Hemorrhagic Septicemia In Cattle Research Articles

Sero-Prevalence of Hemorrhagic Septicaemia in Cattle and Buffalo Population of Indian States Karnataka and Gujarat.

Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) is a highly contagious and fatal disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by P. multocida. Both conventional and molecular methods are applied in parallel for rapid diagnosis of HS outbreaks and the periodical surveillance strategy to identify risk areas for HS is ignored. The current cross-sectional study aimed to estimate sero-prevalence and associated risk factors for HS in cattle and buffaloes in non-vaccinated regions of two Indian states. HS surveillance was carried out through the multi-stage random sampling technique at different strata. The study employed a questionnaire incorporating host factors (species, breed, sex, age, and lactation) and demographic parameters (state, district, block/cluster and village/epiunits, and household). First, two Indian states known for high milk production were selected followed by two districts within each state, subsequently four clusters within each district, finally 5-10 epiunits within clusters and 5-8 households within clusters were randomly selected to collect cattle and buffalo samples. The chi-square/p values and maps were prepared to represent disease prevalence and to correlate disease risk factors at different strata. A total of 692 cattle and buffalo serum samples were sourced from two states of the country (Karnataka-285 and Gujarat-407). In the first strata, antibodies to P. multocida were high in Gujarat (14.49%, CI: 11.22-18.30) compared to Karnataka (3.85%, CI: 1.94-6.80) with significant (p < 0.0001) association between the states. In the second strata, one of the four districts investigated revealed the highest sero-prevalence (18.61%, CI: 13.81-24.24) with statistical significance (p = 0.01) between the districts. Among clusters, one out of eight clusters showed the highest sero-prevalence (23.02%, CI: 16.59-30.54) with statistical significance (p = 0.03) between the clusters in the third strata. At epiunit level (fourth strata), 9 out of 27 epiunits (33.33%) visited in Karnataka and 24 out of 29 epiunits sampled in Gujarat were sero-positive (82.75%) in iELISA. At the household level, out of 306 HH visited, 40 HH had at least one positive animal (13.07%) and the p value between HH in the two states was highly significant (p = 0.0002). Chi-square analysis did not find any association of HS sero-prevalence to species, age, and lactation. However, significantly higher (p < 0.05) sero-prevalence was recorded in indigenous cattle breeds (16.56%) compared to crossbreeds (6.59%). Various immunoprophylactics and antibiotic therapies are effective against HS, but inappropriate disease reporting and failure to implement adequate vaccination control measures are the gaps identified. The present study highlights the current scenario of HS sero-prevalence in two of the high milk-producing states of India, which will be useful for stakeholders for undertaking the implementation of surveillance and control strategies for the regions.

Developing a PmSLP3-based vaccine formulation that provides robust long-lasting protection against hemorrhagic septicemia-causing serogroup B and E strains of Pasteurella multocida in cattle.

Pasteurella multocida is a bacterial pathogen that causes a variety of infections across diverse animal species, with one of the most devastating associated diseases being hemorrhagic septicemia. Outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes are marked by rapid progression and high mortality. These infections have particularly harmful socio-economic impacts on small holder farmers in Africa and Asia who are heavily reliant on a small number of animals kept as a means of subsistence for milk and draft power purposes. A novel vaccine target, PmSLP-3, has been identified on the surface of hemorrhagic septicemia-associated strains of P. multocida and was previously shown to elicit robust protection in cattle against lethal challenge with a serogroup B strain. Here, we further investigate the protective efficacy of this surface lipoprotein, including evaluating the immunogenicity and protection upon formulation with a variety of adjuvants in both mice and cattle. PmSLP-3 formulated with Montanide ISA 61 elicited the highest level of serum and mucosal IgG, elicited long-lasting serum antibodies, and was fully protective against serogroup B challenge. Studies were then performed to identify the minimum number of doses required and the needed protein quantity to maintain protection. Duration studies were performed in cattle, demonstrating sustained serum IgG titres for 3 years after two doses of vaccine and full protection against lethal serogroup B challenge at 7 months after a single vaccine dose. Finally, a serogroup E challenge study was performed, demonstrating that PmSLP-3 vaccine can provide protection against challenge by the two serogroups responsible for hemorrhagic septicemia. Together, these data indicate that PmSLP-3 formulated with Montanide ISA 61 is an immunogenic and protective vaccine against hemorrhagic septicemia-causing P. multocida strains in cattle.

The pathogenicity and immunogenicity of Pasteurella multocida in low and rich iron media

Pasteurella multocida has the highest prevalence among animal populations and may cause hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and pneumonia in sheep and goats. It has known that the pathogenicity of this organism depends on the levels of iron. Present study attempts to evaluate any changes in blood parameters and visceral organs of mice by cultivation of P.multocida under iron sufficient and insufficient conditions. P.multocida was cultured on three media: BHI alone, supplemented with bipyridyl and iron. They injected into the mice by intra-peritoneal rout. At the same time inactivated antigens were prepared from all medium and mice were immunized two weeks apart and blood samples were collected until weeks 9. Visceral organs were collected from dead mice for pathological studies. In contrast to immunogenicity and antibody titers, there are significant differences in pathogenicity and blood parameters in rich and limit iron condition.

Genotypic evaluation of Pasteurella multocida isolated from cattle and sheep by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

Pasteurella multocida a Gram-negative bacterium exists as a commensal in the upper respiratory tracts of livestock, and poultry. It is causative agent of a range of diseases in mammals and birds including fowl cholera in poultry, atrophic rhinitis in pigs and bovine hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo. This study aimed to isolate P. multocida from sheep and cattle lungs sampled and assessed by bacteriological procedures and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) characterization. In this study 52 isolated of P. multocida were obtained (2016-2017) from clinically healthy and diseased animals (sheep and cattle) evaluated by PFGE for determining the relationship between them. According to the results of this study 12 sheep isolates had similarities above 94.00% and two cattle isolates showed similarities above 94.00%. When compared between sheep and cattle, most isolates showed a similarity of less than 50.00% indicating the great differences between isolates. It is noteworthy that in the present study, performed by PFGE to determine the type of P. multocida isolates, a very high distinction was made to determine the type of isolates and the relationship between isolates based on fragments in their genome using enzymes.

Pasteurella multocida toxin - lessons learned from a mitogenic toxin.

The gram-negative, zoonotic bacterium Pasteurella multocida was discovered in 1880 and found to be the causative pathogen of fowl cholera. Pasteurella-related diseases can be found in domestic and wild life animals such as buffalo, sheep, goat, deer and antelope, cats, dogs and tigers and cause hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle, rhinitis or pneumonia in rabbits or fowl cholera in poultry and birds. Pasteurella multocida does not play a major role in the immune-competent human host, but can be found after animal bites or in people with close contact to animals. Toxigenic strains are most commonly found in pigs and express a phage-encoded 146 kDa protein, the Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT). Toxin-expressing strains cause atrophic rhinitis where nasal turbinate bones are destroyed through the inhibition of bone building osteoblasts and the activation of bone resorbing osteoclasts. After its uptake through receptor-mediated endocytosis, PMT specifically targets the alpha subunit of several heterotrimeric G proteins and constitutively activates them through deamidation of a glutamine residue to glutamate in the alpha subunit. This results in cytoskeletal rearrangement, proliferation, differentiation and survival of cells. Because of the toxin's mitogenic effects, it was suggested that it might have carcinogenic properties, however, no link between Pasteurella infections and cell transformation could be established, neither in tissue culture models nor through epidemiological data. In the recent years it was shown that the toxin not only affects bone, but also the heart as well as basically all cells of innate and adaptive immunity. During the last decade the focus of research shifted from signal transduction processes to understanding how the bacteria might benefit from a bone-destroying toxin. The primary function of PMT seems to be the modulation of immune cell activation which at the same time creates an environment permissive for osteoclast formation. While the disease is restricted to pigs, the implications of the findings from PMT research can be used to explore human diseases and have a high translational potential. In this review our current knowledge will be summarized and it will be discussed what can be learned from using PMT as a tool to understand human pathologies.

Evaluation of Biofilm formation capacity of Pasteurella multocida and its relationship with antibiotic resistance

Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffaloes. These organisms are involved in the formation of biofilm and can evade treatment. There is no definitive study to screen the genes associated with biofilm production associated with Pasteurella multocida. The present study describes the real-time PCR based approach for screening of genes associated with biofilm formation. Out of 10 isolates screened for biofilm formation, five of them produced biofilm on Congo red agar of which all are resistant to major antibiotics especially cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin and tetracyclines. All the isolates show presence of genes associated with biofilm formation indicating that other factors influencing the biofilm production. We suggest that the future studies may be targeted to unravel the other factors that influence the biofilm production.

Genome-Wide Investigation of Pasteurella multocida Identifies the Stringent Response as a Negative Regulator of Hyaluronic Acid Capsule Production.

ABSTRACTPasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative capsulated bacterium responsible for a range of diseases that cause severe morbidity and mortality in livestock animals. The hyaluronic acid (HA) capsule produced by P. multocida serogroup A strains is a critical virulence factor. In this study, we utilized transposon-directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS) to identify genes essential for in vitro growth of P. multocida and combined TraDIS with discontinuous density gradients (TraDISort) to identify genes required for HA capsule production and regulation in this pathogen. Analysis of mutants with a high cell density phenotype, indicative of the loss of extracellular capsule, led to the identification of 69 genes important for capsule production. These genes included all previously characterized genes in the capsule biosynthesis locus and fis and hfq, which encode known positive regulators of P. multocida capsule. Many of the other capsule-associated genes identified in this study were involved in regulation or activation of the stringent response, including spoT and relA, which encode proteins that regulate the concentration of guanosine alarmones. Disruption of the autoregulatory domains in the C-terminal half of SpoT using insertional mutagenesis resulted in reduced expression of capsule biosynthesis genes and an acapsular phenotype. Overall, these findings have greatly increased the understanding of hyaluronic acid capsule production and regulation in P. multocida.IMPORTANCE The bacterial pathogen P. multocida can cause serious disease in production animals, including fowl cholera in poultry, hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo, atrophic rhinitis in pigs, and respiratory diseases in a range of livestock. P. multocida produces a capsule that is essential for systemic disease, but the complete mechanisms underlying synthesis and regulation of capsule production are not fully elucidated. A whole-genome analysis using TraDIS was undertaken to identify genes essential for growth in rich media and to obtain a comprehensive characterization of capsule production. Many of the capsule-associated genes identified in this study were involved in the stringent response to stress, a novel finding for this important animal pathogen.

Ultrastructural changes in endothelial cells of buffaloes following in-vitro exposure to Pasteurella multocida B:2

BackgroundPasteurella multocida B:2 causes haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffaloes. However, buffaloes are found to be more susceptible to the infection than cattle. Upon infection, the pathogen rapidly spread from the respiratory tract to the blood circulation within 16-72 h, causing septicaemia. So far, limited study has been conducted to evaluate the response of endothelial cells of buffalo towards P. multocida B:2 and its lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This study aimed to evaluate the ultrastructural changes in the aortic endothelium of buffaloes (BAEC) following exposure to P. multocida B:2 and its endotoxin. The endothelial cells were harvested from the aorta of healthy buffaloes and were prepared as monolayer cell cultures. The cultures were divided into 3 groups before Group 1 was inoculated with 107 cfu/ml of whole cell P. multocida B:2, Group 2 with LPS, which was extracted earlier from 107 cfu/ml of P. multocida B:2 and Group 3 with sterile cell culture medium. The cells were harvested at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 h post-inoculation for assessment of cellular changes using transmission electron microscopy.ResultsThe BAEC of Groups 1 and 2 demonstrated moderate to severe endothelial lysis, suggestive of acute cellular injury. In general, severity of the ultrastructural changes increased with the time of incubation but no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the severity of the cellular changes between Groups 1 and 2 was observed in the first 18 h. The severity of lesions became significant (p < 0.05) thereafter. Both treated Groups 1 and 2 showed significantly (p < 0.05) more severe cellular changes compared to the control Group 3 from 6 h post-inoculation. The severity reached peak at the end of the study period with score 3 for Group 1 and score 2.8 for Group 2.ConclusionsThis study revealed that both whole cells P. multocida B:2 and LPS endotoxin showed similar moderate to severe cellular damage, but whole-cell P. multocida B:2 appeared to be more potent in causing much severe damage than LPS alone.

Prevalence of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes in Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan.

Prevalence of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes in Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan.

Pasteurella multocida inactivated with ferric chloride and adjuvanted with bacterial DNA is a potent and efficacious vaccine in Balb/c mice.

Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) is a principal pathogen of domestic animals and an opportunistic pathogen of humans. It is the causative agent of pneumonia and haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle, sheep and goats, fowl cholera in chickens and progressive atrophic rhinitis in swine. In this study, we investigated the humoral and cellular immune responses and protective immunity conferred by an iron-inactivated vaccine with bacterial DNA (IIV+bDNA) as an adjuvant in mice. P. multocida was grown in BHI broth, inactivated with formalin and FeCl3 and adjuvanted with alum and bDNA. Mice were immunized with two whole-cell inactivated vaccine doses 2 weeks apart. The animals were challenged 4 weeks after booster immunization. Immunogens (vaccines and bDNA) posed no safety problems when mice were injected subcutaneously (s/c) with these preparations. The serum antibody titres were tested by ELISA. At 28 days post immunization, cell-mediated immunity responses were determined. The responses were measured by assay of IL-6 and IL-12 in lymphocyte spleen culture supernatants. ELISA results showed that the levels of antibodies in iron inactivated with bDNA adjuvant groups were higher than in the formalin inactivated with alum adjuvant vaccine group. The protection rate of IIV+bDNA adjuvant vaccine was superior to that of the other vaccines and it protected 100 % of the challenge group mice. Following immunization, bDNA promoted increased production of interleukins compared to the control groups. These studies indicate that bDNA is effective as an immune adjuvant, and along with stimulatory bDNA represent promising new humoral and cellular immune enhancers for vaccination applications. In addition, this vaccine is able to provide long-term protection against infection.

In vitro treatment of lipopolysaccharide increases invasion of Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 into bovine aortic endothelial cells.

Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 causes hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo. The invasion mechanism of the bacterium when invading the bloodstream is unclear. This study aimed to characterize the effects of immunomodulatory molecules, namely dexamethasone and lipopolysaccharide, on the invasion efficiency of P. multocida serotype B:2 toward bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and the involvement of actin microfilaments in the invasion mechanism. The results imply that treatment of BAECs with lipopolysaccharide at 100 ng/mL for 24 h significantly increases the intracellular bacteria number per cell (p < 0.01) compared with those in untreated and dexamethasone-treated cells. The lipopolysaccharide-treated cells showed a significant decrease in F-actin expression and an increase in G-actin expression (p < 0.001), indicating actin depolymerization of BAECs. However, no significant differences were detected in the invasion efficiency and actin filament reorganization between the dexamethasone-treated and untreated cells. Transmission electron microscopy showed that P. multocida B:2 resided in a vacuolar compartment of dexamethasone-treated and untreated cells, whereas the bacteria resided in cellular membrane of lipopolysaccharide-treated cells. The results suggest that lipopolysaccharide destabilizes the actin filaments of BAECs, which could facilitate the invasion of P. multocida B:2 into BAECs.

Genome-Wide Analyses Reveal Genes Subject to Positive Selection in Pasteurella multocida.

Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, has led to a broad range of diseases in mammals and birds, including fowl cholera in poultry, pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis in swine and rabbit, hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle, and bite infections in humans. In order to better interpret the genetic diversity and adaptation evolution of this pathogen, seven genomes of P. multocida strains isolated from fowls, rabbit and pigs were determined by using high-throughput sequencing approach. Together with publicly available P. multocida genomes, evolutionary features were systematically analyzed in this study. Clustering of 70,565 protein-coding genes showed that the pangenome of 33 P. multocida strains was composed of 1,602 core genes, 1,364 dispensable genes, and 1,070 strain-specific genes. Of these, we identified a full spectrum of genes related to virulence factors and revealed genetic diversity of these potential virulence markers across P. multocida strains, e.g., bcbAB, fcbC, lipA, bexDCA, ctrCD, lgtA, lgtC, lic2A involved in biogenesis of surface polysaccharides, hsf encoding autotransporter adhesin, and fhaB encoding filamentous haemagglutinin. Furthermore, based on genome-wide positive selection scanning, a total of 35 genes were subject to strong selection pressure. Extensive analyses of protein subcellular location indicated that membrane-associated genes were highly abundant among all positively selected genes. The detected amino acid sites undergoing adaptive selection were preferably located in extracellular space, perhaps associated with bacterial evasion of host immune responses. Our findings shed more light on conservation and distribution of virulence-associated genes across P. multocida strains. Meanwhile, this study provides a genetic context for future researches on the mechanism of adaptive evolution in P. multocida.

Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida from cattle with hemorrhagic septicemia in Assosa and Bambasi districts, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Ethiopia

A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to May 2017 in Bambasi and Assosa districts in Benshangul Guzum Regional State with the objectives of isolation, identification and determination antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Pasteurella multocida isolated from cattle infected with Hemorrhagic Septicemia. The study was also aimed to detect the agent using classical Polymerase chain reaction. Specimens were collected purposively from cattle in areas with outbreak of Hemorrhagic septicemia and a total of 384 swab samples were collected aseptically from cattle and transported to Assosa Regional Veterinary Laboratory using a cold chain system. Specimens were cultured on MacConkey agar and blood agar. Different biochemical tests were also used in order to identify and characterize the agent of the suspected disease. The prevalence of P. multocida was 13 (3.39%) out of 384 samples tested). All the isolates were subjected to the in vitro antimicrobial ssensitivity tests and the result indicated the presence of different degrees of susceptibility and resistance to most of the antibacterial agents. The degree of susceptibility ranges from 15.4% for Tetracycline upto 61.5% for Sterptomycin, and resistance is between 15.4% for Sterptomycin, Clindamycin and Chloramphicol and 69.2% for Tetracycline. Similarly, (60 %) of this discs showed the presence of multidrug resistance. The result of this test clearly indicates that, Sterptomycin, Clindamycin and Chloramphicol could be prospective drugs of choice. Analysis of PCR assay revealed the presence of P. multocida serotype B2. In conclusion, the presence of P. multocida serotype B2 in the selected areas can be considered as potential pathogens in causing Hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle especially where there is no any practice of vaccination. Therefore, strict measures like proper vaccination and antibiogram test to select effective drugs should be regularly implemented.

Comparison of Immunogenic Effect of Three Oil Adjuvant Vaccines against Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in Cattle and Buffalo

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia is one of the most common, fatal and acute bacterial diseases of livestock which causes mortality above 70% and is caused by Pasteurella multocida. The only satisfactory and practical method of control and prevention is timely vaccination of all the healthy and in contact animals. Different types of vaccines are being used for the immunity against this disease. In this project three oil based vaccines were produced. Two single emulsion vaccines were prepared by utilizing Montanide ISA-50 and liquid paraffin with lanolin where as one double emulsion with the help of Montanide ISA-206 was prepared. In house quality control testing and safety testing was performed on swiss albino mice. For immune titre IHA was performed by collecting serum from each and every animal including control animals. The comparison of IHA was done via statistical analysis by using GMT, Single emulsion vaccine prepared from liquid paraffin with lanolin gave maximum immune titre out of all the three vaccines in large animals and in young calves ISA 206 gave a significant titre.

Conservation of Properties of Outer Membranes Protein across Host Genera of Pasteurella multocida Suggests Common Mechanism of Action

Pasteurella multocida is a non-motile coccobacillus pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium and belongs to Pasteurellaceae family. Pasteurella multocida causes diseases in economically important animals and birds in developing and developed countries. Haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffaloes and other diseases like fowl cholera (turkey, chicken, and duck), Septicaemic pasteurellosis (sheep, pig, and goat) and Snuffles (rabbit) are caused by Pasteurella multocida. In this analysis we have taken three outer membrane proteins (vacJ, ompW and skp) from P. multocida which are involved in infectious diseases of animals and birds. The literature shows that all three outer membrane proteins are infectious in nature. This is supported by multiple sequence alignment and analysis of physicochemical properties of protein sequences encoded by vacJ, ompW and skp outer membrane protein families. The studied proteins are similar with respect to number of positively and negatively charged amino acids, molecular weight, Theoretical pI, instability index and grand average of hydropathicity (Gravy) in the proteins from P. multocida strains infecting different genera. The domains, transmembrane helices, twin arginine signal peptides and s-barrels are also broadly similar. This suggests common mechanism of action of these proteins across host genera.

Involvement of nervous system in cattle and buffaloes due to Pasteurella multocida B:2 infection: A review of clinicopathological and pathophysiological changes

Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) is an acute septicemic disease principally affecting cattle and buffaloes caused by specific serotypes B:2 and E:2 of Pasteurella multocida in Asia and Africa, respectively. Despite continuing researches on pathogenesis of P. multocida for several decades, the mechanisms by which these bacteria develop the diseases are poorly understood. Although the involvement of the nervous system in the disease progress of HS is rare under natural conditions, few reports indicated the involvement of the nervous system in outbreaks of HS in cattle and buffaloes. Additionally, recent pathogenesis studies in both mouse and buffalo experimental models reported the involvement of nervous system due to P. multocida B:2, with bacteriological and histopathological evidences. In this review, we summarized and discussed the updates on the involvement of the nervous system in pathogenesis of HS focusing on clinical signs, pathological and pathophysiological changes. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b99

Syndromic surveillance of peste des petits ruminants and other animal diseases in Koinadugu district, Sierra Leone, 2011-2012.

The purpose of this study was to conduct syndromic surveillance for important veterinary diseases in Koinadugu district, Northern Province, Sierra Leone. This study examined all veterinary syndromic surveillance reports submitted to the district veterinary office from January 2011 through December 2012. In total, 5679 case reports were submitted, including 2394 fatalities. The most common syndrome reported was consistent with peste de petits ruminants (PPR) in goats (n = 1649). PPR cases were reported from eight of 11 chiefdoms in the district, with a 42 per 1000 reported incidence rate and a 48% case fatality rate. Other syndromes reported were consistent with trypanosomiasis in cattle (n = 1402), Newcastle disease in poultry (n = 911), black quarter in cattle (n = 691), and haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle (n = 542). Expanded use of the PPR virus vaccine may be required to help control the spread of the infection. Improved community-based prevention efforts may be effective for better control of trypanosomiasis and all these conditions.

Draft Genome Sequences of Two Pasteurella multocida Strains Isolated from Buffaloes in India with Hemorrhagic Septicemia Disease.

Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 is the causative agent of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes in Asia. It is an acute fatal disease and is considered one of the most economically important diseases in this region of the world. We present here the draft genome sequences of strains 2213 and 3213 of P. multocida.

Estimation of Economic Losses due to Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in Cattle and Buffaloes in India

In the present study, a methodology for the evaluation of economic losses due to Haemorrhagic Septicaemia has been developed by considering various possible direct and indirect losses in cattle and buffaloes. This methodology has been used to estimate the economic losses using survey data. It is revealed that the morbidity losses account for 23 per cent of the total losses and the rest (77%) are due to mortality of the animals. Of the total morbidity losses, about half have been due to reduction in growth and one-fifth due to loss in milk. The total economic loss per infected animal due to Haemorrhagic Septicaemia has been estimated as 6816 in case of cattle and 10901 in buffalo. These losses when scaled-up at the national level have indicated a loss of 5255 crore. The direct losses contribute 80.3 per cent and indirect losses contributed 19.7 per cent to the total economic loss. The study has found that calves contribute 74.8 per cent and adults contribute 25.2 per cent to the total economic loss due to Haemorrhagic Septicaemia.

BIOCHEMICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN MICE INOCULATED WITH OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN, LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES AND WHOLE CELLS OF &lt;I&gt;PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA&lt;/I&gt; TYPE B: 2

Haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffaloes is an economically important livestock disease in Asia including Malaysia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the biochemical and hematological alterations in mice model inoculated with outer membrane protein, lipopolysaccharides and whole cells of Pasteurella multocida type B: 2. Two hundred healthy male mice of eight to ten weeks old were used in this study. The mice were divided into four equal groups of 50 mice each. Mice of group 1 were inoculated intra-peritoneal with 1.0 mL sterile Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) pH7, group 2 were inoculated with 1.0 mL of 109 colony forming unit (cfu) of P. multocida B: 2. Mice of groups 3 and 4 were inoculated intra-peritoneal with 1.0 mL of LPS and 1.0 mL of OMP, respectively. Blood samples were collected from the moribund animals and the biochemical and hematological parameters were assessed using ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer test. In the hematology, significant decreases were observed in the treatment groups compared to the control group. Increases were only observed in band neutrophils, eosinophils and plasma proteins in the treatment groups compared to the control group. In the serum biochemistry, significant increases were observed in the treatment groups compared to the control group. Decreases were only observed in AP and albumin: globulin ratio. In electrolytes, significant increases were observed in chloride and calcium in the treatment groups compared to the control. In conclusion, all the immunogen group of mice showed changes in complete blood count and biochemistry profiles with some differences between the groups.