This study examines wave height and direction patterns across various sites along the northern coasts of the Strait of Hormuz (SH), a strategically important waterway connecting the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. The study reveals substantial seasonal and spatial variability in wave characteristics. Nine stations, spanning from the western shores of Qeshm Island to the coastal regions near Bandar Abbas, were selected to represent diverse coastal conditions and depths. The results indicate that deeper sites, such as station 3 (st3), experience maximum wave heights reaching up to 1.31 m, while sites near urbanized coasts, such as stations 8 (st8) and 9 (st9), exhibit lower wave heights due to restricted fetch. Wave direction analysis reveals that high waves predominantly approach from the east and southeast, with greater directional variability observed in spring. Seasonal wave height fluctuations are particularly notable, with higher waves typically occurring in spring and summer. These insights have practical applications in enhancing navigational safety, optimizing port operations, and informing sustainable coastal infrastructure design against varying wave forces. Furthermore, understanding these wave patterns is essential for risk assessment in marine activities such as fishing, shipping, and tourism. The innovation of this study lies in its comprehensive analysis of the spatial and temporal variations in wave patterns across the SH, an area of strategic importance. This detailed assessment is vital for effective coastal management, the sustainable development of marine activities, and the preservation of coastal ecosystems.
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