release of velocity (p=0.01 p) and angle of release (p=0.04 p). In the female finalists, the direct correlation is between the release of velocity (r=0.90 p=0.000), the angle of release (r=-0.62 p=0.000) and the fourth turn speed (r=0.50 p=0.002). The regression function for the female sample confirmed a high negative influence of the starting speed, while the direct influence was recorded at the release of velocity (p=0.02 p) at the given level of statistical significance of the regression function. Conclusion: The defined set of kinematic parameters had a significant impact on the result performance of male and female hammer throw finalists.

Hammer Throw: A Pilot Study for a Novel Digital-Route for Diagnosing and Improving Its Throw Quality

The world record of the hammer throw has not been broken since 1986. This stagnation is multifactorial. One dominant factor could be the lack of evidence-based scientific/biofeedback training. This study aims to identify key parameters influencing throw quality and structure a new digital method for biofeedback training. Wire-tension measurement and 3D motion capture technology (VICON 12-camera system) were applied in quantifying and comparing throws of a national-level and a college-level athlete. Our results reveal that multi-joint coordination influences heavily on wire-tension generation. Four phases, i.e., initiation, transition, turns, and throw, play various roles in evaluating the quality of a throw. Among them, the transition, the third turn, and the throw display explosive/rapid increases of tension. For improving the effectiveness of the skill, the whip-like control and proper SSC (stretch-shortening cycle) of muscle groups involved should be established through years of training. Furthermore, our study unveils that quick and complex full-body control could be quantified and characterized by four key parameters: wire-tension, hand- and hip-height, and trunk tilt. Hence, a wearable digital device with tension and three Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors would have great potential in realizing real-time biomechanical feedback training in practice for evaluating and improving the efficiency of various training programs.

Biomechanical study of hammer head speed and handle motion at different record levels in the hammer throw

Biomechanical study of hammer head speed and handle motion at different record levels in the hammer throw

A case study of coaching for the turn phase in the hammer throw

A case study of coaching for the turn phase in the hammer throw

Load characteristics of resisted training in the hammer throw: Focusing on throws with heavier hammers

Load characteristics of resisted training in the hammer throw: Focusing on throws with heavier hammers

Efecto de la edad relativa en las disciplinas de lanzamientos de los participantes españoles en el plan nacional de tecnificación de atletismo

El concepto efecto relativo de la edad hace referencia a las consecuencias de las diferencias físicas y psicológicas que pueden existir entre los nacidos más temprana y más tardíamente dentro del mismo año natural. El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar dicho fenómeno en los lanzadores y lanzadoras españoles menores de 18 años (Sub-18) y de 14 años (Sub-14), identificando la influencia de la disciplina deportiva. La muestra comprendía 1960 lanzadores participantes de las concentraciones técnicas de la Real Federación Española de Atletismo (RFEA) entre los años 2005 y 2018. El análisis estadístico se basó en la prueba chi-cuadrado con un cálculo posterior de los odds ratios y el intervalo de confianza del 95%. Los principales resultados revelan que en todas las disciplinas (disco, jabalina, martillo y peso) hay una sobrerrepresentación de los sujetos nacidos en los primeros meses, siendo mayor la diferencia en lanzamiento de peso y observándose una reducción de dicho efecto con la maduración de los lanzadores. Podemos concluir que la estructura del atletismo español fomenta la aparición de este fenómeno, probablemente por el temprano proceso de selección de lanzadores.

Thermal Annuloplasty Using Percutaneous Endoscopic Discectomy for Elite Athletes with Discogenic Low Back Pain.

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of radiofrequency thermal annuloplasty (TA) using percutaneous endoscopic discectomy/TA (PED/TA) in elite athletes with discogenic low back pain. Twelve patients (11 men, 1 woman; mean age 27.9 years) underwent PED/TA under local anesthesia. Clinical data for these patients (17 affected intervertebral discs), including type of sport played, average duration of low back pain, disc level affected, presence or absence of a high signal intensity zone on magnetic resonance imaging, and whether the patient returned to playing competitive sport, were retrospectively reviewed. The most common sport played by the patient was baseball (n = 8), followed by cycling (n = 2), tennis (n = 1), and hammer throw (n = 1). The average duration of low back pain was 24.3 months. The intervertebral disc levels affected were L4/5 (n = 11) and L5/S1 (n = 6). A high signal intensity zone was detected in nine discs. Although two patients required additional surgery, all patients were able to return to their original competitive level of play. Duration for the return to play was 2.8 months after surgery except the two revision cases. PED/TA for discogenic pain enables an early return to competitive sports, and so is particularly useful for elite athletes.

Obtaining Vital Distances Using Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit for Real-Time, Biomechanical Feedback Training in Hammer-Throw

The hammer throw is one of the regular track and field competitions, but unlike other events, it has not seen a new world record for over three decades. The standstill may be caused by the lack of scientifically based training. In our previous work, we have developed a wireless/wearable device for the wire tension measurement in order to develop real-time biomechanical feedback training. In this paper, we show the improvement of our wearable system by adding two sensors for tracking of two vital vertical distances. The paper describes the details related to the development of turning an inertial measurement unit into a tracking device for the dynamic distances. Our preliminary data has shown that the dynamic data of the hip and wrist could be used for revealing the coordination between the upper and the lower limbs during a throw. In conjunction with wearable wire-tension measurement, various motor control patterns employed for hammer throwing could be demystified. Such real-time information could be valuable for hammer-throw learning and optimization. Further studies are required to verify the potentials of the wearable system for its efficiency and effectiveness in coaching practice.

Analysis of the separation angle between the thorax and pelvis, and its association with performance in the hammer throw

The hammer throw is perhaps one of the most misunderstood and difficult events to learn in track and field. Improvements in technique are focused on strategies designed to increase implement release velocity. The purpose of this cross-sectional investigative study was to examine the association between the angle of separation between the thorax and pelvis and performance in the hammer throw. Two male and four female throwers were used to assess positional data of the hammer, thorax, and pelvis. Hammer positional data were used to determine linear hammer speed at release, release angle, and release height. Thorax and pelvis positional data were used to determine thorax rotation relative to the pelvis (separation angle). The association between values of separation angle at key instances and performance was examined. Performance was determined by distance thrown (55.69 ± 3.42 m). Release speeds (24.32 ± 0.70 m/s) were also examined as a contributory factor towards performance and were included to account for instances where throwers released the hammer using sub-optimal release heights and angles which negatively affected distance thrown. The separation angle at its smallest within each turn was found to have a strong negative association with the performance indicators, especially in the first two turns (significant correlates ranged from −0.82 to −0.97). This finding indicates when throwers reduced the separation to a smaller value, performance was enhanced. Separation angle was at its smallest in double support. This suggests that throwers may improve performance by reducing the separation angle during double support phases.

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit and Risk of Upper Extremity Injury in Overhead Athletes: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

Context:Current perception dictates that glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is a chronic adaptation that leads to an increased risk of pathologic conditions in the dominant shoulder or elbow of overhead athletes.Objective:To determine whether adaptations in glenohumeral range of motion in overhead athletes lead to injuries of the upper extremity, specifically in the shoulder or elbow.Data Sources:An electronic database search was performed using Medline, Embase, and SportDiscus from 1950 to 2016. The following keywords were used: GIRD, glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, glenohumeral deficit, shoulder, sport, injury, shoulder joint, baseball, football, racquet sports, volleyball, javelin, cricket, athletic injuries, handball, lacrosse, water polo, hammer throw, and throwing injury.Study Selection:Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Of those 17 studies, 10 included specific range of motion measurements required for inclusion in the meta-analysis.Study Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis.Level of Evidence:Level 4.Data Extraction:Data on demographics and methodology as well as shoulder range of motion in various planes were collected when possible. The primary outcome of interest was upper extremity injury, specifically shoulder or elbow injury.Results:The systematic review included 2195 athletes (1889 males, 306 females) with a mean age of 20.8 years. Shoulders with GIRD favored an upper extremity injury, with a mean difference of 3.11° (95% CI, –0.13° to 6.36°; P = 0.06). Shoulder total range of motion suggested increased motion (mean difference, 2.97°) correlated with no injury (P = 0.11), and less total motion (mean difference, 1.95°) favored injury (P = 0.14). External rotational gain also favored injury, with a mean difference of 1.93° (P = 0.07).Conclusion:The pooled results of this systematic review and meta-analysis did not reach statistical significance for any shoulder motion measurement and its correlation to shoulder or elbow injury. Results, though not reaching significance, favored injury in overhead athletes with GIRD, as well as rotational loss and external rotational gain.

Supplemental Exercises for Core Stability Which Utilize the Concept of Parametric Oscillation in the Hammer Throw

ABSTRACT TRAINING FOR THE HAMMER THROW HAS TRADITIONALLY BEEN SEPARATED INTO 2 PARTS. THE PRIMARY TRAINING METHOD IS THROWING OF THE HAMMER, WHEREAS THE SECONDARY/SUPPLEMENTARY METHOD INVOLVES VARIOUS STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING EXERCISES TO IMPROVE THE ATHLETE'S FITNESS LEVELS FOR THROWING PERFORMANCE. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SPECIAL STABILITY EXERCISES IN THE WEIGHT ROOM THAT USE THE PRINCIPLE OF PARAMETRIC OSCILLATION FOUND IN THE HAMMER THROW MAY BE AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO ENHANCE STABILIZATION SKILLS THAT MAY POTENTIALLY OPTIMIZE HAMMER THROWING PERFORMANCE. THESE ADVANCED MIDSECTION EXERCISES ALSO MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN INJURY PREVENTION. FOR A VIDEO ABSTRACT OF THIS ARTICLE SEE SUPPLEMENTAL DIGITAL CONTENT 1 (SEE VIDEO, HTTP://LINKS.LWW.COM/SCJ/A206).

Serum androgen levels and their relation to performance in track and field: mass spectrometry results from 2127 observations in male and female elite athletes

ObjectiveTo describe and characterise serum androgen levels and to study their possible influence on athletic performance in male and female elite athletes.Methods2127 observations of competition best performances and mass spectrometry-measured...

Efeito da potencialização pós-ativação no Atletismo: uma revisão sistemática

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2017v19n1p128 Post-activation potentiation is a physiological phenomenon reported to increase muscle performance during high-intensity exercise. To induce post-activation potentiation, maximal strength or power short-duration activities are performed minutes prior the main activity in an attempt to enhance performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate previous publications on the effects of post-activation potentiation on athletic performance. This systematic review used Scielo, Pubmed and SporDiscus database with the following search terms either alone or grouped together: post-activation potentiation, exercise, athletics, track and field, sprint, long jump, triple jump, high jump, shot put, javelin throw, hammer throw e discus throw. The review provided evidence that performing squat, jump and sprint exercises prior to the main activity elicited a state of potentiation that would improve sprint and throw performances and that preparatory activities that can cause post-activation potentiation should be used to improve athletic performance.

The Effect of Developing the Muscular Balance of the Arms' Muscles on Some of the Mechanical Basics and Digital Level in Hammer Throw

The Effect of Developing the Muscular Balance of the Arms' Muscles on Some of the Mechanical Basics and Digital Level in Hammer Throw