Halitosis In Children Research Articles

HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION

Introduction: In most individuals H. Pylori is acquired early in the life (before 5 years). H. Pylori infection is more common in the third world countries, where about 90% of adults may be infected. Helicobacter pylori is one of the suspected causes of halitosis in children. Objectives: To evaluate the relationship of helicobacter pylori and halitosis. Patients and Material: 33 patients with chief complaint of halitosis included in our study. Halitosis was evaluated as a subjective symptom in this study. Careful history was obtained. All patients underwent physical examination in order to rule out sinusitis, otitis, and possible cause of halitosis. 67 patients without halitosis were selected as control group. All patients were aged 4-17 years old. Urea Breath Test was done for all patients. UBT has >95% sensitivity and specifity for diagnosis of H.pylori infection. Chi-square test and Yate’s corrected x2 was used to analyzes finding. Epi-info ver 6 were used. Results: In the case groups 7 patients had H. pylori infection and 26 patients had not. In the control group 18 patients had H.pylori infection and 49 patients had not halitosis (P=0.53). Conclusions: There is no significant differences between case and control group. In this study we did not find relationship between H.pylori infection and halitosis.

Halitosis in children

Objective: To determine the relationship between oral parameters and halitosis in children whose parents complained of malodorous breath. Methods: Twenty-four children (ages 5 to 14) were examined at 3 appointments. After the second appointment oral hygiene instructions were given. Malodor-related parameters included odor judge scores (whole mouth, tongue, nose, and interdental areas), sulfide levels, and microbiologic tests (Oratest and BANA). Dental-related parameters included plaque index, dental index (DMFT), food impaction, bleeding, and tongue coating. Statistical analyses included analysis of variance, paired t tests, Pearson correlations, and multiple regression. Results: Whole mouth odor was significantly associated with plaque index levels ( r = 0.64, P = .001) and Oratest ( r = –0.57, P = .003). Whole mouth malodor was significantly associated with tongue dorsum posterior odor ( r = 0.641, P = .001) and was higher in subjects with interdental odor ( P = .003). Tongue odor was also significantly associated with nasal malodor ( r = 0.57; P = .004). Sulfide levels were correlated with oral malodor levels only at the second appointment ( r = 0.46, P = .02). Conclusions: The data suggest that, as in adults, oral malodor in children is related primarily to oral factors. Correlations between nasal and oral malodor were evident, suggesting that postnasal drip plays a major role. (J Pediatr 1999;134:338-43)