Ha Of Total Area Research Articles

Utilization of Sentinel-2 Imagery in Mapping the Distribution and Estimation of Mangroves' Carbon Stocks in Bengkulu City

The mangroves' aboveground biomass significantly contributes to the global carbon cycle or economic and ecological values. This makes knowledge about the spatial extent of the mangroves indispensable for policymakers. The sequence of mangroves’ condition range also requires remote sensing data to update the geographical information and synthesize carbon stock in Bengkulu. Therefore, this study aims to create a spatial distrribution of mangroves and evaluate their carbon stock in Bengkulu City using Sentinel-2 imagery. The semi-empirical method uses Sentinel-2 imagery through NDVI to appraise and picture the mangroves' aboveground carbon stock. An allometric equation was used to compute the mangroves' aboveground carbon stock from field measurements. Non-linear regression was used to establish a connection between the NDVI calculated from the Sentinel-2 imagery and the mangroves' aboveground biomass measured in the field, which was subsequently used for aboveground carbon estimation. The results showed that mangroves mapping could derive overall accuracy of 89.09%, where the high-density class existed in 135.12 Ha of total area. It was also discovered that Sentinel-2 imagery could estimate mangroves carbon stock up to 61%. The carbon stock estimation based on the imagery has a value of 16.3992 – 115.134 t C/ha, while that of field survey data ranges from 19.69 to 326.06 t C/ha. These results showed that Sentinel-2B spectral data is functional and has a good chance of being able to predict carbon stock.
 
 Keywords : Carbon; mangroves; NDVI; remote sensing; sentinel-2B
 
 Copyright (c) 2022 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

Evaluation of Local Reklamation Data for Sustainability Infrastructure facilities (Case Study of Klawas Zone and Suban Zone in Coal Mine Post of Air Layu Tanjung Enim)

This study identifies and analyzes the biophysical and environmental aspects of the environment, potentials and constraints, and then evaluates the post-mining reclamation land use that will be used for Other Use Areas (APL), the Residential Infrastructure Facility. Based on the Mining Closure Plan (RPT) on the utilization of former coal mine land at Air Laya Tanjung Enim, Klawas reclamation land use plan for Resettlement Facility and Zoning Infrastructures (Zone 2) while Suban reclamation land use plan for Productive Research area. Analysis in this research are scoring, SWOT and map overlay such as area function analysis and land suitability analysis based on physical condition of existing land. The result of this research is land suitability level for Residential Infrastructure Facility in Klawas, suitable land equal to 12% or 38 ha while 98% unfit or 258,7 ha from total area of 277,8 ha. Terms of land suitability in Klawas research area including Marginal (S3) with total scores of 80. where climate condition support with average temperature 24oC and rainfall 23,93 - 27,87 mm / day, slope of flat slope approaching water level river 0 - 3%, complex geological structure there are anticline in the form of fault and fracture, soil type Alluvial and Latosol, there are many aquifer with shallow depth to medium, there is vulnerability of geological disaster in the form of mass movement of soil / rock, flood, erosion and radiation exposure TENORM of moderate intensity. The results of land use evaluation for the Klawas reclamation area are more suitable for Freshwater Fishery Cultivation area than for Residential Infrastructure Facility area. Land tenure rate for Residential Infrastructure Facility in Suban, suitable land equal to 76 % or 237 ha while unsuitable 24% or 105 ha of total area of 342 ha. Conditions of land suitability in Suban's research area include Match (S2) with a total scores of 130. Climatic conditions support the average air temperature of 24°C and rainfall of 23.93 - 27.87 mm / day, the slope of flat slope is 3 - 8% there is no anticline structure in the form of fault, Andosol and Podsolic soil types, there is a shallow shallow depth of aquifer, no geological disaster vulnerability and low intensity TENORM radiation exposure. The results of the land-use evaluation for the Suban reclamation area are more suitable for the Residential Infrastructure area rather than for Productive Research area.

EVALUATION OF LOCAL RECLAMATION DATA FOR SUSTAINIBILITY INFRASTUCTURE FACILITIES (CASE STUDY OF KLAWAS ZONE AND SUBAN ZONE IN POST COAL MINING AIR LAYU TANJUNG ENIM)

This study identifies and analyzes the biophysical and environmental aspects of the environment, potentials and constraints, and then evaluates the post-mining reclamation land use that will be used for Other Use Areas (APL), the Residential Infrastructure Facility. Based on the Mining Closure Plan (RPT) on the utilization of former coal mine land at Air Laya Tanjung Enim, Klawas reclamation land use plan for Resettlement Facility and Zoning Infrastructures (Zone 2) while Suban reclamation land use plan for Productive Research area. Analysis in this research are scoring, SWOT and map overlay such as area function analysis and land suitability analysis based on physical condition of existing land. The result of this research is land suitability level for Residential Infrastructure Facility in Klawas, suitable land equal to 12% or 38 ha while 98% unfit or 258,7 ha from total area of 277,8 ha. Terms of land suitability in Klawas research area including Marginal (S3) with total scores of 80. where climate condition support with average temperature 24oC and rainfall 23,93 - 27,87 mm / day, slope of flat slope approaching water level river 0 - 3%, complex geological structure there are anticline in the form of fault and fracture, soil type Alluvial and Latosol, there are many aquifer with shallow depth to medium, there is vulnerability of geological disaster in the form of mass movement of soil / rock, flood, erosion and radiation exposure TENORM of moderate intensity. The results of land use evaluation for the Klawas reclamation area are more suitable for Freshwater Fishery Cultivation area than for Residential Infrastructure Facility area. Land tenure rate for Residential Infrastructure Facility in Suban, suitable land equal to 76 % or 237 ha while unsuitable 24% or 105 ha of total area of 342 ha. Conditions of land suitability in Suban's research area include Match (S2) with a total scores of 130. Climatic conditions support the average air temperature of 24°C and rainfall of 23.93 - 27.87 mm / day, the slope of flat slope is 3 - 8% there is no anticline structure in the form of fault, Andosol and Podsolic soil types, there is a shallow shallow depth of aquifer, no geological disaster vulnerability and low intensity TENORM radiation exposure. The results of the land-use evaluation for the Suban reclamation area are more suitable for the Residential Infrastructure area rather than for Productive Research area.

Identifikasi Jenis Epifit Dan Tumbuhan Yang Menjadi Penopangnya Di Blok Perlindungan Dalam Kawasan Taman Hutan Raya Wan Abdul Rachman

Epiphytic is one among the plants that attaches and grows on other plants for sunlight, water, air, and minerals. The existence of epiphytes is very important for forest ecosystems due its ability to provide a place for the ants and the other organisme. The objective of this study were to identify the species of epiphytes, species of cantilever plant, and to know the number of cantilever plant species associated with the species of epiphytes in Wan Abdul Rahman Great Forest Park. This research was conducted at the protection block, Wan Abdul Rahman Great Forest Park, particularly in the area of Way Balau Sub-watershed. This research was conducted during September to October 2013. Epiphytes and cantilever plants species were inventoried in a sampling intensity of 0,2% taken from 796,50 ha of total area of protection blocks, therefore the large of sample plot is 1,593 ha. The size of each sample plot is 400 m2 or 20 m x 20 m, therefore the total number of sample plots are 40 plots. Observed variables were the species and the number of epiphytes , species of cantilever plant and its number, and the importance alue index for each species. The result of the study showed that plant are 7 species of epiphytes and 16 species of cantilever plant. The highest importance value index (IVI) of epiphytes is paku sepat (59,14%). The highest IVI of cantilever plant is pulai (30,91%). The most abundant cantilever plant growed by epiphytes is pulai (Alstonia scholaris), pinangsi (Villebrunea rubescens), enau (Arenga pinnata), and medang gabong (Litsea firma). Result of the study showed that epiphytic mostly found on the cantilever plant that has thicker bark, groove bark, stringy bark, and a tough bark.

Avaliação de eventos de inundação na Região Norte Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, utilizando imagens de sensores remotos

This study aimed to identify and to quantify the flooded area in the 2008/2009 summer period in the Norte Fluminense region, Rio de Janeiro state using remote sensing images. For this, Landsat-5 TM and CBERS-2B CCD images acquired before and after flooding occurrence were used. In these images, the Linear Spectral Mixture Model – LSMM was applied in order to highlight the areas occupied by water bodies. It was concluded that the water bodies in the region suffered an increment of 2.61 times corresponding to 99,000 ha of total area of water surface based on the comparison of the TM image acquired on July 26, 2007 (without flooding) with TM acquired on November 17, 2008 and with the CCD image of January 20, 2009 acquired after the rainy season in this region.

Avaliação das preferências ecológicas de Clidemia urceolata DC. em ecossistemas perturbado

As identificações de hábitats preferenciais de espécies que colonizam espontaneamente ambientes perturbados podem constituir elementos de aperfeiçoamento de técnicas de restauração ecológica. Nesse contexto, a Clidemia urceolata DC destaca-se por colonizar esses ambientes e apresentar ampla distribuição na bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul. Este estudo objetivou avaliar as preferências ecológicas de C. urceolata na bacia hidrográfica do rio Barra Mansa, RJ (22º 32'40" 22º 40'60"S e 44º 12' 44º 06'20"W). Os núcleos da espécie foram demarcados e classificados segundo os seguintes fatores ambientais: feição do terreno, posição relativa na topossequência, face de exposição, declividade e altitude. Foram amostrados 26 núcleos, totalizando 0,005 ha em 6.839 ha da área total. A distribuição da espécie foi mais frequente nos seguintes ambientes: a) terços médio e inferior da topossequência; b) feição côncava do terreno; c) face de exposições sudeste, sul e sudoeste; d) declividade de 8 a 45%; e) altitude entre 432 e 525 m, sendo os últimos quatros fatores mais determinantes. A conjunção de todas essas informações espacializadas na bacia do rio Barra Mansa indica que 30% da área apresenta condições mais favoráveis para o estabelecimento da C. urceolata, o que pode demonstrar um potencial de restauração ambiental.

Concluding remarks on the joint survey of macrobenthic fauna on Suncheon Tidal Flats by the participants of “Korea and Japan Joint Symposium on Biology of Tidal Flats 2009”

As a social activity in “Korea and Japan Joint Symposium on Biology of Tidal Flats 2009” held in Sucheon, Jeollanam-do, the southern part of South Korea, most of the participants to the symposium joined the surveys with the purpose of making a list of macrobenthic fauna that occur on Suncheon Bay Tidal Flats with approximately 1,200 ha in total area between June 21 and 23, 2009. In this survey, sixteen species of bivalves, twenty species of gastropods, one species of chiton, fourteen species of polychaetes, eight species of crabs, and three species of other animals were collected, and identified by the participants. Among these sixty-one species, two species of macrobenthic invertebrate animals including gastropod, Ellobium chinense, and crab, Sesarmops intermedius, are listed in the latest Red List of the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea, and eight species of them including five species of potamidid gastropods are listed in that of the Ministry of Environment, Japan. The results of this survey indicate that the ecosystem on the tidal flats in Suncheon Bay are still healthy, and preserved almost in their original conditions, due to the serious efforts of the people in Suncheon City and the municipal authorities.

Variabilidade espacial das propriedades físicas e químicas do solo em áreas intensamente cultivadas

Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a variabilidade espacial das propriedades físicas e químicas do solo, visando fornecer subsídios ao manejo localizado de insumos. Foram analisadas as variáveis químicas: P, MO, K, Ca, Mg, pH, CTC e V(%) e físicas: areia e argila. Coletaram-se amostras de solo em duas profundidades (0-0,2 e 0,6-0,8 m) situadas em malha irregular de amostragem na região de Monte Alto, num Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (PVA), sob diferentes manejos, perfazendo 88 pontos em área total de 1465 ha; e na região de Jaboticabal, em Latossolo Vermelho (LV) cultivado com cana-de-açúcar, perfazendo 128 pontos, em área total de 2597 ha. As propriedades químicas e físicas dos solos estudados apresentaram dependência espacial, com exceção da CTC na profundidade de 0,6-0,8 m para o solo LV; Ca e argila na profundidade de 0-0,2 m, e P, MO, K, Mg e argila na camada de 0,6-0,8 m, no solo PVA. As variáveis estudadas ajustaram-se aos modelos esférico e exponencial, e algumas apresentaram semivariograma sem estrutura definida. O solo PVA apresentou menor continuidade espacial das propriedades químicas e físicas, principalmente na profundidade 0,6-0,8 m, camada que sofre menor influência antrópica. O solo LV apresentou zonas mais homogêneas de fertilidade e granulometria.

Critical events in the Ariake Bay ecosystem: Clam population collapse, red tides, and hypoxic bottom water

Ariake Bay is located off the west coast of Kyushu, western Japan, and is a typical enclosed coastal sea of approximately 1,700 km2 in area. The tidal amplitude reaches approximately 6 m in the inner parts of the bay at the spring tide, and consequently approximately 20,000 ha of tidal flats appear along the coast of the bay at ebb tide. The tidal flats and the shallow waters offshore from the tidal flats are extremely productive areas, and utilized for various fisheries. However, the ecosystem of Ariake Bay is now in critical condition. The abundance of benthic animals has decreased markedly on the sandy tidal flats in the bay. This phenomenon is represented by the drastic decrease in the harvest of the most popular short neck clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, on the sandy tidal flats of Kumatoto Prefecture facing Ariake Bay. The annual harvest on the sandy tidal flats exceeded 50,000 tons until 1980, but decreased to only around 400 tons between 1995 to 1997. On the sandy tidal flats where the dense clam population collapsed, very few macro-benthic animals occurred. Since the 1960s, a large amount of sand and gravel has been collected from the rivers that flow into Ariake Bay. It is apparent that the marked decrease in newly deposited sand on the sandy tidal flats is one of the main causes of the collapse of the dense population of the short neck clam and marked decrease of other macro-benthic animals on the sandy tidal flats, and thus it appears that the only effective measure to recover the benthic communities on the sandy tidal flats is creating sand covers with natural sands collected from the sea floor offshore of the bay.In the subtidal areas of the bay, the scale of the autumn bloom of phytoplankton has increased markedly and red tides have covered almost the entire inner bay area since 1998, although the nutrient input from the land to the bay through the major rivers has fluctuated stably over the past three decades. The nori culture was seriously damaged by the occurrence of a large-scale autumn red tide on two occasions (2000 and 2002). In early summer, hypoxic bottom water has occurred in the wide areas of the inner parts of the bay since at least 2001, causing a serious environmental disturbance to the benthic ecosystem. Both of these phenomena commonly occurred when the water was stratified mainly due to the decrease of salinity in the surface layers. These facts indicate that the stratification of the water was enforced in the inner parts of the bay from the end of the 1990s. In Isahaya Bay, an inner bay of the west side of Ariake Bay, a big reclamation project of the tidal flats to create land and a fresh water pond of approximately 3,500 ha in total area has been conducted since 1986, and the gates of the dike were closed to lower the water levels inside the dike for reclamation in April 1997. A decrease in the tidal current was recently observed in some parts of the west coast of the bay. It is very likely that the changes of the hydrographical conditions caused by the modification of the topography of Isahaya Bay are responsible for the development of the water stratification in the inner parts of Ariake Bay, following the occurrence of the large-scale autumn red tides without any increase in the nutrient input from the land and the hypoxic bottom water in the summer.

Suplementação de bovinos em pastagem de Coastcross (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers) no verão

O experimento foi realizado no município de Luiziana, noroeste do Estado do Paraná, no período de outubro de 2000 a fevereiro de 2001. Foram utilizados 32 novilhos inteiros, com 13 meses de idade e peso inicial médio de 325 kg, pertencentes a dois grupos genéticos distintos, sendo 20 ½ Red Angus ½ Nelore e 12 ½ Marchigiana ½ Nelore. Avaliou-se o desempenho destes animais, em quatro piquetes de Coastcross (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers), perfazendo um total de 5,05 ha e diferentes níveis de suplementação energética (na base de 0; 0,2; 0,4; e 0,6% do peso vivo) com casca de soja. Foram realizadas estimativas da disponibilidade e da qualidade da forragem. Após 112 dias de experimento, observaram-se elevados ganhos de peso para todos os tratamentos (acima de 0,850 kg/dia).

Suplementação de bovinos em pastagens de Coastcross (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers) no inverno

O experimento foi realizado no município de Luiziana, noroeste do Estado do Paraná, no período de junho a outubro de 2000. Foram utilizados 24 novilhos inteiros, com nove meses de idade e peso inicial médio de 223 kg, pertencentes a dois grupos genéticos distintos, sendo 15 ½ Red Angus ½ Nelore e nove ½ Marchigiana ½ Nelore. Avaliou-se o desempenho dos animais submetidos a três formas de suplementação e a qualidade e produtividade da forragem. A área experimental foi constituída por quatro piquetes, sendo três de Coastcross (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers), com área total de 7,35 ha e um de Aveia (Avena strigosa Schreb), consorciada com Azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam), totalizando 2 ha. Os novilhos permaneceram em pastagens de Coastcross e foram submetidos a três tratamentos: pastejo em Aveia + Azevém (AA) por quatro horas diárias; suplemento (S) a 1,2% do peso vivo; suplemento + lasalocida (SL) a 1,2% do peso vivo. Estimativas da biomassa e da qualidade das forrageiras foram realizadas. Decorridos 112 dias experimentais, S e SL não apresentaram diferença para ganho médio diário (GMD = 1,063 kg e 1,026 kg, respectivamente), mas foram superiores a AA (0,856 kg). Concluiu-se que a adição de lasalocida ao suplemento não produziu diferença no desempenho dos animais. Estes resultados comprovam que animais mantidos em pastagem de Coastcross, com quatro horas de pastejo em pastagem anual de inverno ou com suplementação (1,2% do peso vivo), independentemente da adição de ionóforo, apresentaram elevados ganhos na época crítica do ano.

Relationships between herb layer and canopy composition in a tropical rain forest successional mosaic in Singapore

ABSTRACTClusters of four circular forest plots, 0.2 ha in total area, were inventoried for canopy tree (≥30 cm gbh) and terrestrial herb floristic composition at 46 sites in the Central Catchment Nature Reserve, Singapore. The Nature Reserve covers a complex mosaic of lowland tropical forest of different successional stages, with much of the area covered in secondary forest 50–100 years old developed on exhausted agricultural soils. A total of 449 species of tree and 59 species of terrestrial herb were recorded from the clusters. Facultatively-terrestrial epiphytes were excluded from the analysis. Possible reasons for the low herb diversity are discussed. There was a marked similarity between ordinations (detrended correspondence analysis) of the clusters based on tree canopy composition weighted by species relative contribution to cluster total basal area and the herb flora composition, with a highly significant correlation between first axis scores of the two ordinations. Both ordinations showed the three clusters from freshwater swamp forest to be highly distinctive from the rest. The two forest strata exhibited a parallel response to the successional gradient, though the low diversity and patchy distribution of the herb flora blurred the distinction between primary and secondary communities more clearly seen in canopy composition.

Single‐Tree Influence on Soil Properties in the Mountains of Eastern Kentucky

The validity of the concept of "ingle—tree influence circles" was tested in a forest dominated by Tsuga canadensis and Liriodendron tulipifera on steep slopes in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern USA. Samples of forest floors and the 0—5 cm depth of mineral soil were collected at 135 locations within plots 1.3 ha in total area. Examination of particle—size distribution and pH at 33 of these locations confirmed that parent material to a depth of 100 cm was uniform throughout the study area. Soils were sandy and generally low in nutrients. Levels of pH, Ca, Mg, K, and mineralizable N tended to be higher, and forest floor mass tended to be lower, under the crowns of L. tulipifera compared to T. canadensis. Differnces between tree species were better expressed on areas lacking Rhododendron maximum understories. These results indicate that single—tree influence on soil properties is detectable even in mixed stands on steep slopes, and that the soil landscape may be considered a mosaic of profiles reflecting the occurrence and chemical characteristics of the ground cover vegetation and of individuals of the various tree species present.