Improving rice productivity remains essential under land constraints and rising food demand. However, spatial yield variation of super hybrid rice across agroecosystems and the mechanisms driving it is not fully resolved. We evaluated how thermal regimes, nitrogen management and genotype jointly shaped yield differences of super hybrid rice across two ecological regions. Field experiments (2021-2022) used three super-hybrid cultivars - Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ), Y-liangyou-1 (YLY1) and Y-liangyou-900 (YLY900) - under four N rates (0, 150, 240, and 330kg ha-1) at Longhui and Changsha. Averaged across varieties and years, grain yield in Longhui exceeded Changsha by 16.8% (2021) and 26.7% (2022). These site differences were associated with higher temperatures in Changsha during panicle initiation and grain filling, which were accompanied by reductions in spikelets per panicle (~ 5.6%), total spikelets (~ 7.7%) and seed-setting rate (~ 10.6%). Longhui also exhibited greater leaf area index, dry-matter accumulation, and crop growth rate, supporting superior sink formation and grain filling. Partial least squares path modeling indicated that crop growth rate, total dry weight, and seed-setting rate mediated much of the observed yield gap. Nitrogen at 240 and 330kg ha-1 narrowed inter-site yield differences by improving yield components and growth traits. Among cultivars, YLY900 achieved the highest yield, while YLY1 showed the greatest cross-site stability. Under the tested conditions, these results suggest that aligning N management with genotype selection relative to local thermal regimes can help reduce temperature-driven yield losses in super hybrid rice.

ABSTRACT In this paper, we develop a three-species interaction model involving deer, tigers, and leopards. Both tigers and leopards are assumed to prey on deer. The consumption rate of deer by tigers is considered to be influenced by the presence of leopards. The tiger population is also considered to be declining due to natural mortality and intra-species competition. Under conditions of food scarcity, specifically, a shortage of deer, it is further assumed that tigers may attack or kill leopards to seize their prey. The model’s equilibrium points are determined and analyzed for their stability. Conditions for the occurrence of transcritical and Hopf bifurcations are examined, and the direction of the Hopf bifurcation is also investigated. Our findings indicate that intra-species competition among tigers significantly influences the stability of the forest ecosystem. An increase in the growth rate of the deer population improves food availability for both predators, thereby enhancing ecological stability. Conversely, increased aggression by tigers toward leopards may destabilize the system. It is found that higher efficiency of deer capture by tigers can benefit the tiger population but may drive both deer and leopards to extinction. Additionally, increasing the carrying capacity of deer exerts a stabilizing influence on the ecosystem.

It is important to obtain an accurate volumetric characterization of fetal posterior fossa growth on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study analyzes the normal growth, sexual dimorphism, and lateral asymmetry of the fetal posterior fossa during the late second and third trimesters. A total of 100 fetuses (23-40weeks gestational age (GA)) with normal brain development were retrospectively included in this study. The bilateral posterior fossa, cerebellar hemisphere, and brainstem (including the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata) were manually segmented on in vivo fetal MRIs. Normal growth, sexual dimorphism, and lateral asymmetry were analyzed after the fossa volumes were obtained. The total, left, and right posterior fossa volumes all linearly increased with GA. The volume of the right posterior fossa was significantly greater than that of the left and increased slightly faster. The cerebellar volume exponentially increased with increasing GA. The right cerebellar volume was significantly greater than the left cerebellar volume. The bilateral cerebellar volume had a similar growth rate, which accelerated and increased more quickly than did that of the posterior fossa volume after 35weeks GA. The brainstem volume linearly increased with GA. The pontine volume increased the fastest, followed by the midbrain volume, and the medullary volume increased the slowest. The relationship between the volume of the cerebrospinal fluid in the posterior fossa and GA was described adequately by a second-order polynomial curve, which increased before 30weeks GA but gradually decreased after 35weeks GA. No sexual dimorphism was detected in any of the measurements. The development of the fetal posterior fossa follows a specific spatiotemporal course, and volumetric measurements reveal structure-specific and GA-related changes with different rates and lateral asymmetries. These results are valuable for assessing normal fetal posterior fossa development in utero.

We consider the kinetics of spinodal decomposition in a mixture of oppositely charged ionic species A- and C+ with a short-range Flory-Huggins incompatibility, χ > 0, between them. This represents the minimal model of systems with short-range attractions and long-range repulsions. In contrast to nonionic blends undergoing macroscopic phase separation, ionic mixtures at equilibrium form periodic phases of finite-size domains or clusters-a phenomenon known as electrostatically stabilized microphase separation. A dynamical (time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau) field theory is developed, classified as Model B plus long-range Coulomb interactions. Electrostatics generates an extra term in the resulting Cahn-Hilliard equation, which slows spinodal decomposition. Analysis of the amplification factor R(q) in the Fourier domain shows that electrostatic interactions (i) do not affect the optimal wavevector qm; (ii) slow down the optimal growth; (iii) reduce the window of positive growth, R(q) > 0, by suppressing long-wavelength modes due to the high Coulomb cost of large charged domains; and (iv) lead to a new critical scaling of the optimal growth rate with quench depth, Ropt ∼ δχ1, contrasting the exponent 2 for nonionic systems. Extension to polymer blends shows that monomer connectivity and Rouse dynamics shift qm to lower values and further decelerate growth. In dimensionless form, R(q/qm) depends on two parameters: the reduced electrostatic strength, linear in the Bjerrum length, and the reduced chain length. After rapid spinodal decay, clusters slowly coarsen to their equilibrium finite size, which exceeds the spinodal pattern scale. These results advance the understanding of the dynamics of biocondensate formation in living cells, where Coulomb interactions are ubiquitous.

Dehydration-Responsive Element-Binding (DREB) transcription factors play an important role in plant responses to drought. DREB subfamily A4, contains a sub-group named TINY. Previous studies in Arabidopsis suggest that TINYs suppress plant growth and mediate abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure. In this study, we investigated the function of the tomato drought-induced TINY1. Under drought conditions, tiny1 mutant lost turgor and wilted more rapidly than control M82 plants. However, this sensitivity was attributed to its larger leaf area, rather than intrinsic differences in drought response. Measurements of stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, and osmotic adjustment revealed no significant differences between tiny1 and M82. Furthermore, whole plant daily transpiration of M82 and tiny1 with similar leaf area, showed no differences. Interestingly, the growth-promoting effect of tiny1 was confined to early developmental stages; enhanced embryo growth and hypocotyl elongation, and accelerated emergence of the first true leaves-trait that later contributed to increased leaf area. At later stages, the mutation had no observable impact on growth rate. Our results show increased gibberellin (GA) activity in the mature tiny1 embryo and suggest that TINY1 suppresses embryonic growth by repressing GA biosynthesis through downregulation of GA 20-oxidase 4 (GA20ox4) gene expression.

To examine how grain-size distribution affects the mechanical response and fracture behavior of Lac du Bonnet (LdB) granite under uniaxial compression, numerical simulations were conducted using the particle flow code (PFC) with a grain-based model. By displacing grain centroids in different directions along the y-axis, four LdB granite models with distinct grain sizes were generated, with grains delineated by Voronoi tessellation. The main findings are as follows: (1) The flat-jointed constitutive model reproduces the experimental response well, and introducing unbonded contacts (micrometer-scale gaps) improves the simulation of crack-closure behavior during loading. (2) Secondary cracks initiate predominantly at grain boundaries, and the yield stress is strongly associated with the evolution of intragranular tensile cracks. (3) Grain size governs the sequence of crack accumulation (tensile vs. shear), the growth rate and spatial correlation of damage, and the distribution and intensity of local failures; smaller grains hinder macroscopic damage, whereas larger grains are more readily penetrated and filled by microcracks. (4) Mechanical cutting tests show that grain-size combinations produce several dominant secondary-failure modes; the failure thickness is controlled by the penetration depth of the subsequent cutting head, and the stress concentration near the cutting head is sensitive to grain size.

Abstract. To what extent the new particle formation (NPF) contributed to the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) remained unclear, especially at the boundary layer top (BLT) in polluted atmosphere. Based on measurements at a mountain-top background site in southeastern China during spring 2024, this study systematically investigates the nucleation mechanism and subsequent growth dynamics of NPF events under contrasting air masses, and quantifies their role as a source of CCN. Eight NPF events were observed, and three of them occurred in the polluted conditions (NPF-P) which associated with regional transportation while the rest five events appeared in the clean conditions (NPF-C). The average formation rate (J2.5: 2.4 cm-3s-1 vs. 0.7 cm-3s-1) and growth rate (GR: 6.8 nm h−1 vs. 5.5 nm h−1) were significantly higher in NPF-P events than in NPF-C events, alongside elevated concentrations of sulfuric acid and ammonia. The correlation between log J3 and [H2SO4], as well as theoretical simulations with the MALTE_BOX model, indicates that the enhanced nucleation in polluted conditions can be attributed to the participation of ammonia in stabilizing sulfuric acid-based clusters. In addition, much higher CCN enhancement factor was observed in NPF-P (EFCCN: 1.6 vs. 0.7 in NPF-C) due to the regional transported of anthropogenic pollutants from the urban cluster regions and their secondary transformation under enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity. Furthermore, the duration of NPF-to-CCN conversion was quantified using a “Time Window (τ)”, revealing that polluted conditions accelerated the conversion by 17.0 % (τ = 16.4 h vs. 19.8 h). Nitrate played an important role in maintaining a rapid particle growth rate, thereby shortening τ and enhancing CCN production from NPF – a process that can ultimately influence cloud microphysical properties by increasing the potential cloud droplet number concentration. These findings reveal that polluted air masses enhance both the efficiency and speed of CCN production at the BLT through elevated atmospheric oxidation capacity.

The ongoing demand for high-thrust turbine engines necessitates the advance of next-generation structural materials capable of withstanding higher temperatures. Commercial MCrAlY alloy, used as bond coats crucial for thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems, face a fundamental temperature ceiling of ∼1100 °C due to accelerated oxidation and spallation. Here, we design a novel Y and Hf co-doped NiCoCrAl-type multi-principal element alloy (MPEA) that achieves exceptional 1200 °C oxidation resistance primarily through lattice distortion-induced diffusion suppression. Compared with typical NiCoCrAlY alloy, the MPEA exhibits 59% lower in thermally grown oxide (TGO) growth rate, as well as negligible TGO spallation after 500 h at 1200°C. This performance stems from a significantly refined eutectic structure enabling rapid formation of a protective Al2O3 scale during initial oxidation, coupled with lattice distortion that elevates vacancy formation energy and Al migration barriers within the Al-depletion zone (ADZ), drastically reducing sustained diffusion rates. This co-design strategy, integrating tailored microstructure and lattice distortion, establishes a new paradigm for ultra-stable performance in extreme environments.

Understanding the spatiotemporal impacts of land use transition on carbon emissions is crucial for achieving regional carbon neutrality. This study presents an integrated analytical framework that combines dynamic land use modeling, the Geo-detector method (GDM), and Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) to analyze land use transition and carbon emission dynamics in China's Pearl River Delta (PRD) from 2000 to 2020. Key findings include: (1) Construction land expansion was the dominant explicit transition, with land conversion sources shifting from cropland-centric patterns to diverse transfers involving woodland and water bodies. (2) The implicit land use transition index exhibited an annual growth rate of 15.6%, progressing through three phases-rapid development (2000-2010), structural adjustment (2010-2015), and high-quality transition (2015-2020). (3) Regional carbon emissions increased by 186.96%, exhibiting spatial disparities between core and peripheral regions. Construction land expansion and GDP density were primary drivers. This research advances the theoretical integration of land system science and low-carbon governance, offering actionable insights for spatially differentiated emission reduction strategies in megacity clusters.

Abstract In this study, we analyzed the transformation of coworking geography before and after COVID-19 across 335 locations in Pune and used kernel density to select two clusters for this research. This paper presents an empirical investigation of socioeconomic determinants and lifestyle factors in conjunction with Coworking spaces, along with the behavioral choice factors of coworking spaces as identified in the literature and primary surveys. Empirical investigations using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) are conducted for two knowledge clusters in Kalyani Nagar and Baner, using variables from Census data, OpenStreetMap (OSM), Open Government data, and PCMC data. The analysis reveals that "Lifestyle choice factors", "Hotel Locations", and "Urban built growth rate" have significant impacts on Coworking spaces. Lastly, the paper proposes various recommendations that serve as an impetus for a better, more conducive environment for a prospering knowledge economy through effective and efficient policy measures.

Aim of study: To examine growth patterns in three local quail lines using various flexible growth functions and to identify the most suitable non-linear model for describing their growth performance. Area of study: The research was conducted and validated at Salahaddin University-Erbil’s Quail Research Hall, Grdarasha Station, Department of Animal production and health, and College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences. Material and methods: A total of 540 quail chicks from three local lines (Desert, Brown, and White) were studied to evaluate growth patterns using four non-linear models (Gompertz-Laird, Logistic, Richards, and Von Bertalanffy). Model comparisons were based on coefficient of determination (R²), adjusted coefficient of determination (R²adj), akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC), and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) to determine the best fit. Growth parameters, including asymptotic weight (β0), maturity index (β0), inflection point weight (IPW), and inflection point time (IPT), were estimated. Main results: Both genetic line and sex significantly influenced growth parameters, with Desert quails showing superior growth performance and higher body weights than Brown and White lines. The Gompertz model provided the best fit, based on higher R² and R²adj values and lower AIC and BIC values. Desert quails had the highest asymptotic weights (β0), while White quails exhibited the highest maturity index (β0), suggesting faster growth rates, and Desert quails had higher IPW and IPT values, with females maturing later than males. Research highlights: The findings give beneficial insights for improving quail breeding programs that can enhance their growth efficiency and meat yield.

Abstract Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) can detect the low-frequency stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) generated by an ensemble of supermassive black hole binaries (BHBs). Accurate determination of BHB merger timescales is essential for interpreting GWBs and constraining key astrophysical quantities such as black hole (BH) occupation fractions and galaxy coalescence rates. High-accuracy N-body codes such as Griffin can resolve sub-pc BHB dynamics but are too costly to explore a wide range of initial conditions, motivating the need for surrogate models that emulate their long-term evolution at much lower computational cost. We investigate neural ordinary differential equations (NODEs) as surrogates for the secular orbital evolution of BHBs. Our primary contribution is a parameterised NODE (PNODE) trained on an ensemble of N-body simulations of galaxy mergers spanning a two-dimensional parameter space defined by the initial orbital eccentricity and particle resolution (ei, N), with the learned vector field explicitly conditioned on these parameters. A single PNODE thereby learns a simulation-parameter-conditioned dynamical model for the coupled evolution of the BH pair’s orbital state across the ensemble, yielding smooth trajectories from which stable hardening and eccentricity growth rates can be extracted. The PNODE accurately reproduces the secular evolution of the specific orbital energy and angular momentum, and the corresponding Keplerian orbital elements, for held-out trajectories, with modest generalisation to a partially unseen high-resolution case. Combining PNODE predictions with semi-analytical prescriptions for stellar hardening and gravitational-wave emission yields BHB merger timescales consistent with those obtained from direct N-body inputs within current theoretical uncertainties.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate Viligen® NE (Alltech®, USA) as a feed additive for Penaeus vannamei reared in a biofloc system during the nursery phase, focusing on growth performance, intestinal microbiological analysis, and resistance tocold challenge. Shrimp post-larvae (41 mg) were fed for 6 weeks with four experimental diets: (a) 0.5 g Viligen® NE kg⁻ 1 , (b) 1 g Viligen® NE kg⁻ 1 , (c) 2 g Viligen® NE kg⁻ 1 , and (d) a control diet (0 g Viligen® NE kg⁻ 1 ). The experiment was conducted in quadruplicate, totaling 16 experimental tanks, with a stocking density of 2000 post-larvae m⁻ 3 . Shrimp growth performance parameters were positively influenced by the inclusion of Viligen® NE in the diet. Polynomial regression indicated an optimal inclusion level of 1.17 g kg⁻ 1 for maximizing specific growth rate and weight gain. Additionally, supplementation at 1 g kg⁻ 1 enhanced shrimp resistance to cold challenge. However, no significant differences were observed in intestinal counts of total heterotrophic bacteria or Vibrio spp. among treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with Viligen® NE at an optimal level of 1.17 g kg⁻ 1 improved growth performance, and 1 g kg⁻ 1 enhanced cold challenge resistance of nursery-phase shrimp reared in a biofloc system.

In the context of globalization, variations in carbon emission intensity and economic growth rates exhibit not only direct, reciprocal effects within individual countries but also indirect transmission mechanisms across regions and nations. Employing the Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) model and utilizing quarterly data from 33 countries—including 8 Eurozone members—spanning from the first quarter of 1990 to the fourth quarter of 2019, this paper demonstrates that major global economies continue to exhibit salient features of low-carbon economic development. Specifically, reductions in carbon emission intensity in developed countries frequently exert adverse spillover effects on the economic growth rates of other nations. In response to negative economic shocks, numerous countries increase their carbon emission intensity as a countercyclical measure, while others reduce emissions—potentially reflecting that they have surpassed the turning point posited by the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). These findings highlight that advancing low-carbon economic development requires sustained improvements in production technologies and energy efficiency, alongside strengthened international cooperation in carbon emissions management, in order to alleviate the additional costs arising from the asynchronous progression of global carbon reduction efforts.

The depik (Rasbora tawarensis) is one of the leading fishery commodities in Central Aceh Regency and is endemic to Laut Tawar Lake. Due to overfishing and environmental degradation, the depik is now endangered, necessitating domestication. The success of the domestication stage is influenced by providing feed that meets the fish's needs, such as Artemia encapsulated with spirulina to enhance the nutritional quality of the Artemia. This study aims to evaluate the effect. of spirulina dosage as an Artemia enrichment material on the growth performance of depik. The applied research design was a completely randomized design with four treatments replicated four times. The treatments included Artemia without bioencapsulation (Treatment 1/P1), Artemia bioencapsulation with 0.5 g of spirulina powder per liter of water (Treatment 2/P2), Artemia bioencapsulation with 1 g of spirulina powder per liter of water (Treatment 3/P3), and Artemia bioencapsulation with 2 g of spirulina powder per liter of water (Treatment 4/P4). The parameters observed were absolute length growth (ALG), absolute weight growth (AWG), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate. Based on the ANOVA test, different doses of spirulina had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the growth and survival of depik fry. The higher the dose given, the higher the growth and survival performance produced. Based on the Duncan test, the best treatment was shown in Treatment 4, namely the provision of bioencapsulated Artemia with 2 g of spirulina powder as feed for the depik fry.

Incorporating protein feed ingredients that exhibit strong attractiveness to the target fish species is an effective and sustainable feeding strategy to improve feed intake and enhance growth performance. An 8-week feeding experiment was performed to elucidate the manipulation impact of graded levels of jack mackerel meal (JMM) in diets replacing 10% fish meal (FM) with corn protein concentrate (CPC) on the growth, feed utilization, and blood chemistry of rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli), as well as to perform an economic analysis. A total of 450 fish were randomly assigned to 15 plastic tanks (30 juveniles/tank). Five experimental diets were formulated to be isoproteic (50.0% crude protein) and isolipidic (15.5% crude lipid). The control (Con) diet contained 55% FM. In the Con diet, 10% of the FM was substituted with CPC, and graded levels of JMM at 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% were subsequently incorporated instead of the FM, referred to as CPCJ0, CPCJ20, CPCJ40, and CPCJ60, respectively. Triplicate groups of rockfish were carefully hand-fed the diets to satiation throughout the feeding experiment. The rockfish fed the CPCJ60 diet produced significantly higher weight gain (WG) (p < 0.002) and specific growth rate (SGR) (p < 0.003) than those fed the Con, CPCJ0, and CPCJ20 diets but showed no significant (p > 0.05) differences compared to those fed the CPCJ40 diet. Both the WG (Y = 0.9367X + 17.0500, p < 0.0001, Adjusted R2 = 0.8468) and SGR (Y = 0.0005X + 0.0165, p < 0.0001, Adjusted R2 = 0.8580) of the rockfish increased linearly with increased dietary JMM inclusion levels when 10% of the FM was replaced by CPC. The rockfish fed the CPCJ60 diet showed a significantly higher feed consumption (FC) (p < 0.03) compared to those fed the CPCJ0 diet. Among the dietary treatments, however, no significant (p > 0.05) differences were found in the feed utilization, proximate composition, amino and fatty acid profiles, and blood chemistry of the rockfish. The CPCJ60 diet resulted in the highest economic profit index (EPI) among the dietary treatments. Conclusively, JMM was found to be effective in improving the FC of rockfish fed the diets replacing 10% of the FM with CPC. Furthermore, the WG and SGR of the rockfish fed the diets replacing 10% of the FM with CPC improved linearly with elevated JMM inclusion. Thus, incorporating 60% of JMM into the diets substituting 10% of the FM with CPC was the most recommended strategy according to the growth performance and FC of the rockfish, providing the highest EPI for fish farmers.

The application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the cardiovascular field has been increasingly observed to analyze hemodynamic conditions within intravascular lumens. This study aims to quantitatively elucidate the development of CFD technology on hemodynamics over the past two decades through literature retrieval and bibliometric analysis. The literature retrieval is conducted using the Web of Science database, where all academic articles concerning hemodynamic analysis using CFD technology in the past 20 years are included. The retrieval strategy was primarily based on three aspects: time, cardiovascular anatomical parts, and cardiovascular diseases. Over the past two decades, the publication of CFD-focused articles in the cardiovascular field has grown steadily at an average annual rate of 10.19%, with a stable distribution across anatomical parts. A similar overall trend is observed for research on cardiovascular diseases (11.89% annual growth). However, in recent years, the growth rates for publications on individual diseases have begun to diverge significantly. The quantitative evidence from literature retrieval and bibliometric analysis shows the continuous development of CFD technology in the cardiovascular field over the past two decades. The consistent distribution of research across different cardiovascular anatomical parts suggests a balanced development process. However, the development of CFD technology on specific cardiovascular diseases might perform distinctively in the coming years.

Aims: To assess the lethal and sublethal effects of maize-associated bacterial endophytes against Spodoptera frugiperda under laboratory conditions and to identify the most effective isolate through molecular characterization for its potential in biological control. Study Design: Completely randomized laboratory experiment with eight endophytic isolates and an untreated control. Place and Duration of Study: MRC, ARI, Department of Plant Pathology, PJTAU during 2025. Methodology: Eight maize endophytic bacterial isolates (ESB-1 to ESB-8) were tested on second-instar larvae of S. frugiperda using in vitro bioassays. Observations included larval mortality, relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food, feeding deterrence index, pupation, adult emergence, and developmental duration. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and compared with control. The superior isolate was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and BLAST analysis. Results: Treatments differed significantly for all parameters (p < 0.05). Isolate ESB-8 caused maximum larval mortality (50.88 ± 0.57%) over control (5.00 ± 0.14%). It recorded the lowest growth rate (0.15 ± 0.005) and food conversion efficiency (8.58 ± 0.52) with highest feeding deterrence (42.96 ± 1.69%). ESB-8 markedly reduced pupation (52.93 ± 4.14%) and adult emergence (55.96 ± 6.61%) and extended larval (17.20 ± 1.47 days) and pupal periods (9.43 ± 0.69 days). Isolates ESB-1, ESB-2 and ESB-6 showed negligible effects. The effective isolate ESB-8 was identified as Bacillus subtilis (GenBank: PV876730). Conclusion: The endophytic isolate Bacillus subtilis (ESB-8) demonstrated pronounced toxic and growth-disrupting effects on S. frugiperda and represents a viable biopesticide for development of eco-friendly pest management strategies in maize.

In the original publication [...]

The atmospheric methane (CH4) growth rate surged after 2019, peaking at 16.2 parts per billion per year (ppb year-1) in 2020 before declining to 8.6 ppb year-1 in 2023. Using multiple atmospheric inversions constrained by observation- and model-based prescribed hydroxyl radical (OH) fields and CH4 atmospheric data, we show that a drop of OH radicals in 2020-2021, followed by recovery in 2022-2023, accounted for 83% of year-on-year variations in the CH4 growth rate, the rest being explained by wetland and inland water emissions, which increased between 2019 and 2020-2022 [+8.6 ± 2.6 teragrams of CH4 per year (TgCH4 year-1)] and then decreased between 2022 and 2023 (-9.9 ± 3.3 TgCH4 year-1). Most emission changes from 2019 to 2023 occurred in northern tropical wetlands in Africa and Asia, whereas South American wetlands emissions declined and Arctic emissions increased after 2019.