Growth Of Broccoli Research Articles

Effect of Mushroom Residues, Date Residues and Bacterial Inoculum (A. Chroococcum, P. Putida) on the Growth and Yield of Broccoli.

An experiment was conducted in sandy clay loam textured soil at the research station of the College of Agriculture / University of Anbar to find out the effect of adding white Spent mushroom residues Agaricus bisporus, date residues and bacterial inoculum on the growth and yield of broccoli. A three-level factorial experiment was designed for this purpose: the first is white mushroom residues with three levels [0, 10, and 20 tons ha−1] and symbolized by symbols [M0, M1, and M2], and the second date residues with three levels [0, 10 and 20 tons.ha−1] and symbolized by symbols [D0, D1, and D2] and the third factor is bacterial inoculum [Azotobacter chroococcum+Pseudomonas putida] which included two levels; No addition [B0] and inoculum addition [B1], added with all the mentioned treatments half of the fertilizer recommendation. The experiment was designed with a randomized completely blocks design [RCBD] and three replications. The results showed that the triple interaction of the treatments at the highest levels [B1D2M2] gave the best results and significantly for Plant height [PHA], Leaf Area [LA], number of leaves [NOL], number of secondary heads [NOSH], weight of the main flower disc [NOMF] and diameter of the main flower disc [DOMFD] ]75.30 cm, 1182.70 cm2 plant−1, 70.22 leaf−1, 13.53 plant heads−1, 1515.50 g and 26.49 cm] respectively. The control treatment with no residues and no bacterial inoculum [B0D0M0] was added reveal the lowest rates for all the mentioned properties.

Impact of Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) under Open and Protected Environment

A field experiment was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar during the year 2020-21. Ten treatments with three replications were designed in a Factorial Randomized Block Design to conduct the research. The obtained results showed the significant synergistic effect of environmental conditions and nitrogen doses on the growth, yield and quality of broccoli as compared to the control. Better vegetative and yield characters were observed in the protected environment with a 125% nitrogen application, while the utmost quality was observed under the protected environment with a 100% nitrogen application, and control recorded the poorest result of all.

Effect of Soil Mulching and Spraying with Naphthalene Acetic Acid on Growth and Yield of Broccoli

The field experiment was carried out at the research station of the College of Agriculture / University of Anbar between 33.4538 East and 43.3270 North lines. The experiment included using each of the four types of soil mulching (without mulching, black mulching, yellow mulching, and transparent white mulching) and spraying with naphthalene acetic acid naphthalene (without spraying, spraying with a concentration of 50 mg L, spraying with a concentration of 100 mg L, spraying with a concentration of 150 mg L) in some characteristics of Broccoli Remind the name of hybrid. The research was applied using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) factorial experiment with three replications for each treatment. The results showed that black mulching was superior to the rest of the Types of mulches, which gave the best results in terms of plant height, floral head circumference, leaf length, head weight, 50% flowering rate, and TSS (79.193 cm, 61.066 cm, 64.069 cm, 1.025 kg plant−1, 59.667 days, and 12,140) sequentially compared to the control treatment, spray treatment with acetic acid naphthalene at a concentration of 100 ml gave the best values through plant height, which reached (81.453 cm), floral head circumference, (61.969 cm), leaf length (62.547 cm), head weight (1.045 kg), flowering 50% (59.833 days), TSS (12.073) compared to the control treatment

Effect of Adding Poultry Manure and Spray with Foliar Nutrients on the Growth and Yield of Broccoli Brassica oleracea Var. Italica.

The study was conducted in Al-Bu’itha research station -College of Agriculture - University of Anbar, during the growing season 2022 to find out the effect of poultry manure at levels (0, 100, 200 and 400 g plant−1) and spraying with Foliar nutrients at concentrations (0, 2, 4 and 6 ml L−1) on the growth and yield of broccoli, A factorial experiment was carried out according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results Showed That were significant differences when added poultry manure, as the treatment was superior to 400 g plant−1 in plant height 72.60cm, the total number of leaves 45.17 leaf plant−1, leaves area 127.64dm2 plant−1, stem diameter 36.94 mm, and the percentage of chlorophyll 83. 95 Spad, the weight of the main flower stalk 1.491 kg, plant−1, and the total weight of the main flower stalk is 47.94 tons ha−1. The interaction between the factors of the study, the treatment of adding organic fertilizer at a concentration of 400 g plant−1 and spraying with a nutrient solution at a concentration of 6 ml L−1 had a significant superiority in yield characteristics from the weight of the main flower stalk 1.781 kg plant−1, and the total weight of the main flower stalk 59, 41 tons ha−1.

Influence of Foliar Spraying of Gibberellic Acid, Abscicic Acid and Seaweed Extracts on Vegetative Growth, Quality and Storability of Broccoli.

Influence of Foliar Spraying of Gibberellic Acid, Abscicic Acid and Seaweed Extracts on Vegetative Growth, Quality and Storability of Broccoli.

Varietal Differences in Wet Damage of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) Under Waterlogging Conditions

Abstract Broccoli is a typical wet-sensitive vegetable. Precipitation levels in Japan have been unusually high recently, so the wet tolerance of broccoli is of great interest to farmers. The purpose of this study is to gather basic information to help with broccoli cultivation in unusually wet conditions by investigating the varying responses of different cultivars to wet conditions. In two-year pot experiments, the early stage of broccoli growth was compared using on cultivars that exhibit unique characteristics in terms of tolerance to wet conditions, and differences in yield were also confirmed during the harvest season in a field experiment. Broccoli plants subjected to three days of waterlogging treatment exhibited wilting, yellowing and reduced biomass. Significant interactions between treatment and cultivar were also detected for biomass, water content, and photosynthetic ability. The ‘Shigemori’ cultivar showed less susceptibility to wet damage compared to the other cultivars. The trend could be observed in the head yield in the field experiment. The unique cultivars shown in this study may be helpful in broccoli cultivation and may be suitable for use as parent material in breeding. Furthermore, a short-term pot experiment can help evaluate broccoli wet tolerance during the early growth.

From farm to fork… and beyond! UV enhances Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activity of cruciferous vegetables in human intestinal cells upon colonic fermentation.

While the "farm to fork" strategy ticks many boxes in the sustainability agenda, it does not go far enough in addressing how we can improve crop nutraceutical quality. Here, we explored whether supplementary ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure during growth of broccoli and Chinese cabbage can induce bioactive tryptophan- and glucosinolate-specific metabolite accumulation thereby enhancing Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation in human intestinal cells. By combining metabolomics analysis of both plant extracts and in vitro human colonic fermentation extracts with AhR reporter cell assay, we reveal that human colonic fermentation of UVB-exposed Chinese cabbage led to enhanced AhR activation in human intestinal cells by 23% compared to plants grown without supplementary UV. Thus, by exploring aspects beyond "from farm to fork", our study highlights a new strategy to enhance nutraceutical quality of Brassicaceae, while also providing new insights into the effects of cruciferous vegetables on human intestinal health.

Effect of Integrated Nitrogen and Mulching on Growth, Yield and Quality Characteristics of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) cv. Palam Samridhi

Broccoli is an important cole crop, widely grown in India. The excessive use of inorganic fertilizer, resulting in infertility of soil and chemically toxic agricultural by-products, is one of the most limiting factors affecting the quality production and productivity of the crop. To evaluate the effect of different organic and inorganic nitrogen sources and the application of different mulching materials on productivity and quality aspects of broccoli cv Palam Samridhi, the experiment was conducted for two years during 2021-22 and 2022-23. Among the treatments, the highest plant height (36.12cm), leaf length (22.39cm), leaf width (13.30), stem diameter (2.5), plant spread (1687.60cm2), head weight (367.75g), head yield/ha (254.43q/ha), moisture (91.65%), TSS (8.10°B), head dry matter (12.54%) and protein (3.65%) were recorded in treatment N5M2 (50% Nitrogen with Urea (108kg/ha) along with 50% Nitrogen utilizing Poultry Manure (1.5t/ha) and black polythene mulch) and quality traits such as highest chlorophyll (19.83%) in N3M2 (50% N Urea(108kg/ha)+50% N FYM (10t/ha) + Black Polythene mulch). In contrast, Proline (36.58%) were recorded in treatment N4M1 (50% N Urea (108kg/ha) +50% N Vermicompost (4t/ha) + Paddy Straw mulch), which was found superior overall individual treatments and their combination.

EFFECT OF ASCORBIC ACID AND CALCIUM FOLIAR APPLICATION ON GROWTH, YIELD AND MARKETABILITY OF BROCCOLI

The experiments were carried out at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during the fall season of 2021-2020 to study the effect of foliar application of ascorbic acid (0, 25, 50, 75 mg. L-1) which were symbolized as A0, A1, A2, and A3, and chelated calcium (0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 g. L-1) which were symbolized as Ca0, Ca1, Ca2, and Ca3 on the growth, yield and marketability of broccoli. A factorial experiment was carried out within the RCBD design, in a total of 16 treatments with three replicates. The main flowering heads were kept at temperatures 6-8° C for 20 days and 18-25° C for 4 days. The results were revealed that the individual and interaction treatments were recorded a significant values among the studied parameters, and the interaction treatment of A3Ca3 achieved the most significant increment of leaves area, total yield, heads weight, heads diameter, calcium content in leaves and heads, the chlorophyll and vitamin C content in the heads, 1962.54dm2.plant-1, 55.10 ton.ha-1, 889.78 g.head-1, 21.84 cm, 1.85% in leave, 1.68%, 152.35 mg.100g-1 and 305.07 mg.100g-1 respectively decreased weight loss, increased total soluble solids, and maintained chlorophyll and vitamin C in the flowering heads after storage reached 11.40%, 134.72 and 96.41 mg.100g-1, 136.40 and 130.53 mg.100g-1 respectively at two temperatures.

Influence of Biochar on Growth, Yield and Quality of Broccoli

Broccoli is one of the most important, nutrient-rich vegetables among cole crops which belong to the family Brassicaceae. It is known to be a healthy and delectable vegetable which is rich in many nutrients. Biochar is considered as a potential substitute for soil organic matter (SOM). Biochar addition to low organic carbon soils can act as a feasible solution to keep soil biologically active for the cycling of different nutrients. The application of biochar could improve soil fertility, increase crop yield, enhance plant growth and microbialabundance, and immobilize different contaminants in the soil. Due to thelarge surface area of biochar, which generally depends upon the types of feedstock and pyrolysis conditions, it helps to reduce the leaching of fertilizers from the soil and supplies additional nutrientsto growing crops. In view of the above importance all possible issues related to biochar application should beconsidered. Previous literature review shows that applying biochar to the broccoli plant improved only the leaf area and root length with significant changes. The highest yield per plot (4.49 kg), bud weight (499.37g), bud diameter (16.55 cm), and yield per hectare (14.98 t ha-1) of broccoli was found to be significant in biochar treated plot (T2: PSB 100 L/ha + Biochar 30 t ha-1). Considering classification of the flowering heads by categories, M (manure pellet) + EB (enriched-biochar amended soil and organic fertilizer) + AND (manure pellet and enriched-biochar amended soil treated with organic fertilization) treatments showed a higher number of first category flowering heads with regard to other treatments. Therefore, the use of biochar is an effective approach for potential nutrient reservoir for plants and a good amendment to improve soil properties.

Enhancing Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) Growth, Yield and Water Productivity through Irrigation and Mulching Techniques in Local Climate

Introduction: Broccoli's efficient irrigation management is critical with changing climatic patterns and increasing water scarcity. The study aimed to assess the impacts of various irrigation methods and mulching techniques on broccoli cultivation.
 Methodology: A randomized complete block design with three replications was used, considering two factors: irrigation methods (drip and surface) and mulching materials (black polythene, white polythene, grass straw, and no mulching).
 Results: Drip irrigation, combined with black polythene mulching (I1MBP), consistently demonstrated its superiority that significantly improved multiple aspects of plant growth, yield and water productivity. In particular, I1MBP resulted in the highest plant heights at different growth stages, with the tallest plants at harvest (43.87 cm). However, surface irrigation with the same mulching (I2MBP) also showed higher plant heights but slightly shorter than drip irrigation. A similar trend was observed for the number of leaves per plant, with the I1MBP treatment having the most leaves. In curd development, the treatment (I1MBP) produced curds with larger diameters and lengths at harvest. In contrast, surface irrigation with the same mulching (I2MBP) also showed a larger curd size but, again, slightly lower than drip irrigation. In terms of curd initiation time, the I1MBP treatment had a longer duration, while the I1MN treatment had a shorter duration. Surface irrigation treatments followed a similar trend. With respect to yield, the I1MBP consistently had the highest unit weight of curd (423.14 g plant-1), yield per plot (25.39 Kg plot-1), and total yield (16.93 t ha-1), regardless of the mulching condition. However, surface irrigation with the same mulching (I2MBP) also showed higher yields (15.93 t ha-1) but slightly less than drip irrigation. On the other hand, the I1MBP demonstrated superior water use efficiencies (74.68 kg/ha-mm) and productivity (7.47 Kg m-3) compared to other treatments. Still, surface irrigation with the same mulching (I2MBP) also exhibited better water use efficiency (64.98 kg/ha-mm) and productivity (6.50 Kg m-3) than treatments with no mulch. Environmental factors, including temperature, humidity, wind speed, sunshine hours, and evaporation, were found to correlate with broccoli growth stages, emphasizing their influence on crop development.
 Conclusion: Finally, drip irrigation and black polythene mulching are pivotal for improved growth, yield, and water management, contributing to sustainable agriculture practices.

Effect of vernalization period on growth and yield of broccoli

The experiment was conducted in the fields of the research station (B) of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad Al-Jadriya in the autumn season of 2022-2021 to study the effect of vermicompost and the vernalization period on the growth and yield of broccoli, The experiment included two factors, the first: fertilizing with organic fertilizer vermicompost (M) with four concentrations (M0) without adding fertilizer, (M1) 0.5 tons of 1 ton.dunams-1, (M2) 1 ton.dunams-1, (M3) 1.5 ton.dunams-1 and the second factor: vernalization period factor (V including V0) without exposure to cold, (4) (V1 days exposed to cold, V2) 8 days exposed to cold, (V3) 12 days exposed to cold and at a temperature of 5°C ±1.The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates and 16 treatments for each replicate, to be 48 experimental units whose averages were compared using the L.S.D test at a probability level of 0.05. The results were as follows: The treatment without sequencing significantly excelled in the traits of plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, dry weight and leaf content of chlorophyll, While the vermicompost treatment significantly excelled at 12 days in the traits of the flowering date of 50% of the flowering curd of the plants and it reached (81.92) days and the number of days to harvest 50% of the curds was (107.33) days and the number of days to complete the harvesting process was 117.92) days. The curd diameter was (18.41) cm, and the number of secondary curd was 5.04 curd. Plant -1, the main curd yield was 20.45 (ton ha-1), and the total yield was 28.70 (ton ha-1). Keywords: growth, yield, broccoli

Effect of Different Micronutrients on Economics of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) cv. Green Magic under Polyhouse Condition

A field experiment was conducted to study of “Impact of foliar spray of micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) under polyhouse condition” during the Rabi 2020-21 season under Department of Vegetable Science at the “Center of Excellence on Protected Cultivation and Precision Farming”, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.). The experiment consisting of 10 treatments viz., copper sulphate @ 0.20%, copper sulphate @ 0.40%, copper sulphate @ 0.60%, boric acid @ 0.20%, boric acid @ 0.40%, boric acid @ 0.60%, zinc sulphate @ 0.20%, zinc sulphate @ 0.40% and zinc sulphate @ 0.60%. Experiment was carried out with completely randomized design with ten treatments and three replications. Economic study showed that highest cost of cultivation (180,735 Rs/ha) with T3-copper sulphate @ 0.60% while maximum gross income (471,720 Rs/ha), net income (292,325 Rs/ha) and B:C ratio (2.62) was observed with T5- boric acid @ 0.40%.

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)

The present investigation was carried out with title ‘Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)’ at the Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh during Rabi in 2022-23 with a view to identify the effects of different doses of organic and inorganic fertilizers and its role in growth, yield and quality of Broccoli variety Pusa KTS-1. The experiment was laid in Randomized block design with 15 treatments including control and 3 replications with different combinations of plant growth regulators. Under this experiment, overall, 15 treatments were taken including RDF (100 Kg N+80 Kg P+60 Kg K) + FYM @ 25 t . Different Organic and inorganic fertilizers were used comprised of Nitrogen, FYM, Vermicompost and Poultry manure, at different doses. According to the current research, the use of Nitrogen and various organic fertilizers had a significant positive impact on the growth and development of Broccoli. Among the various treatments that were evaluated, T7 (60% N + 13.3% FYM + 13.3% Vermicompost + 13.3% PoultryManure) best in terms of plant height (70.73 cm), number of leaves (17.27), Leaf area (33.87 cm2), days to first curd initiation (55.63 DAT), days to horticultural maturity (68.63 DAT), curd diameter (17.67 cm), curd weight (341.5g), curd yield per plot (3.07Kg), curd yield per hectare (12.64 t), TSS (11.20Brix) and ascorbic acid (105.13mg/100g).

Effect of Application Different Combinations of Phosphogypsum and Humic Acids Mixed With Saline Irrigation Water on Broccoli Yield and NPK Concentration

Long-term irrigation with saline water causes detrimental effects on the soil-crop system. The study aimed to determine the best combination of Phosphogypsum and humic acid can mitigate the negative effects of saline water irrigation on broccoli growth. Therefore, two-factorial field experiment was conducted according to a randomized complete block design with three replications during autumn season of 2021 in Fallujah district /Anbar governorate in sandy loam soil. The first factor included three levels of saline water irrigation, namely 2.5, 5.0 and 7.0 dS.m-1. while the second factor involved three levels of humic acids i.e., 0.0, 0.25 and 0.50 g/l mixed with three levels of phosphogypsum that is 0.0, 0.25 and 0.50 g/l. Fruits weight, height, yield, plant nitrogen content, plant phosphorus, and plant potassium content were measured. The results showed that the combinations under study ( humic acids and phosphogypsum) had a crucial role in reducing the negative effects of irrigation salinity. Moreover, the macronutrients availability increased with increasing humic acids concentration in irrigation water. The observed results show a significant increase in the weight of broccoli fruit and yield at T8 by giving 325 g. plant-1and 8.66 t.h-1 respectively under effect of the combination under study. Also, the studied combinations led to increase the N,P,and K concentration in plant tissues. Where the highest observed averages of nitrogen and potassium were 3.96% and 2.56% at T8 treatment. While The highest concentration of phosphorus was observed at treatment T9 reached 0.47%.

A study of Three Planting Dates and Spraying with Zinc, Boron and Polyamine (Putrescine) on the Growth and Yield of Broccoli

The experiment was carried out in the field to study three planting dates during the two winter agricultural seasons 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 in Anbar Governorate / Fallujah District, 60 km west of Baghdad on the banks of the Euphrates River. The factorial experiment included 18 treatments using a factorial experimental within split-plot, according to the randomized complete block design, planting dates were placed in the main plot, zinc and boron factor in the subplot, and the putrescine sub-plot were randomly distributed within the dates with three replications, so the treatments became 54. The results showed that the second date was superior in plant height, leaf area, flower disc weight, flower disc diameter, and total yield of flower discs, as it gave the highest rate of 84.90, 81.25 cm, 170.09, 169.64 dm2 plant, 1.071, 1.243 kg, and 19. 60, 19.57 cm, 34.55, 37.38 ton ha-1 for the two seasons, respectively. While the triple interaction between the factors of the study showed the superiority of the plants grown in the first and second seasons in characteristics of plant height, leaf area, flowering disc weight, flowering disc diameter, and the total yield of flowering discs, which reached 87.51, 85.05 cm, 182.36, 182.87 dm2 plant, 1.122, 1.243. kg, 20.39, 20.04 cm, 39.00, 42.96 ton ha-1 for two seasons respectively.

To Studies Performance of Varieties and Spacing on Growth, Yield and Quality Attributes of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) in Lucknow Condition

Studies on performance of varieties and spacing on broccoli at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow (UP) on Horticulture Research Farm during rabi season 2019-2020.We used three varieties (V1: Broccoli green, V2: Pusa KTS-1, and V3: Ganesh) and three spacings (S1: 45×45 cm, S2 : 60 ×45 cm, and S3 : 50 × 45 cm) in an FRBD design with three replications and nine treatments in the research work. We studies different growth attributes (Width of leaves (cm)), Stem diameter (cm), Plant spread (East-West), Plant spread (North–South), yield attributes (Curd size (Horizontal)), Curd size (Vertical), Total curd yield (q/ha) and Quality attributes (TSS and Ascorbic acid) in broccoli. Found that result in the variety of (Pusa KTS-1) with spacing (S2 : 60 × 45 cm) in the most of growth, yield and quality parameters as compared to Ganesh with (S3 : 50 × 45 cm) and lower recorded in the variety Green Broccoli with (S1 : 45 × 45 cm).

Biofertilizers Improve the Plant Growth, Yield, and Mineral Concentration of Lettuce and Broccoli

Biofertilizers and organic fertilizers are eco-friendly treatments that reduce the consumption and problems associated with chemical fertilizers. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers on reducing consumption and improving the effectiveness of chemical fertilizer treatments by comparing the growth parameters, yield, quality criteria, and nutrient concentration in lettuce and broccoli grown under greenhouse conditions. The biofertilizer (BM-MegaFlu®) comprised Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pantoea agglomerans bacteria. The experiment consisted of six treatments comprising (1) biofertilizer (BF), (2) chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer (CF + BF), (3) chemical fertilizer (CF), (4) CF (1/2 dose) + BF, (5) CF (1/3 dose) + BF, and (6) organic fertilizer (OF + BF). BF did not adversely affect the head height and root collar diameter of lettuce; on the contrary, it showed non-significant differences with CF + BF, BF, CF (1/2) + BF, and CF (1/3) + BF treatments and CF alone. The highest total and marketable yields were obtained from CF + BF, CF, CF (1/2) + BF treatments in lettuce. The total yield was the highest in the CF + BF, CF, CF (1/2) + BF, and CF (1/3) + BF treatments in broccoli. In conclusion, the biofertilizer had a supportive effect on the use of chemical fertilizers in lettuce and broccoli production, especially the CF (1/2) + BF treatment in lettuce. The CF (1/2) + BF and CF (1/3) + BF treatments in broccoli showed similar yields to CF. In both crops, BF could provide 50% chemical fertilizer savings.

Efecto del quitosano sobre parámetros de crecimiento y productivos en plantas de brócoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Calabrese)

Biostimulants improve the absorption and assimilation of nutrients by plants, making them more tolerant to biotic or abiotic stress, improving their agronomic characteristics. Natural and biodegradable biostimulants such as chitosan have fungal and bactericidal activities and promote growth and crop yield, this is why, to evaluate the effect of chitosan application on growth and productive parameters of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.), three concentrations of chitosan (T1 = 500 mg.L-1; T2 = 1000 mg.L-1; and T3 = 2000 mg.L-1) and a control treatment (T4 = distilled water), were applied by foliar spray when the true leaves unfolded, using a completely randomized design with 30 repetitions per treatment. The variables height of the plant, number of leaves per plant, diameter of the flowering stalk, diameter of the flowering head, length of the flowering stalk, total length of the flowering stalk, fresh biomass of the flowering head, of the root, and of the aerial part, total dry biomass and yield were measured. All the variables increased (P<0.05) as the chitosan dose increased, concluding that the application of chitosan to the broccoli crop is a viable alternative as a substitute for synthetic fertilizers.

Effect of Different levels of Liquid Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Growth, Yield and Quality of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica) in Hydroponic

Hydroponics is a Plant growing procedure in water. The experiment was carried out to find out the effect of different levels of NPK on growth, yield and quality of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica). The variety was “Green Magic” which is F1 hybrid. They were bought from the local market of “Alopibag” Prayagraj. The present experiment was carried out from October, 2021 to January, 2022 in Shade Net Research Field, Department of Horticulture, SHUATS, Prayagraj. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD), with eight treatments T1(8.12ml NPK/Pl), T2(9.37ml NPK/Pl), T3(10.62ml NPK/Pl), T4(11.87ml NPK/Pl), T5(13.12ml NPK/Pl), T6(14.37ml NPK/Pl), T7(15.62ml NPK/Pl), with a control (T0), replicated thrice in nutrient field technique (NFT) hydroponics system. The best result was shown by the treatment T6.The initiation of curd formation, growth of plant and chlorophyll content all parameter were superior in T6. The plants in T0 do not show any significant improvement as there were no nutrients given to them. The systems ran 4 hours daily during their vegetative growth and the timing was increased to 6 hours during their reproductive phase of development. Curd formation occurs in almost all plants in every treatment.