Growth In Niger Research Articles

The Impact of FDIs Flows on the Nigerien Economic Growth

Niger, since the 70s has always adopted an approach that makes the IDE a major component of its development plan. It `s so, a series of measures have been taken to make the country more attractive to Foreign direct investment FDI This policy has guaranteed the country a few annual flow between the period 1970 to 2008.The aim of this paper is to try to study the impact of FDI on economic growth in Niger. Observe the literature study on FDI in Niger, however, it is also becoming important to see the between FDI and economic performance since it has not been addressed specifically yet. While it is still unclear of whether there is any relationship between FDI and economic growth in Niger, especially as regard to the causality within the relationship. The theory and the current empirical literature on the relationship between FDI and growth have provided ambiguous results. Using VAR (Vector Autoregressive) model, this paper explores the causal relationship between FDI and economic growth for the period 1970-2008 in Niger. With in the Granger causality framework, this study finds a long-term relationship between FDI and economic growth. This finding is a long-term relationship between variables but failed to establish the direct correlation between each variable. This can be explained by the fact that low volume flows of FDI in Niger have major consequences on the economic system, particularly on employment, inflation and GDP. More, this weakness is emphasized by the insignificance of the volume of capital flows (domestic and foreign) circulating in the Nigerian economy and domestic savings.

Functional characterization of Rho GTPases in Aspergillus niger uncovers conserved and diverged roles of Rho proteins within filamentous fungi

Rho GTPases are signalling molecules regulating morphology and multiple cellular functions including metabolism and vesicular trafficking. To understand the connection between polarized growth and secretion in the industrial model organism Aspergillus niger, we investigated the function of all Rho family members in this organism. We identified six Rho GTPases in its genome and used loss-of-function studies to dissect their functions. While RhoA is crucial for polarity establishment and viability, RhoB and RhoD ensure cell wall integrity and septum formation respectively. RhoC seems to be dispensable for A. niger. RacA governs polarity maintenance via controlling actin but not microtubule dynamics, which is consistent with its localization at the hyphal apex. Both deletion and dominant activation of RacA (Rac(G18V)) provoke an actin localization defect and thereby loss of polarized tip extension. Simultaneous deletion of RacA and CftA (Cdc42) is lethal; however, conditional overexpression of RacA in this strain can substitute for CftA, indicating that both proteins concertedly control actin dynamics. We finally identified NoxR as a RacA-specific effector, which however, is not important for apical dominance as reported for A. nidulans but for asexual development. Overall, the data show that individual Rho GTPases contribute differently to growth and morphogenesis within filamentous fungi.

Effects of a defective ERAD pathway on growth and heterologous protein production in Aspergillus niger

Endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) is a conserved mechanism to remove misfolded proteins from the ER by targeting them to the proteasome for degradation. To assess the role of ERAD in filamentous fungi, we have examined the consequences of disrupting putative ERAD components in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. Deletion of derA, doaA, hrdC, mifA, or mnsA in A. niger yields viable strains, and with the exception of doaA, no significant growth phenotype is observed when compared to the parental strain. The gene deletion mutants were also made in A. niger strains containing single- or multicopies of a glucoamylase–glucuronidase (GlaGus) gene fusion. The induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) target genes (bipA and pdiA) was dependent on the copy number of the heterologous gene and the ERAD gene deleted. The highest induction of UPR target genes was observed in ERAD mutants containing multiple copies of the GlaGus gene. Western blot analysis revealed that deletion of the derA gene in the multicopy GlaGus overexpressing strain resulted in a 6-fold increase in the intracellular amount of GlaGus protein detected. Our results suggest that impairing some components of the ERAD pathway in combination with high expression levels of the heterologous protein results in higher intracellular protein levels, indicating a delay in protein degradation.

Prevalence and clinical presentation of Cryptococcal meningitis among HIV seropositive patients.

A total of 573 HIV seropositive and clinically suspected cases of Cryptococcal meningitis were included in the study, from January 2006 to January 2007. CSF samples were processed by negative staining with 10% Nigrosin, cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar, biochemical tests, such as urease test and brownish growth in Niger seed agar. The prevalence of Cryptococcal meningitis was found to be 2.79%. The most common signs and symptoms were: fever (100%), headache (100%), altered sensorium (100%), and neck stiffness (90%). All the patients responded to intravenous Amphotericin B treatment.

Prevalence and clinical presentation of Cryptococcal meningitis among HIV seropositive patients

A total of 573 HIV seropositive and clinically suspected cases of Cryptococcal meningitis were included in the study, from January 2006 to January 2007. CSF samples were processed by negative staining with 10% Nigrosin, cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar, biochemical tests, such as urease test and brownish growth in Niger seed agar. The prevalence of Cryptococcal meningitis was found to be 2.79%. The most common signs and symptoms were: fever (100%), headache (100%), altered sensorium (100%), and neck stiffness (90%). All the patients responded to intravenous Amphotericin B treatment.

Foreign aid, growth and poverty: A policy framework for Niger

This paper extends the dynamic macroeconomic framework developed by Agénor et al. [Agénor, P. -R., Bayraktar, N., & Aynaoui, K. E. (2006, July). Roads out of Poverty? Assessing the Links between Aid, Public Capital, Growth, and Poverty Reduction. World Bank, Revised.]. As in the original model, linkages between foreign aid, public investment (education, infrastructure, and health) and growth are explicitly captured, but this time in a fixed nominal exchange rate regime. Although the nominal exchange rate is fixed, the relative price of domestic goods is endogenous, thereby allowing for potential Dutch disease effects associated with increases in aid. The impact of policy shocks on poverty is assessed by using partial growth elasticities. A policy experiment of increasing foreign aid illustrates the dynamic trade-offs between growth and poverty reduction in Niger.

In vitro efficacy of 75 essential oils against Aspergillus niger

Aspergillus niger is an opportunistic human pathogen and a strong air pollutant. A study was conducted with 75 different essential oils for the inhibition of hyphal growth and spore formation in Aspergillus niger. Cinnamomum zeylanicum (bark), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (leaf), Cinnamomum cassia, Syzygium aromaticum and Cymbopogon citratus were the top five essential oils which demonstrated marked inhibitory effect against hyphal growth and spore formation of A. niger. The chemical composition of these five most active essential oils was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectra (GC-MS). Most of the other essential oils were found challenging to combat A. niger, suggesting their use as strong aroma therapeutic agents.

Economic Growth and Total Factor Productivity in Niger

This paper investigates empirically the sources of aggregate output growth and the determinants of total factor productivity (TFP) in Niger between 1963 and 2003. A growth accounting analysis indicates that the erosion in output per capita over the sample period is due to the negative growth of both TFP and physical capital per capita. Sound macroeconomic policies, supported by official development assistance and structural reforms, are found to be key to raising TFP growth.

A possible role of hydroxypyruvic acid reductase in growth of A. niger.

In a study of growth and differentiation in Aspergillus niger it has been previously shown that while the operation of the citric acid cycle is essential to the development of spores, growth of the hyphae is dependent on a metabolic pathway that seems to diverge from glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof), and not upon the pyruvic dehydrogenation system and the reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle(1). With the culture method described below, this mold completes its growth cycle in 80 hours. The lag phase continues to the 20th hour; logarithmic phase begins then and continues until the 58-60th hour. At this point spore formation begins and continues rapidly. Mold pad weight begins to decline at the 80th hour. In a previous paper it was shown that the 40-52 hour interval was critical for spore formation and that the purine analog, 6-ethylthiopurine, if present in the growth medium during this interval would selectively inhibit subsequent spore formation (at 60th hour) without any effect on growth of hyphae or conidiophores. In this paper attention will be focused on the 20-40th hour interval, that is the period when mycelial growth is dominant, prior to conidiophore (stalk) formation. This latter process predominates during the subsequent 40-60 hour period and is specifically inhibited by 6-hydroxy-2mercaptopulrine(2). In earlier papers the production of hydroxypyruvic acid by this mold was reported and it was postulated that this acid served a precursor for a series of reactions necessary for hyphal growth (3,4). The data presented below concern further observations on the relationship between hyphal growth and the metabolism of ths acid Materials and methods. The medium routinely used had the following composition: glucose, 45.0g; NaNO3, 4.5 g; KH2PO4, 3.0 g; KCl, 0.75 g; MgSO4 · 7H2O

Stimulation of Growth in Aspergillus niger Under Exposure to Low Velocity Cathode Rays

Stimulation of Growth in Aspergillus niger Under Exposure to Low Velocity Cathode Rays