GSM Applications Research Articles

Hexagonal shaped fractal MIMO antenna for multiband wireless applications

A hexagonal shaped fractal Multiple input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna resonates to six different frequencies is presented. A dumbbell structure with hexagon shaped defected ground structure (DGS) is created in the ground plane. Two antenna elements sharing a common ground plane are positioned orthogonal to each other for better isolation. The antenna is designed, fabricated using FR4 substrate with 1.6 mm thickness and tested experimentally. The antenna provides high peak gain of 8.69 dBi at 8.33 GHz. The multiband MIMO antenna resonates for the frequencies 1.9 GHz, 2.9 GHz, 3.2 GHz, 5.0 GHz, 5.6 GHz and 7.74 GHz. Mutual coupling is better than − 20 dB and the peak gain of the antenna ranges from 3.2 to 8.69 dBi. The designed orthogonal two element MIMO antenna is suitable for GSM, PCS, WLAN and Wi-MAX wireless applications. Simulation work is carried out by ADS tool and fabricated antenna is tested with vector network analyser.

An end fire printed monopole antenna based on electromagnetic band gap structure

In this paper, a moderate gain monopole antenna is proposed for GSM and Wi-Max applications. The antenna structure is constructed from a traditional printed monopole on Roger substrate of 3006 family. To enhance the antenna performance ultimately, an Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) layer is introduced to the antenna structure. A numerical analysis is applied based on a Finite Integral Technique (FIT) of CST Microwave Studio (CSTMWS) formulations to characterize the EBG unit cell in terms of S-parameters, dispersion and reflection diagram, as well as the constitutive electromagnetic properties. The antenna performance is tested numerically with and without the EBG structure in terms of S-parameters and radiation patterns. It is found that the proposed antenna provides an excellent matching, S11< −10 dB, at 1.85 and 3.3 GHz with 2.88 dBi and 5.8 dBi gain, respectively. Nevertheless, the Finite Element Method (FEM) based on Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software package is invoked to compute the antenna performance. The antenna structure is fabricated and tested experimentally. Finally, an excellent agreement is found between the obtained numerical results from both software packages and measurements.

Vehicle Theft Recovery

Presently a-days the whole world is confronting the instability which has gotten one of the major challenges. Each nation has their own unconventional security issues. The crime percentage in all aspects of our general public nowadays has become an undermining issue with the end goal that vehicles are currently utilized for carrying out crimes more than previously. The issue of vehicle robbery has expanded massively, for the most part at gunpoint or vehicle leaves. There is a requirement for reasonable records of taken, recognized and recuperated vehicles which are not promptly accessible in our general public and in that capacity significant. The improvement of a vehicle robbery caution and area distinguishing proof framework turns out to be increasingly essential for vehicle proprietors to guarantee burglary anticipation and an expedient recognizable proof over recuperation which incorporates missing of vehicles by an unapproved individual. Our model utilizes a GSM application created and introduced in a cell phone gadget that is installed in the vehicle to speak with the vehicle proprietor's cell phone through SMS. The correspondences set up incorporate; (I). Sending an alarm message from introduced cell phone gadget to vehicle proprietor portable phone.(ii).Sending an admonition message from the vehicle proprietor's cell phone to begin and stop the introduced cell phone. Decide the present area of a vehicle utilizing GPS.

Feasibility analysis of additive manufacturing method for graphene based super solar body mounted patch antenna for satellite applications

In this project, a Nano material based printed patch antenna structure has been integrated with a solar panel without affecting the optical efficiency of the solar panel. The proposed prototype is having the property of both antenna and solar module functionality. A graphene based CPW fed E-Shaped micro strip patch antenna which has a return loss of − 48.43 dB at resonant frequency of 2.1 GHz which is best suitable for UMTS-2100 Band (2.15–2.18 GHz), GSM (2.15–2.18 GHz) applications is printed on the solar panel using screen printing technique. In this project, conventional copper-based antennas are replaced with graphene-based antennas due to various advantages. In this experiment, the feasibility of material based body mounting antenna structure printing method is analysed. This proposed design model is best suitable for satellites where antennas occupy one-third of the satellite’s size. By mounting the small printed antennas on the solar panel, the space complexity of the satellite system gets reduced by one-third of its initial dimensions.

Modified Wilkinson power divider with harmonics suppression and compact size for GSM applications

In this article, a modified microstrip Wilkinson power divider with harmonics suppression for GSM communications applications is presented. For low-pass filter designing, one open stub, one radial resonator, and two rectangular resonators are used. According to results related to insertion losses (|S21| and |S31|), stopband is wide and equal to 7.5 GHz (3.4-10.9 GHz), under the condition of 20 dB harmonic suppression level. The results show that at the designed frequency of 1.8 GHz, the input return loss (|S11|) and output return losses (|S22| and |S33|) are better than 22 dB, and the isolation between of output ports (|S32|) is better than 30 dB. The size of the proposed power divider is compact and equal to 10.6 × 14.6 mm2. Finally, the proposed power divider was fabricated and the measurement results illustrate a good agreement with simulation results.

Design of a low-loss microstrip diplexer with a compact size based on coupled meandrous open-loop resonators

In this paper, we have designed and fabricated a novel microstrip diplexer. It has two quite close channels at 1.67 GHz and 1.88 GHz make it suitable for FDD schemes and GSM applications. The proposed structure includes two coupled meandrous open loop resonators which are coupled to spiral cells. An approximated LC model of the presented resonator is proposed and analyzed to give some information about the resonator behavior. Based on the obtained information, the proposed diplexer is optimized and miniaturized. It occupies a small size of 0.036 λg2. Despite of having close channels, the low insertion losses of 0.43 dB and 0.35 dB are obtained for the first and second bands, respectively. For verifying the simulation results and designing method, the diplexer is fabricated and measured, where the measurement and simulation results show a good agreement.

Design of a Compact Microstrip Triple Independently Controlled Pass Bands Filter for GSM, GPS and WiFi Applications

An ultra-compact triple-band bandpass filter based on dual-mode quarter-wave resonator for GSM, GPS, and WiFi applications is presented in this study. The filter consists of three quarter-wave resonators assisting in controlling each passband independently. The first operating frequency band is obtained by the direct-feed resonator which acts as a source to load coupling for the inner two resonators which are operating at higher frequency bands. The outermost resonator is coupled to the inner loaded resonators, thus a pair of transmission zeros between each passband can be excited and hence high-frequency selectivity can be obtained. To miniaturize the overall size of the filter, all resonators are folded and are jointly connected through a common metallic via with the ground. The design has a symmetric structure therefore, even-odd mode analysis method is applied to obtain the three controllable operating frequency bands. The first operating band is centered at 850 MHz which caters for GSM applications, while the second and third frequency bands centered at 1.57 GHz and 2.4 GHz fall in the GPS and WiFi wireless applications. The filter with an ultra-compact size of 0.10 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> × 0.09 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> (0.009λ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> ) despite feed lines (λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> is the waveguide length centered at 850 MHz) is designed, fabricated and measured for the purpose of validation. Both the simulated and measured results are in good agreement and endorse the design concept.

Розроблення домашньої системи безпеки на основі технологій інтернету речей

This article proposes a cost effective IoT smart home security platform that delivers data in the cloud for applications. The smart security system includes a network for sensing home monitoring devices via wireless ISM communication, a home security system control controller with an Internet connection using a Wifi connection, and a backup method of notifying the user is implemented by SMS message via GSM cellular network, cloud server and applications for mobile phones on the Android operating system. The developed application combines the application of a cloud server, client sensors and a database. It also clarified the hardware and software implementation of the IoT-based home security system and their relative functions.

GMSK Modulator and Demodulator Techniques on Hardware and Software Platform with Research Gaps and Trends

The modulation system of Gaussian filtered Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) is a narrow band and constant envelope format that is acceptable for bandwidth, power restricted environment of radio communication. The modulation technique encounters extensive approval from the cellular network market. Nonetheless, the present GMSK modulation scheme is majorly held back due to its two critical shortcomings, the necessity at the receiver section to shape the GMSK's symbol pulses for ISI and the absence of amended GMSK model including the bandwidth efficiency to improvise the link quality. At the moment, rare progressive research studies are being conducted in favor of hardware implementation of GMSK that can satisfactorily be applied to any GSM or AIS application. A standardized algorithm or framework that can guarantee high resiliency is yet to be introduced. Therefore, the paper gives a comprehensive outlook in the direction of understanding the drawbacks that are posed for the implementation of GMSK.

Design and Development of a Compact Triple-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna Loaded with Shorting Pin.

A single layer coaxial probe fed compact shorted patch antenna capable of triple band operation for GSM, ISM and WiMax application has been designed, fabricated and analyzed. The designed antenna generates three separate resonances to cover 1.9 GHz DCS, Bluetooth and WLAN (2.4 GHz), 3.5 GHz WiMax bands while maintaining a small overall size of 36*28*1.6 mm3. A prototype is fabricated and experimental results show good radiation characteristics over the operating bands.

Integrated 4G/5G Multiservice MIMO Antenna for Hand-Held Devices

A novel compact monopole antenna with integrated services for 4G/5G application has been proposed in this manuscript. The 4G services such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) and GSM 850/900 is provided by the primary antenna of size 45 × 15 mm. The 5G communication services are supported by the auxiliary antenna of size 19 × 15 mm. The monopole radiator with the combination of multi-branch stubs and meandered structures in the primary radiator introduces the resonance at the desired operating frequency. The impedance bandwidth of the primary antenna is 170 MHz (0.8–0.97 GHz) and 900 MHz (1.8–2.7 GHz) for LTE and GSM applications. The impedance bandwidth of the auxiliary antenna is 7 GHz (13–20 GHz) for 5G application bands. To achieve the desired operating bands, the length and width of the stubs are used as the tuning parameters. The large ground plane of size 200 × 150 mm is used as the mock-up system for the proposed antenna structure. To enhance the coverage of the handheld devices, the primary and auxiliary antenna is integrated in the mock-up system. The efficiency and gain of the antenna are in the range of 3–5 dBi and 70–96%. The simulated and measured results are correlated with each other.

Compact microstrip lowpass filter with high harmonics suppression using defected structures

A compact microstrip lowpass filter with sharp selectivity and wide stopband designed on the basis of dual-plane, is presented. Initially, a basic one pole defected ground structure (DGS) filter is modified so as to achieve sharp selectivity as well as compact size. The modified DGS reduces the circuit size of the filter by 68.8%. To suppress the higher order harmonics, mirrored symmetrical uniform impedance stubs are designed in the top surface of the substrate, thereby wide stopband up to 20 GHz is achieved. The stopband suppression level of the filter is improved by incorporating a spurline resonator which acts as a defected microstrip structure (DMS) in the top microstrip line. The designed filter has 3 dB cutoff frequency of 2.11 GHz with high relative stopband bandwidth of 159.2% within the rejection level of 18 dB. The wide passband frequency range of the proposed filter covers the GSM, GPS, Wi-Fi communications and various L-band applications such as aircraft surveillance etc.

A novel microstrip diplexer with compact size and high isolation for GSM applications

A novel high-performance microstrip diplexer is proposed and designed in this work. The design is based on patch and thin cells to operate at 0.78 GHz and 1.85 GHz for GSM applications. Owing to the symmetrical structure of the proposed resonator, the odd and even modes analyses are performed to get information about the resonator behavior. This information is useful to optimize the performance and miniaturization, simultaneously. The introduced diplexer has several advantages in terms of low insertion losses, low return losses, high isolation and compact size. It is well miniaturized and optimized with low insertion losses of better than 0.30 dB at the both channels. Meanwhile, the isolation between the channels is better than 42 dB. Our designed diplexer is able to attenuate 1st up to 5th harmonics. To validate the simulation results, we have fabricated the presented diplexer. The results show a good agreement between the measurement and simulation results.

A Multiband Antenna For Gsm, Wlan, S-Band Radar And Wimax Applications

The futuristic technologies needs the low profile and compact multiband antenna for their applications as the size of the communication devices are reducing significantly. In this manuscript, a patch antenna is intended over Flame Retardant (FR4) substrate and then Defected Ground Structure (DGS) as well as Defected Microstrip Structure (DMS) were introduced in it, which increases the number of resonant frequencies and their return loss. Coaxial feed was utilized in this plan. The designed antenna radiates efficiently for the applications like Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) at 1.8 GHz resonant frequency, WLAN with 2.4 GHz resonant frequency, S-Band Radar by means of 2.9 GHz resonant frequency and WiMAX standard by the side of 3.4 GHz resonant frequency. High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) was utilized for the simulation of the projected antenna design.

MoS2 radio: detecting radio waves with a two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductor

In this paper, we designed, fabricated and tested a microwave circuit based on a MoS2 self-switching diode. The MoS2 thin film (10-monolayers nominal thickness) was grown on a 4 inch Al2O3/high-resistivity silicon wafer by chemical vapor deposition process. The Raman measurements confirm the high quality of the MoS2 over the whole area of the 4 inch wafer. We show experimentally that a microwave circuit based on a few-layers MoS2 self-switching diode fabricated at the wafer level is able to detect the audio spectrum from amplitude-modulated microwave signals in the band 0.9–10 GHz, i.e. in the frequency range mostly used by current wireless communications. In particular, the 900 MHz band is widely exploited for GSM applications, whereas the 3.6 GHz band has been identified as the primary pioneer band for 5G in the European Union.

Anti-Theft Locking For Stolen Vehicles and Canny Password Protected Access to Personalized Vehicles

The concern of car thieving has exaggerated staggeringly, largely at knifepoint or automotive parks. it's essential would like of the event of a vehicle thieving alert and placement identification system for vehicle homeowners to confirm thieving interference and speedy recovery tries in things wherever a vehicle is missing, taken or driven by any unauthorized person. The thieving alert feature makes use of a trending GSM application that is developed and put in during a transportable device that is embedded within the vehicle to speak with the vehicle owner’s transportable. The communication is established via SMS. The communications established include; (i) causation associate degree SMS alert from put in GSM to vehicle owner’s transportable once the system activates. (ii)Sending associate degree SMS from the vehicle owner’s transportable to lock and unlock the vehicle. A supplementary feature of entrant detection in bolted automotive makes use of PIR device that detects wrong entry of entrant in bolted automotive and inform regarding it to owner and police

Tunable dual-band bandpass filter for multi-standard applications

A new tunable dual-mode dual bandpass filter (DBPF) is presented based on coupled-line resonators structure. The center frequency and bandwidth can be individually tuned in each band with varactors, which are loaded at the end and middle of the coupled resonators. Varactor diodes can adjust the lower band from GPS to GSM standards (from 1.57 to 1.85 GHz), and the higher band for GSM, UMTS, WiFi and WiMAX applications (from 1.85 to 2.5 GHz). The LC equivalent model of the proposed filter is presented to analyze the resonator at odd- and even-mode frequencies to prove the favorable role of each varactor in tuning the center frequency and bandwidth. To validate the simulation results, the proposed filter is fabricated and measured. Measurement results are in good agreement with LC equivalent model and simulation results.

Optimization of Micro strip Patch Antenna with Zig-Zag Slot in Broadband Communication

In this paper designed and analysis of the rectangular Microstrip patch antenna for GSM band with frequency band 5.1 GHz. Primarily the designed a conventional unslotted rectangular microstrip patch antenna and measure its different parameters using simulation tools .again introduced a Zig –Zag slotted antenna with dielectric substrate 2.2 and used the centre resonance frequency of 5.1 GHz. The substrate height of the FR4 was 0.787 mm.The comparison results of slotted and unslotted antenna are achieved large bandwidth and gain.The bandwidth of 35.2 % and achieved gain is 7.18 dBi in this poposed designed antenna. To model the probe feed for the microstrip patch we used a lumped port with port impedance equal to 50 ohm. The Zig-Zag antenna developed and its performance are utilized by Zealand IE3D tools. This antenna is used in GSM application and many other communication systems.

Metamaterial‐inspired miniaturized antenna loaded with IDC and meander line inductor using partial ground plane

In this article, a novel omnidirectional compact dual band metamaterial-inspired antenna with CPW feed has been proposed for application of GSM 1800 (1.71-1.785 GHz/1.805-1.879 GHz), GSM 1900 (1.85-1.91 GHz/1.93-1.99 GHz), UMTS (1.92-2.17 GHz), WLAN/Wi Fi (4.9, 5, 5.9 GHz), HiperLAN1 (5.15-5.3 GHz), and HiperLAN2 (5.47-5.72 GHz) using a combination of meander line inductor and interdigital capacitor (IDC). The antenna consists of complimentary right/left handed (CRLH) transmission line on both sides of patch to excite zeroth order mode (n = 0). The rectangular slotted stubs act as a virtual ground for the structure using a short circuit condition at the end of the IDC. The zeroth order resonance (ZOR) frequency is mainly controlled by IDC and partially with the meander line inductor. The designed antenna operates from 1.72 to 2.22 GHz and 4.25 to 5.88 GHz with radiating size of 0.56λo × 0.35λo (32 × 20 mm2), where λo is the free-space wavelength at ZOR frequency of 5.27 GHz. The proposed antenna offers measured impedance bandwidth (|S11| <−10 dB) of 25.3 and 18.7% at 1.95 and 5.28 GHz and covers the targeted frequency bands. The proposed structure offers omnidirectional radiation patterns are congruous throughout the working band.

Design of Concurrent Dual-Band Filters for GSM Application

In this paper, concurrent dual band filters are designed and stimulated using CST software. This system has Notch filter with an operating range 720MHz to 920MHz and Dual-band Band pass filter with an operating range of 700MHz to 1.8GHz. Dual bands are obtained between 0.98-1.02 GHz and 1.47-1.57GHz. The Notch and the Band pass filter are both designed with the help of microstrip structure with a material called FR4 with relative dielectric constant 4.4 and order 2. Band pass filter is designed using two step impedance resonator. And Notch filter structure is designed by placing a single stub between the load of the microstrip and its source. The change in the filter output with the change in the length as well as width if the stub is noted. The band of the filters changes according to the dimensions of the stub. Thus, the range of the filters can be adjusted accordingly by changing the stub dimensions.