GSH-Px), And Glutathione Research Articles

The Effects of Aflatoxin B1 on Liver Cholestasis and Its Nutritional Regulation in Ducks.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on cholestasis in duck liver and its nutritional regulation. Three hundred sixty 1-day-old ducks were randomly divided into six groups and fed for 4 weeks. The control group was fed a basic diet, while the experimental group diet contained 90 μg/kg of AFB1. Cholestyramine, atorvastatin calcium, taurine, and emodin were added to the diets of four experimental groups. The results show that in the AFB1 group, the growth properties, total bile acid (TBA) serum levels and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) liver levels decreased, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) and TBA liver levels increased (p < 0.05). Moreover, AFB1 caused cholestasis. Cholestyramine, atorvastatin calcium, taurine, and emodin could reduce the TBA serum and liver levels (p < 0.05), alleviating the symptoms of cholestasis. The qPCR results show that AFB1 upregulated cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 (CYP7A1) and cytochrome P450 family 8 subfamily B member 1 (CYP8B1) gene expression and downregulated ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 11 (BSEP) gene expression in the liver, and taurine and emodin downregulated CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 gene expression (p < 0.05). In summary, AFB1 negatively affects health and alters the expression of genes related to liver bile acid metabolism, leading to cholestasis. Cholestyramine, atorvastatin calcium, taurine, and emodin can alleviate AFB1-induced cholestasis.

Effect of Gallic Acid on PTZ-induced Neurotoxıcıty, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells

Aim: Human neuroblastoma cell lines are widely used to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurotoxicants and to facilitate the prioritization of in vivo testing. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is a tetrazole derivative. Although PTZ is the most commonly used chemical to create an in vivo and in vitro epilepsy (EP) model, its mechanism of action in neuronal cells has not been fully elucidated. Gallic acid (GA) has broad biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to investigate the effect of GA on PTZ-induced neurotoxicity in neuroblastoma cells. Methods: For the study, four groups were formed from SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells as control (C), GA (100 μM), PTZ (30 μM), and PTZ+GA. In the study, total antioxidant and oxidant status (TAS and TOS), inflammatory cytokines (TNF α, IL 1β, and IL 6), lipid peroxidation levels as malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), and glutathione (GSH) levels in the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were determined. Results: The results showed that PTZ treatment caused neurotoxicity in the neuroblastoma cell line and increased TOS, TNF α, IL 1β, IL 6, and MDA levels while decreasing TAS, GSH, and GSHPx levels. This situation improved with GA treatment. Conclusion: As a result, it was determined that GA treatment showed a protective effect in the PTZ-induced neural toxicity model in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell lines.

Preventive effect of salmon sperm DNA on acute carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice through Nrf2/ARE and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.

Liver injury refers to the damage of liver function, which will seriously harm the body's health if it is not prevented and treated in time. Sporadic researches have reported that ingestion of DNA has a hepatoprotective effect, but its effect and mechanism were not clarified. The purpose of this study was to explore the preventive effect and mechanism of salmon sperm DNA on acute liver injury in mice induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Six-week-old ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) male mice were used to establish a liver injury model by injecting with 4% CCl4, silymarin, and three different concentrations of DNA solutions were given to mice by gavage for 14 days. The histological and pathological changes in the liver were observed. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum and the levels of oxidative and antioxidant markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) in liver tissue were determined. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and hepatic oxidative stress and apoptosis-related markers were determined by western blotting. The results showed that compared with the model group, the DNA test group significantly improved the liver pathological changes and the level of liver function, regulated liver oxidative stress, reduced hepatocyte apoptosis, and decreased the levels of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-6. Compared with the silymarin group, the high dose of DNA was even more effective in preventing liver injury. In conclusion, salmon sperm DNA has a potential protective effect against acute liver injury induced by CCl4, which is achieved by regulating the Nrf2/ARE (nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2/antioxidant responsive element) oxidative stress pathway and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.

Betulinic acid attenuates cognitive dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation in a model of T-2 toxin-induced brain damage.

T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin that has harmful effects on the immune system and cognitive function. Betulinic acid (BA) is a plant-derived pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenoid which possesses a wide spectrum of bioactivities. The study was aimed to explore whether BA has a protective effect on cognitive impairment and oxidative stress caused by T-2 toxin. BA was suspended in 1% soluble starch by continuous intragastric administration for 14days, then the brain damage in mice was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of T-2 toxin (4mg/kg). It was found that BA alleviated the reduction of discrimination index in T-2 toxin-treated mice, and enhanced dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and acetylcholine (ACH) levels of brain neurotransmitter. Meanwhile, BA pretreatment ameliorated oxidative stress through increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) levels, and inhibition of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain of mice exposed to T-2 toxin. Moreover, BA reduced brain hemorrhage and ecchymosis, improved the mitochondrial morphology, enriched the number of organelles, and inhibited cell apoptosis in brain challenged with T-2 toxin. Furthermore, BA inhibited mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as well as enhanced mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-10 in the brain of T-2 toxin-triggered mice. Therefore, BA could improve the cognitive function, enhance the antioxidant capacity, and inhibit the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in brain, thereby playing a preventive and protective role against brain damage caused by T-2 toxin.

Cyclophosphamide-induced testicular oxidative-inflammatory injury is accompanied by altered immunosuppressive indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in Wister rats: Influence of dietary quercetin.

This study evaluated the role of quercetin against cyclophosphamide-induced distortion of rat testicular function. Adult rats were administered cyclophosphamide (100mg/kg), quercetin (50mg/kg) and in combination for seven days. Cyclophosphamide caused a significant increase in the activities of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenases (IDO), tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and elevated the concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Cyclophosphamide increased testis malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations but depleted superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione (GSH). However, quercetin co-administration significantly (p < 0.05) prevented the increased values of IDO, TDO, MPO, IL-6, IFN-γ, MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GSH compared with control rats. Also, quercetin co-treatment significantly increased serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), activities of testicular 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 β-HSD), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 β-HSD) as well as sperm count, motility and viability but reduced abnormal sperm morphology. Quercetin exposure alone did not alter any of the parameters evaluated relative to control. Thus, quercetin protected the testes against cyclophosphamide-induced alterations in immunosuppressive IDO/TDO activities elicited by oxidative-inflammatory mediators.

Preventive Effect of Lycopene in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis Mice through the Regulation of TLR4/TRIF/NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Tight Junctions.

The preventive effect and molecular mechanism of lycopene (LP) in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice were evaluated. Compared to the DSS group, the LP prevention groups not only significantly inhibited the DSS-induced weight loss, decreased the disease activity index (DAI) score, increased the colon length, and improved inflammation in the colon but also significantly increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) in the colon and reduced inflammatory cytokine, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Notably, when compared to the DSS group, the protein expression levels of TLR4, TRIF, and p-NF-κB p65 in the mice colon tissue were downregulated and those of tight junction-related proteins were upregulated in the LP + DSS group, with the most significant effect observed in the 10 mg/kg LP + DSS group. These results confirmed that the upregulation of tight junction-related protein expression after blocking the TLR4/TRIF/NF-κB signaling pathway may be one of the mechanisms through which LP prevents UC.

Effects on the Lipid Peroxidation and the Antioxidant Defense Systems of the Use of Isoflurane or Sevoflurane in Calves Undergoing Surgery

Background: Incoming anaesthesia created by the use of many drugs with different physicochemical properties is a source of stress and trauma for the body. This event increases the oxidative response and changes the balance between oxidant/antioxidant capacity in the organism in favor of oxidant capacity. This situation is defined as oxidative stress. For these reasons, studies are conducted to determine the effects of general anaesthetic agents on oxidant and antioxidant systems in the organism. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane used for general anaesthesia in humans and animals on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in calves.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: The study included 14 calves of different breeds, ages, sexes, and weighing, average 2 weeks old. The cases randomly were divided into 2 groups, the isoflurane group (group I), and the sevoflurane group (group II), and each group included 7 animals. Before general anaesthesia, 0.04 mg/kg atropine was administered intramuscularly to all animals for premedication. At 15 min after atropine administration, isoflurane was administered at an inspiratory concentration of 3-5% in group I, and sevoflurane was administered at an inspiratory concentration of 5-7% in group II, via a face mask for 15 min for the induction of anaesthesia. Endotracheal intubation was performed in all cases at the 15min of the induction period following the onset of general anaesthesia symptoms. After the induction, anaesthesia was continued at an inspiratory concentration of 1.5-3% in the isoflurane group and inspiratory concentration of 2.5-4% in the sevoflurane group. Blood samples were taken just before anaesthesia, just before skin incision, at the end of anaesthesia and surgery, and at the 24h postoperatively. The malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured spectrophotometrically in samples. In group I, MDA and antioxidant parameters SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GSH did not observe a significant change in their concentrations through the study (P &gt; 0.05). In group II, MDA value decreased significantly before incision (P &lt; 0.05), at the end of anaesthesia and surgery compared to the pre-anaesthesia level (P &lt; 0.001), and then although increased significantly at 24th-h postoperatively, the value was still lower than the pre-anaestesia level (P &lt; 0.05). It was determined that SOD activity increased significantly after sevoflurane compared to pre-anaesthesia (P &lt; 0.05) however, the increases in SOD activity detected during sevoflurane were not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.05). During the study, a statistically insignificant increase was observed in the concentrations of CAT, GSH-Px, GSH compared to pre-anaesthesia (P &gt; 0.05). Pre-anaesthesia values of all measured biochemical parameters did not differ significantly between groups (P &gt; 0.05). Before skin incision, at the end of anaesthesia and surgery, and at the 24h postoperatively MDA was lower (P &lt; 0.05) and SOD activity was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than in group I in group II. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of CAT, GSH-Px, GSH levels between the other measurement times (P &gt; 0.05). Discussion: An important advantage of sevoflurane compared to currently available anaesthetics is that it provides rapid induction due to its low solubility in blood and tissues, and rapid recovery due to its low solubility in fat. This feature is proof that the side effects of sevoflurane anaesthesia are minimal. The findings of this study show that sevoflurane exposure decreases lipid peroxidation and enhances antioxidant defense. The potential effect of sevoflurane on oxidative stress may lead to its preferred clinical use of sevoflurane compared to isoflurane.

Persimmon oligomeric proanthocyanidins alleviate ultraviolet B-induced skin damage by regulating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses

Skin damage can be induced by excessive ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective activity of persimmon oligo-proanthocyanidins (P-OPC) against UV-B induced human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT cells) and skin damage and its underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. P-OPC was shown to inhibit the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by UVB radiation in both HaCaT cells and mouse skin tissues by increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzyme system [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH)]. Furthermore, P-OPC was found to suppress cell apoptosis and the production of inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, and IL-6. Overall, P-OPC could protect skin tissues from UV-B-induced damage by suppressing oxidant stress, acute inflammation, and cell apoptosis via regulating MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways. These results indicate the potential of P-OPC as a photochemo-protective agent against UV-B induced skin damage.

Protective role of ginseng extract against oxidative stress, reproductive and some biochemical parameters alterations induced by doxorubicin in male rats

This study investigates the modulating effect of ginseng against testicular toxicity, oxidative stress and changes in some biochemical parameters induced by doxorubicin. Twenty male rats were divided into four groups. The 1st group received distilled water orally (control group), The 2nd group received doxorubicin (5 mg/kg b.wt. intrapertenoineal) once a week for eight weeks, The 3rd group received ginseng extract (200 mg/kg b.wt.) daily for eight weeks and the 4th group received doxorubicin with ginseng extract by the same doses as in the 2nd and the 3rd groups respectively. At the end of the 8th week, blood and semen samples were taken for biochemical and semen analysis, respectively. The doxorubicin treated group had significantly higher serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) along with lower levels of total protein, albumin and globulin. In addition, a significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSHPx), and glutathione (GSH) associated with higher level of malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed. At the same time, the group that took doxorubicin with ginseng did not differ from control group in terms of these parameters. Male fertility study showed changes in testosterone and semen analysis in both groups treated with doxorubicin, while the group that took doxorubicin with ginseng showed an improvement towards control levels of these parameters. Thus ginseng supplement can reduce the negative effects of doxorubicin- induce. Â

Toxicological Assessment of Ammonia Exposure on Carassius auratus red var. Living in Landscape Waters.

To understand the toxic mechanism of ammonia and identify effective biomarkers on the oxidative stress for the fish Carassius auratus red var., acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted. The 96-h LC50 of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) for C. auratus was 135.4mgL-1, the corresponding unionized ammonia (NH3) concentration was 1.5mgL-1. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione (GSH) showed an increase with a subsequent falling, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) increased during the chronic test. The SOD, MDA, and GSH could be effective biomarkers to evaluate the TAN oxidative stress, the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) was 11.3mgL-1 for TAN. To our knowledge, this is the first study to propose biomarkers to evaluate potential environmental risk and establish a risk threshold for TAN in C. auratus.

Preventive Effect of Small-Leaved Kuding Tea (Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Bl.) Polyphenols on D-Galactose-Induced Oxidative Stress and Aging in Mice.

Small-leaved Kuding tea is a traditional Chinese tea that is rich in polyphenols. In the current study, we investigated the preventive effect of small-leaved Kuding tea (SLKDT) on D-galactose-induced oxidative aging in mice. Changes in serum, skin, liver, and spleen of experimental animals were determined using biochemical and molecular biology techniques. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that polyphenol extract of SLKDT (PSLKDT) improved the indices of the thymus, brain, heart, liver, spleen, and kidney function in model mice. PSLKDT prevented a decrease in the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) as well as an increase in nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum, liver, and spleen. Pathological assessment also showed that PSLKDT reduced oxidative damage induced by D-galactose in skin, liver, and spleen. We further found that PSLKDT upregulated neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, catalase (CAT), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor (nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1) mRNA expression and downregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression. Protein levels of SOD1 (Cu/Zn-SOD), SOD2 (Mn-SOD), CAT, GSH1 (γ-glutamate-cysteine ligase), and GSH2 (glutathione synthetase) in the liver and spleen were also increased by PSLKDT treatment. Collectively, these results indicate that PSLKDT is effective in preventing D-galactose-induced oxidative aging in mice, and its efficacy is significantly higher than antioxidant vitamin C. Because PSLKDT is a potent antioxidant and antiaging polyphenol, Kuding tea rich in PSLKDT should be considered an ideal drink with antioxidative and antiaging effects.

Preventive effect of Lactobacillus plantarum KSFY02 isolated from naturally fermented yogurt from Xinjiang, China, on d-galactose–induced oxidative aging in mice

Yogurt from Xinjiang, China, is a traditional and naturally fermented food, and abundant microorganisms are produced during its fermentation process. In this study, we carried out in vivo animal experiments to explore the effect of a newly isolated lactic acid bacterial strain, Lactobacillus plantarum KSFY02 (LP-KSFY02), on oxidative aging. We used d-galactose to induce oxidative aging in mice and analyzed the serum and tissues of those mice using molecular biology detection methods. The results showed that LP-KSFY02 could inhibit the decreases in the thymic, cerebral, cardiac, liver, spleen, and kidney indices of mice caused by oxidative aging. The LP-KSFY02 strain increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) and reduced levels of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde in the serum, liver, and spleen of the oxidative aging mice. Pathological observation demonstrated that LP-KSFY02 alleviated damage to the liver and spleen of oxidative aging mice. Quantitative PCR showed that LP-KSFY02 effectively upregulated mRNA expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (Nos1), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Nos3), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Sod1), manganese superoxide dismutase (Sod2), catalase (Cat), heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1), nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nfe2l2), γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (Gclm), and quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1) in mouse liver and spleen and downregulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos2). Western blot analysis revealed that LP-KSFY02 effectively upregulated protein expression of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, GSH1, and GSH2 in mouse liver and spleen tissues. Therefore, LP-KSFY02 can effectively prevent d-galactose-induced oxidative aging in mice. Its efficacy was superior to that of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (LDSB) and vitamin C, which are commonly used in the medical field as antioxidants. Thus, LP-KSFY02 is a high-quality strain with probiotic potential.

Nephroprotective effects of Lachnum melanin against acute kidney injury induced by cisplatin in mice

Abstract The purpose of the present research was to discuss renoprotective effects of intracellular melanin from Lachnum YM156 (LIM) on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice and to explore its possible mechanisms. No cytotoxicity of LIM on the HSF and LO2 cells was found by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cisplatin treatment resulted in noticeable weight loss, raised kidney index, elevated levels of serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and increased platinum accumulation in kidneys. Additionally, renal oxidative stress was evidenced by the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and reduction of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) levels after cisplatin administration. The result of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that cisplatin treatment significantly elevated the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in kidneys. Furthermore, western blotting analysis demonstrated that cisplatin administration significantly increased the protein expression levels of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), p-p38 MAPK, p53, caspase 3, cleaved caspase 3 and p38 MAPK, suggesting the inflammation and apoptosis response. However, all these changes were dose-dependently reversed by LIM. Overall, LIM may possess protective effects in cisplatin-induced AKI through suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.

Protective effect of pig brain polypeptides against corticosterone-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in PC12 cells

ObjectivePig brain polypeptides (PBP), active polypeptides hydrolysate extracted from fresh porcine brain tissue, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The present study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of PBP in corticosterone (CORT)-induced rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. MethodsCell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were measured in PC12 cells induced with 200 μM CORT in the presence or absence of various concentrations of PBP for 48 h. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione (GSH) content were examined to analyze the effect of PBP on CORT-induced oxidative stress. The levels of pro-inflammatory factors, the percentage of apoptotic cells, and apoptosis-related protein expression in PC12 cells were determined. ResultsPBP is mainly composed of protein subunits with molecular weights ranging from 1000 to 10,000 Da. PBP treatment increased cell viability and decreased the release of LDH in CORT-stimulated PC12 cells. Moreover, PBP reduced the level of CORT-induced oxidative stress by decreasing ROS levels and increasing SOD, GSH-Px activities and GSH content. PBP had an inhibitory effect on the CORT-induced inflammatory response through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. PBP also inhibited CORT-induced apoptosis by downregulating the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway. ConclusionThese results suggest that PBP exerts a neuroprotective effect against CORT-induced cell injury by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. PBP could act as a neuroprotective agent against nerve injury induced by CORT.

Assessment of Oxidative Status in Foot Diseases of Sheep

Background: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the etiology and/or progression of various diseases in the livestock. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between foot diseases and oxidant and antioxidant levels, determining catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations in sheep with foot disease such as interdigital dermatitis, footrot and interdigital pouch infection (biflex canal inflammation).Materials, Methods &amp; Results: In the study, a total of 70 sheep aged between 1 and 3, 20 sheep with interdigital dermatitis, 20 with foot-rot, 10 with interdigital pouch inflammation and 20 clinically healthy Akkaraman sheep, were used. The blood samples collected from the V. Jugularis of the sheep were centrifuged and their serums were obtained. MDA and NO levels of the sheep with interdigital dermatitis, footrot and interdigital pouch infection were found to be significantly higher than those of animals in the control group (P &lt; 0.001). CAT activity was determined to be significantly lower in all diseased animals than in the animals in the control group (P &lt; 0.001). GSH-Px and GSH levels were significantly lower in the animals with interdigital dermatitis than in the control group (respectively P &lt; 0.001, P &lt; 0.05).Discussion: Oxidative stress regulates the metabolic activity of some organs and plays an important role in productivity in livestock. The oxidative stress is reported that caused by the increase in the production of excessive free radicals resulting from the exposure of animals to various stress factors and by the weakening of the antioxidant defense has an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases such as foot diseases. In the presence of various stress factors, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) increases. MDA is determine the degree of cellular damage in tissues. Nitric oxide is produced in large quantities by macrophages in case of bacterial infections and exhibits antibacterial properties against pathogenic microorganisms. For this reason, NO is very high levels in inflammatory diseases. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) is some of the important antioxidants and play an important role in the oxidative defense of tissues. In this study, the increase in serum MDA and NO levels was mostly found in interdigital dermatitis cases, then in footrot cases and finally in interdigital pouch infection cases. Serum CAT levels were found to be significantly lower than that of the control group (P &lt; 0.001). In this study, the highest decrease in serum CAT levels was detected in interdigital dermatitis cases and followed by footrot cases and interdigital pouch infection cases, respectively. Serum GSH-Px and GSH levels were found to be significantly lower in interdigital dermatitis cases than those in the control group (respectively P &lt; 0.001, P &lt; 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference found between the serum GSH-Px and GSH levels of footrot and interdigital pouch infection cases, and the control group (P &gt; 0.05). We found that serum MDA and NO levels were found to significantly increase in sheep with foot disease and serum CAT levels were found to be significantly lower. The results of this research indicate that MDA, NO and CAT activities may be more reliable parameters than GSH-Px and GSH activities in order to determine oxidative stress in sheep with foot diseases. In conclusion, this study reveals that there is a relationship between foot diseases and oxidant/antioxidant balance in sheep and it shows that the oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation develop due to the increase of free radicals.

Protective effects of selenium against zearalenone-induced apoptosis in chicken spleen lymphocyte via an endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway.

Selenium (Se), an antioxidant agent, provides significant protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced cell damage in vivo and in vitro. However, it is unclear whether Se can protect against zearalenone (ZEN)-induced apoptosis in chicken spleen lymphocyte. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of the apoptosis induced by ZEN in chicken spleen lymphocyte and further evaluated the protective mechanism of Se on ZEN-induced apoptosis. The results show that ZEN induced an increase in ROS generation and lipid peroxidation, and a decrease in levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH). The results of apoptosis morphologically from acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) fluorescent staining and flow cytometry analysis show apparent apoptosis in the ZEN-treated group, and was confirmed by the upregulation of caspase-3, -12 and downregulation of Bcl-2. Meanwhile, ZEN activated the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by upregulating ER stress-related molecular sensors (GRP78, ATF6, ATF4, IRE). However, co-treatment with Se effectively blocked ROS generation, improved antioxdative capacity, and reversed apoptosis and ER stress-related genes and protein expression. Taken together, these data suggest that oxidative stress and ER stress play a vital role in ZEN-induced apoptosis, and Se had a significant preventive effect on ZEN-induced apoptosis in chicken spleen lymphocyte via ameliorating the ER stress signaling pathway.

The Effects of Threonine on Performance Parameters, Carcass Traits, Visceral Organ Indices and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Linwu Ducks, Aged 4 to 8 Weeks

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to establish dietary threonine (Thr) levels for Linwu ducks, aged 4 to 8 wk. Experimental diets formulated to contain 0.56, 0.61, 0.66, 0.71, 0.76, and 0.81% Thr fed to Linwu ducks. A total of 360 healthy Linwu female ducks with similar body weight (1183.89±3.83 g) were randomly divided into six groups, with five replicates in each group, and 12 ducks in each replicate. Samples were collected at 8 wk for the determination of growth performance, carcass traits, visceral organ indices, and serum biochemical parameters. As a result of this study, Thr level had no significant influence on the final weight, the daily gain, feed/gain ratio, and average daily intake (p>0.05). Similarly, there were no significant effects of dietary Thr on carcass traits and visceral organ indices (p>0.05). The pancreatic index was highest among all the treatments when the dietary Thr level was 0.66%. The different dietary Thr levels had no significant effect (p>0.05) on the concentration of total protein (TP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glucose (GLU), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH). However, the serum MDA concentration in the 0.66% treatment was lower (P=0.068) than in the other treatments. In conclusion, Thr at 0.66% concentration may have an antioxidant activity and exert positive effect on Linwu ducks.

Comparison of Antioxidative Effects of Insect Tea and Its Raw Tea (Kuding Tea) Polyphenols in Kunming Mice.

Kudingcha is a traditional Chinese tea, and insect tea is a special drink produced by the metabolism of insect larvae using the raw Kuding tea. Insect tea polyphenols (ITP) and its raw tea (Kuding tea) polyphenols (KTP) are high-purity polyphenols extracted by centrifuge precipitation. The present study was designed to compare the antioxidative effects of insect tea polyphenols (ITP) and its raw tea (Kuding tea) polyphenols (KTP) on d-galactose-induced oxidation in Kunming (KM) mice. KM mice were treated with ITP (200 mg/kg) and KTP (200 mg/kg) by gavage, and vitamin C (VC, 200 mg/kg) was also used as a positive control by gavage. After determination in serum, liver and spleen, ITP-treated mice showed higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) activities and lower nitric oxide (NO), malonaldehyde (MDA) activities than VC-treated mice, KTP-treated mice and untreated oxidation mice (control group). By H&E section observation, the mice induced by d-galactose-induced oxidation showed more changes than normal mice, and oxidative damage appeared in liver and spleen tissues; ITP, VC and KTP improved oxidative damage of liver and spleen tissues, and the effects of ITP were better than VC and KTP. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot experiments, it was observed that ITP could increase the mRNA and protein expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), cupro/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and reduce inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in liver and spleen tissues compared to the control group. These effects were stronger than for VC and KTP. Both ITP and KTP had good antioxidative effects, and after the transformation of insects, the effects of ITP were better than that of KTP and even better than VC. Thus, ITP can be used as an antioxidant and anti-ageing functional food.

Regulation of growth, tissue fatty acid composition, biochemical parameters and lipid related genes expression by different dietary lipid sources in juvenile black seabream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii

The effects of different dietary lipid sources on physiological characteristics and lipid metabolism relevant genes expression were assessed in juvenile black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii. 720 black seabream juveniles (initial weight was 5.4±0.0g) were randomly allocated in 18 floating net cages corresponding to triplicate cages of the six dietary treatments, and the 8-week feeding trail was conducted. Five isonitrogenus and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain lipid sources: coconut oil (CO), perilla oil (PO), sunflower oil (SO), arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid combined with docosahexaenoic acid (EPA+DHA), and fish oil (FO) was set as a control group. The results showed that weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) in fish fed diets containing FO and EPA+DHA were significantly higher than CO. In serum, the highest activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and glutathione (GSH) content were recorded in fish fed EPA+DHA. The significantly highest content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was observed in fish fed the EPA+DHA and FO diets. The maximum hepatic content of MDA and the minimum activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were all found in fish fed the diet containing EPA+DHA. High contents of cholesterol (CHOL) and triacylglycerol (TAG) were found in fish fed SO, whereas glucose (GLU) content in fish fed EPA+DHA was significantly higher than in the other treatments. Fish fed FO had the highest hemoglobin (HGB) among treatments. The anabolic pathway relevant genes: accα, fas and srebp-1 were up-regulated by dietary SO and PO. Whereas, the catabolic pathway relevant genes: lpl, cpt1a, atgl, hsl and pparα were down-regulated by dietary CO. Furthermore, the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis relevant genes elovl5 and fads2 were significantly up-regulated by dietary SO and PO. The present study focused on comparing the effects of different dietary lipid sources on biochemical characteristics and lipid metabolism relevant genes expression in black seabream. Overall, it demonstrated that physiological-biochemical characteristics as well as lipid metabolism relevant genes expression were significantly regulated by different dietary lipid sources. Moreover, dietary PO and SO regulated some physiological and biochemical indicators. These findings could contribute to optimize aquatic feeds when considering selection of optimal lipid sources or their optimal proportion in the future.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Carboxymethyl Pachyman in Fluorouracil-Treated CT26-Bearing Mice.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the chemotherapeutic agent of first choice for the treatment ofcolorectal cancer, however, treatment-related liver toxicity remains a major concern. Thereby, it is desirable to search for novel therapeutic approaches that can effectively enhance curative effects and reduce the toxic side effects of 5-FU. Carboxymethyl Pachyman (CMP) exhibits strong antitumor properties, but the antitumor and hepatoprotective effects of CMP and the molecular mechanisms behind these activities, are however poorly explored. Thereby, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of CMP in 5-FU-treated CT26-bearing mice, and further explore the underlying mechanism(s) of action. Initially, a CT26 colon carcinoma xenograft mice model was established. The immune organ indexes, blood indicators, liver tissue injury, and indicators associated with inflammation, antioxidant and apoptosis were then measured. Our results showed that CMP administration increased the tumor inhibitory rates of 5-FU and, meanwhile, it reversed reduction of peripheral white blood cells (WBC) and bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNC), increase of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and decrease of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), GSH-Px and glutathione(GSH) induced by 5-FU. Moreover, CMP in combination with 5-FU alleviated severe liver injury induced by 5-FU via reducing the levels of ROS, IL-1β, and IL-6, decreasing expression of p-IκB-α, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, pp38 and Bax, and elevating levels of Nrf2, GCL, HO-1 and Bcl-2. Collectively, these outcomes suggested that CMP effectively enhanced the curative effects of 5-FU and simultaneously reduced the liver injuries induced by 5-FU in CT26-bearing mice, and the mechanism may be associated with regulation of NF-κB, Nrf2-ARE and MAPK/P38/JNK pathways.