Hair Dye Research Articles

Brightness and hue judgment of dyed hair color

This study aims to investigate human hair color perception through two empirical studies in the context of colored hair. The preliminary study was intended to establish a numerical representation of perceptually meaningful brightness levels. It identified that the brightness level was proportional to the power of 0.766 of L*. In the visual assessment, participants (N = 47) categorized 246 hair color samples into eight color hue groups aligned with the Munsell system. Hue judgment was conducted by visually comparing dyed hair tresses with natural black hair. Based on the L*, a*, and b* values of hair tresses and visual assessments thereof, we observed the ranges of hue categories for hair color alongside the brightness levels. Additionally, the differences between the Munsell hue names and the assessment results were compared. Predominantly influenced by the dark brown hair color, the neutral orientation was shifted to the first quadrant of the a*-b* plane. The study contributes to an understanding of human hair color perception and provides insights into color categorization and labeling, especially when the context is confined.

Color Change based on Mixing Ratio of Acidic Hair Dye by Hair Brightness

Purpose: This study seeks to examine the difference in color change depending on the mixing ratio of acidic hair dye and hair brightness and provide baseline data on the color change of hair dye using acidic hair dye.Methods: Gray, ash blue, pink, and orange colors were used alone, mixed with gloss in transparent color in the ratio of 1:1, 1:10, and 1:20, and were applied to unbleached hair, once, twice, and three times bleached hair, respectively, and color images were taken. The L<sup>*</sup>a<sup>*</sup>b<sup>*</sup> values were measured using a spectrophotometer, and their average value was obtained.Results: It was found that when acidic hair dye was used alone, hair was less bright and more saturated. Brightness increased more when acidic hair dye was mixed with transparent shimmering gloss. Also, when dyeing with pink and orange colors, it was possible to express the desired color on once-bleached hair even with a high value of yellow color. Bright grey and ash-blue color could be expressed when the gray color was bleached three times. For the pink color, high saturation could be expressed on once-bleached hair. For orange color, it was found that various orange colors could be expressed.Conclusion: This study is meaningful in that it enhances customers’ satisfaction with hair coloring and increases the efficiency of hair dyeing service by minimizing the error between the objective color desired by the designer and the customer, and the resulting color.

Effects of Hair Dying by Used-up Coffee Grounds Extract (CGE)

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of hair dyeing employing used-up coffee grounds extract (CGE).Methods: The total polyphenol concentration of CGE was analyzed using the Folin─Ciocalteu’s method, and a shampoo formulation was prepared by adding different CGE concentrations. The hair dyeing effectiveness was observed according to changes in these two variables: dyeing concentration and dyeing time. To investigate the dyeing effects, L<sup>*</sup> (Lightness), a<sup>*</sup> (Red─Green), and b<sup>*</sup> (Yellow─Blue) values were measured using a colorimeter. The optical density value was measured to examine the hair’s fading degree after bleaching.Results: The total polyphenol concentration in CGE was 122─133 mg GAE/g. The samples showed significant dyeing effects before and after application in terms of L<sup>*</sup>, a<sup>*</sup>, and b<sup>*</sup> values. Hair dyeing ability increased with both amplified CGE concentration and dyeing time. Regarding the bleaching process, no decrease in hair colour intensity or change in hair’s fading degree was observed for 21 days.Conclusion: The possibility of dyeing using CGE has been demonstrated, and further commercialization as a shampoo formulation is considered possible.

A Study on Awareness and Use Reality of Hair Darkening Shampoo

Purpose: Hair darkening shampoos have been significant to the growth of the hair dye product market, but studies on their current market status and consumption patterns are prominent in their absence. Unfinished work on product management and compliance are obvious from its lack of organization in terms of product naming, classification, labeling regulations, and ingredients, and calls for an urgent need of research.Methods: To understand consumer perception and usage patterns of darkening shampoos, an online survey was conducted on men and women over the age of 20. The collected data was analyzed by the statistical analysis software SPSS Ver.25.Results: Among the survey participants, 55.3% had used hair darkening shampoo, and 44.7% did not. Most participants provided overall positive remarks on these shampoos, but on safety aspects noticeable differences among the participants were found. Users generally rated the product more positively in terms of their reliability, improvement in the appearance of gray hair, and hair loss prevention. However, some users experienced side effects that put the safety of these products in question.Conclusion: In the rapidly expanding market for hair dyeing cosmetics, this study would provide foundational data on the growth and consumer perception of the hair darkening shampoo market. I believe, the study findings would significantly add to the product development and marketing strategies of these shampoos according to best practices and safety standards.

Herbs as Hair Care Cosmetic Agents: Mini Review

Abstract: Healthy hair is an important part of a beautiful body. Thus, new developments in hair science and hair care have been reported in the literature, and innovations and ideas in hair care and cosmetics are required. Hair care products are used to keep the scalp clean and moisturize the hair. Hair care products also help control hair structure and behavior, keeping hair in a controlled environment if necessary. Natural cosmetics are safer to use when compared with other synthetic products. They are hypoallergenic, dermatologist-tested and proven to be safe to use anytime, anywhere. Hair cosmetics consist of different agents such as hair oil, hair tonic, anti-dandruff, hair dye, etc. This review focuses on different types of herbs that can be used cosmetically for hair care.

Determination of Paraphenylenediamine in Hair Dyes Formulation Using Visible Spectroscopy

Paraphenylenediamine (PPD), which stands for para-phenylenediamine, is a substance commonly present in hair dyes and is a potent sensitizer and reported to have adverse effects, including skin rashes, allergies, etc. This research study introduces a newly developed and rigorously tested visible spectrophotometric technique for accurately measuring the quantity of PPD in hair dye products. The proposed method relies on a colorimetric reaction between PPD and Folin–Ciocalteu phenol (FC) reagent in the presence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which results in a PPD-Folin’s reagent complex that is blue in color. To create a standard calibration curve, various concentrations of PPD solutions within the range of 2 to 10 μg/mL, dissolved in 0.1N NaOH, were combined with 1.5 mL of FC reagent solution and scanned at 645 nm. The method was then used to estimate the amount of PPD in three marketed hair dye formulations. The technique demonstrated accuracy and precision, with a detection limit of 0.2445 μg/mL and a quantification limit of 0.7411 μg/mL. The level of PPD observed in three marketed formulations was between 10 to 12.5 μg/mL. During the study, it was observed that the black henna pack contained high concentrations of PPD

Perbandingan Ekstrak Warna Daun Jati (Tectona Grandis) Dan Ekstrak Warna Daun Pacar (Lawsonia Inermis L) Terhadap Hasil Pewarnaan Rambut

People really like hair coloring. However, most people do not know about natural dyes that can be used as basic ingredients for making hair dye and also lack understanding in choosing natural dyes used for coloring. For this reason, safe alternative dyes are needed, namely by developing natural dyes from plants that can be found nearby. This research aims to a) Analyze the results of hair coloring using teak leaf color extract, b) Analyze the results of hair coloring using henna leaf color extract, c) Analyze the comparison of hair coloring results using duan teak color extract and henna leaf color extract. This type of research is pre-experimental. The design used is a one shot case study. The population of this research is students of Cosmetology and Beauty, Class of 2023, Padang State University with 6 samples and 7 panelists. Data collection techniques are observation, documentation and questionnaire methods. The data analysis techniques used are normality test, homogeneity test and t test. Based on the results of research on hair coloring using teak leaf color extract, the color sharpness aspect is in the sharp category. In terms of evenness, the color has an uneven category. In terms of likes, panelists have categories of likes. Based on the results of research on hair coloring using henna leaf color extract, the color sharpness aspect is in the very sharp category. In the aspect of color evenness, it has an average category. In terms of likes, the panelists have a very like category. It can be concluded that there is a difference in the results of hair coloring using teak leaf color extract and henna leaf color extract. Where the average results of hair coloring using henna leaves are better than hair coloring using henna leaf color extract.

Solid-state sensor for direct and real-time assay of p-phenylenediamine in cosmetics and herbal products

p-Phenylenediamine (p-PDA) is a common ingredient in hair dyes, cosmetics and herbal products. The current study used graphene nanoparticles and phosphotungstic acid in a quality-by-design approach to develop and optimize a carbon-paste sensor for p-PDA. Twenty-three sensors with different compositions were tested, and the results were computationally analyzed to generate prediction models. The optimized sensor consisted of graphite, graphene, o-nitrophenyloctylether, and phosphotungstic acid in a 62.83: 4.01: 27.1: 5.34 (wt %) ratio. The optimized sensor displayed a Nernstian slope of 29.1±0.22 mV decade−1, a detection limit of 1.0×10−7 mol L−1, thermal and pH stabilities and a fast equilibration time of 10 s over ten weeks. The sensor accurately measured p-PDA concentrations within a wide linear range (1.0×10−7–1.0×10−3 mol L−1) with high sensitivity and selectivity (even over its isomers o- and m-phenylenediamine). The developed electrochemical method outperformed the commonly used high performance liquid chromatography methods in simplicity, speed, cost-effectiveness, linear range width and enabled real-time detection. The sensor's microstructure, morphology, and particle size were examined using the scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Spiked samples (3.60×10−3–10.8 % w/w) were analyzed for p-PDA content, including tea, henna, synthetic dye, black pepper, and cosmetics. The work provides quality control laboratories with a validated, fast, and reliable tool to support data-based decisions that can have important implications for health and safety.

Utilization of Senduduk Fruit Extract (Melastoma malabathricum) for Natural Color in Lip Cream

Decorative cosmetics function to beautify your appearance with a combination of colors such as blush, hair dye and lip color . A class of cosmetics that women always use to give a more attractive appearance are decorative cosmetics such as lips cream. The coloring ingredients added to lip cream preparations are chosen from an economic perspective, but the optimal level of color stability means that many manufacturers still use dangerous chemical dyes such as Rhodamine B in their products. This dye can cause irritation to the respiratory tract and is carcinogenic. Therefore, the aim of the research is to formulate a lip cream preparation with natural coloring agent from sendunia fruit extract that is safe, useful and of good quality through physical and stability tests. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method for 3x24 hours using 96% ethanol solvent. Senduduk fruit extract lip cream is formulated into 4. The base comparisons carried out were (carnauba wax: microcrystaline wax) F 0 (12.6; 10.6), F1 (9.6; 7.6), F2 (7.6; 9.6), and F4 (9 ;9), physical properties assessed from the organoleptic test, homogeneity test, spreadability test, adhesion, pH test. The results of the hedonic test can be concluded that F2 color is the best formulation interested.

Formulation of herbal based hair colour from Phyllanthus reticulatus

Synthetic oxidative hair dyes available in the market contain a combination of peroxide and ammonia. In addition, people who use synthetic dyes are at risk for skin burns, irritation to the eye and also lead to cancer. Hence, herbal-based hair dyes are safe to use. In the traditional system of medicine, different parts of Phyllanthus reticulatus were used for curing various ailments. The aqueous leaf extract showed the presence of phytochemical rich components. Herbal hair dye has been formulated by using P. reticulatus with various natural ingredients in the ratio of 5:1:1:1:1. The herbal hair dye was evaluated for its various parameters. It showed potent in vitro antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms and antioxidant activity. In the formulated product, the natural ingredients are known for their non-toxic properties and there are no added chemicals and preservatives. It offers a natural alternative, that can be used irrespective of any side effects.

Gender Bias and Cyber Violence: Spotlighting the Pink-Haired Girl Incident by a Critical Discourse Analysis

The Internet serves as a communication medium that facilitates interaction among individuals, thereby overcoming the constraints imposed by temporal and spatial boundaries. Nonetheless, the internet also poses some risks, such as instances of online violence. For example, a few months ago, a young woman pursuing her postgraduate studies became the target of numerous netizens who subjected her to verbal and emotional abuse. This onslaught was triggered by a photograph in which she had dyed pink hair while visiting her grandfather. Tragically, the relentless harassment she endured ultimately led her to end her own life. Subsequently, following this occurrence, there has been a growing consolidation among womens organizations. This study employs qualitative analysis and literature review to examine the Pink Hair Girl incident as a case study, aiming to gain insights into its societal ramifications. The findings of this study indicate that the controversies surrounding the girls hair coloring can be attributed to the influence of patriarchal norms and masculinist ideologies, among other factors. Furthermore, it is argued that this incidence serves to foster a sense of unity among women.

Anesthetic management of toxic epidermal necrolysis: a report of two cases

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), is an acute, life-threatening emergent disease involving the skin and mucous membranes with serious systemic complications. It is characterized by widespread epidermal sloughing. Drugs are the most common triggers of TEN, but infection, vaccination, radiation therapy and malignant neoplasms can all induce it in susceptible patients. We report two cases in whom a hair dye and a COVID-19 vaccine (BioNTech®, Pfizer) were believed to be the causative agents. These patients have to undergo repeated debridements of the necrotic tissue. In this manuscript the anesthetic management of TEN patients is discussed. Detailed preoperative evaluation, aggressive fluid and electrolyte replacement, avoidance of hypothermia during debridement, minimizing anesthetic agents and limiting traumatic procedures are key points in the management.
 Abbreviations: BUN: blood urea nitrogen; BSA: Body surface area; Cr: Creatinine; OR: Operating room; SJS: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; TEN: Toxic epidermal necrolysis
 Key words: Anesthesia; COVID-19; Toxic epidermal necrolysis; Vaccine
 Citation: Bilge B, Erkilic E, İlhan G, Akin M, Kanbak O. Anesthetic management of toxic epidermal necrolysis: a report of two cases. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2022;27(1):135−138; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v27i1.2113
 Received: November 22, 2022; Reviewed: November 29, 2022; Accepted: December 02, 2022

Does hair dye use increase the risk of breast cancer?

Does hair dye use increase the risk of breast cancer?

Shayb (Premature Graying Hair): Risk factors and its Herbal Management - A Systematic Review

Graying of the hair before the age of 20 in Caucasians and before the age of 30 in African Americans is known as Premature Graying Hair (PGH) or Canities. It might have a negative impact on someone's Quality of Life. According to unani system it may be because of weakness of Hazm, poor nutrition of the hair and predominance of Burudat (coldness) in the body. The precise etiopathogenesis is yet unclear. When a patient has PGH, they should be evaluated for metabolic disorders and syndromes. According to Unani System the cause of premature greying of hair is excess production of Balgham (Phlegm) is increased greying of hair. Hair Colors and Colorants can be a transitory treatment choice however aggravation and unfavorably susceptible impacts to certain people are accounted for, it likewise expands the financial burdan. Treatment choices for PGH is calcium pantothenate, PABA, or both in blend and treating the going with obsessive circumstances. Natural Drugs, Nutritional supplements, Unani herbs for both oral and local hair dyes continue to be the primary method of treating cosmetic issues. This review paper explores the detail etiopathogenesis and management of PGH.

A multivariable analysis delineating hair color, hair dyeing, and hat wearing as predictors of level of cocaine and MDMA detection in human hair samples.

Research suggests that hair color, hair dyeing, and perspiration can bias hair test results regarding drug exposure, but research is needed to examine such associations in a multivariable manner. In this epidemiology study, adults were surveyed entering nightclubs and dance festivals in New York City, and 328 provided hair samples, which were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine the level of detection of cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Reporting use was not an inclusion criterion for analysis. We used two-part multivariable models to delineate associations of hair color, past-year hair dyeing, and frequency of past-month hat wearing (which may increase perspiration) in relation to any vs. no detection of cocaine and MDMA as well as level of detection, controlling for hair length, self-reported past-year cocaine/ecstasy/MDMA use, and age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Those reporting having dyed their hair were at increased odds of having any level of cocaine detected (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.75, 95% CI confidence interval [CI]: 1.85-6.70), and compared to those with brown hair, those with blond(e) hair on average had lower levels of cocaine (ng/mg) detected (beta = -7.97, p = 0.025). Those reporting having dyed their hair were at increased odds of having any level of MDMA detected (aOR =3.05, 95% CI: 1.44-6.48), and compared to those who reported never wearing a hat, those who reported wearing a hat daily or almost daily on average had lower levels of MDMA (ng/mg) detected (beta = -6.61, p = 0.025). This study demonstrates the importance of using multivariable models to delineate predictors of drug detection.

Biomonitoring of Potentially Toxic Elements in Dyed Hairs and Its Correlation with Variables of Interest.

Hair is good bioindicator of exposure, due to its ability to store and retain trace elements for long periods of time. But it can be especially useful when hair dyes are used since they may contain potentially toxic salts in their composition. In this context, analytical methods for the determination of bismuth, cadmium, lead, and silver in scalp human hair by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry were successfully validated. A total of 60 samples obtained from women between 18 and 60 years were analyzed: 34 dyed hairs and 26 untreated hairs (control). Average results expressed in dry weight (dyed/control) for each element were 2.34/0.49 μg g-1 (silver), 0.142/0.139 μg g-1 (bismuth), 0.055/0.054 μg g-1 (cadmium), and 2.09/0.99 μg g-1 (lead), respectively. These results agreed with those previously reported for non-exposed populations. A statistically significant higher Ag concentration in dyed hairs was observed, suggesting the bioaccumulation of this element. The associations between metal concentration and variables of interest (age, education, smoking habit, dye brand, use of dietary supplements) were investigated. A strong Pearson correlation was found for the pair Ag/Pb (r = 0.494, p < 0.05). Also, strong associations between lead levels and all the selected variables were observed (p < 0.05), while strong associations between silver levels with age and dye brand and association between cadmium levels and smoking habit were found. Furthermore, several commercial hair dye brands were analyzed to verify compliance with cosmetic regulations. This constitutes the first study of such characteristics performed in Uruguay, with worldwide relevance.

Association between living habits, indoor humidity, ventilation and asthma among residents in the tropical regions of China.

Asthma is a major public health problem that affects both children and adults, and its prevalence varies among people with different climatic characteristics and living habits. However, few studies have investigated the prevalence and risk factors for asthma among tropical residents in China. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the correlation between individuals' living environment and daily habits in Hainan Province, and the occurrence of asthma. This cross-sectional study collected data from 1021 participants in three regions of the Hainan Province. A questionnaire derived from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey was used to collect data on demographics, living habits, self-reported asthma, and respiratory system-related symptoms. Logistic regression was used for univariate and multivariate analyses to screen for relative risk factors associated with asthma. Among the 1,021 subjects investigated, the prevalence rate of self-reported asthma was 18.6%. Significant risk factors for asthma include hair dyeing, longer living time in Hainan, higher BMI, and living in a damp and musty room. Protective factors included fruit intake, years of higher education, and indoor timing of natural ventilation. Higher frequency of hair dyeing, higher body mass index (BMI), longer living in Hainan, lower frequency of fruit intake, fewer years of education, a damp and musty room, and no indoor timing natural ventilation were associated with an increased risk of asthma.

Toxicity of Beauty Salon Effluents Contaminated with Hair Dye on Aquatic Organisms.

Cosmetic residues have been found in water resources, especially trace elements of precursors, couplers, and pigments of hair dyes, which are indiscriminately disposed of in the sewage system. These contaminants are persistent, bioactive, and bioaccumulative, and may pose risks to living beings. Thus, the present study assessed the ecotoxicity of two types of effluents generated in beauty salons after the hair dyeing process. The toxicity of effluent derived from capillary washing with water, shampoo, and conditioner (complete effluent-CE) and effluent not associated with these products (dye effluent-DE) was evaluated by tests carried out with the aquatic organisms Artemia salina, Daphnia similis, and Danio rerio. The bioindicators were exposed to pure samples and different dilutions of both effluents. The results showed toxicity in D. similis (CE50 of 3.43% and 0.54% for CE and DE, respectively); A. salina (LC50 8.327% and 3.874% for CE and DE, respectively); and D. rerio (LC50 of 4.25-4.59% and 7.33-8.18% for CE and DE, respectively). Given these results, we can infer that hair dyes, even at low concentrations, have a high toxic potential for aquatic biota, as they induced deleterious effects in all tested bioindicators.

Cutaneous Angiosarcoma of the Scalp Aggravated after Hair Dyeing Presenting as Bilateral Facial Cellulitis: A Case Report

Angiosarcoma is a rare and aggressive soft tissue sarcoma. The cutaneous form of angiosarcoma occurs most commonly in the head and neck region, especially the scalp. Because of its aggressiveness and tendency for distant metastasis and local recurrence, early diagnosis of angiosarcoma is critical. We report a case of cutaneous angiosarcoma of the scalp aggravated by hair dyeing. In this case, it presented as bilateral facial cellulitis because of the progression of an infection. The patient was not aware of his malignant lesions on the scalp since they are typically hidden. Meanwhile, infection caused by chemical stimulation from hair dye exacerbated the lesions. However, an early incisional biopsy revealed angiosarcoma with metastasis to the lymph nodes and parotid glands, leading the patient to appropriate chemotherapy. In conclusion, the variable and non-specific findings of cutaneous angiosarcoma can delay the diagnosis; thus, the importance of an excisional or incisional biopsy, which can result in early diagnosis when suspecting malignancy, is highlighted.

An Analysis of Cyberbullying A Case of the Pink Hair Girl Incident

In Chinas social media, Zheng Linghua suffered from negative comments and cyber violence for her pink hair colour. By basing upon this pink hair girl incident, this essay will talk about the anonymity of social media and connects this particularity of online community with misogynous comments. On social media, anonymity could diminish the emotional connection between comment recipients and comment senders and reduce the effect of taboo. As result, anonymity contributes to the raising of negative comments, enlarges the disparity between recipient and commenters and encourages the use of words relative to sexual humiliation. And the over-continuing conflict shown in this incident is also researched in this essay. It is the gift-return violence which keeps the online conflict going. This essay finds that for constituting a peaceful and friendly online community, it requires many efforts coming from different aspects. And it is important to see womens power and to let people realize the difference between real life and online life.