Growth Of Business Activities Research Articles

Advertising in Commercial and Industrial Journals Issued in the Tomsk Province in 1894–1903

Advertisements are an important source on the history of regional entrepreneurship and trade. The article considers the development of advertising in the Tomsk Province in the context of local modernization processes. Trade and industrial journals highlighted the socio-economic development of the region. They also revealed public interests and attitude to commerce, as well as pointed at the systemic changes that took place in Siberia in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The author used the methods of historical-systematic and content analyses to classify advertisements published in 1894–1903 by goods and services, territorial affiliation, and design. Local, metropolitan, nonresident, and foreign entrepreneurs offered the Tomsk population a diverse range of non-food, food, medical, and agricultural goods and services. The ads provided information on sale details, products, current prices, new offers, sales, and discounts. The growth of business activity in the Tomsk province in the late XIX – early XX centuries boosted the development of a single trading space, both on the provincial and domestic market.

THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

In most countries of the world, entrepreneurship is a powerful engine of economic and social development. Currently, entrepreneurs are playing an increasingly significant role in the socio-economic life of most developed economies in the world. They solve the most important problems of the development of society, increase the efficiency of functioning of all sectors of the economy, create jobs and stimulate employment, and ensure the use of innovative technologies in production processes. Modern business is based on the risky activities of entrepreneurs, their initiative and responsibility, their use of their intellectual and professional qualities. Entrepreneurship is the driving force behind the growth of business activity in most countries of the world. Each of them has its own characteristics of organizing and conducting small, medium and large businesses. This is due to the general macroeconomic situation in the country, the volume of GDP, the political situation in the country and the world, internal and external trade relations, and government policies to promote the development of the enterprise sector.

Legislative Regulation of the Grounds of Criminal Liability for Anti-Competitive Agreements in the Countries of the Eurasian Economic Union

From January 1, 2015, the Eurasian Economic Community, which existed since 2001, is being replaced by the Eurasian Economic Union, which currently includes the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Armenia and the Kyrgyz Republic.When establishing an international organization for regional economic integration, the parties that signed the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union noted in the text of the agreement the desire to strengthen the economies of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union and ensure their harmonious development and convergence, as well as guaranteeing sustainable growth in business activity, balanced trade and fair competition. Moreover, in part 1 of Article 1 of the Treaty it is noted that within the framework of the Union, the freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and labor, the conduct of a coordinated, agreed or unified policy in the sectors of the economy, is ensured.In view of the foregoing, it seems very promising to study in depth the system of measures of criminal liability for one of the most serious infringements on competition anti-competitive agreements in these countries.The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the legislation of the EAEU member states in terms of the legislative regulation of the grounds for criminal liability for various agreements restricting competition.

Ups and Downs of Business Activity in the Waves of Crises, the Coronavirus Pandemic and Unprecedented Western Sanctions

Subject of article - the dynamics of the integrated Business Activity Index of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 10 main areas of the national economy and the Index of output of goods and services by basic types of economic activity of Rosstat (Rosstat Index) from 2018 to July 2022 inclusive. Growth factors and a list of key macro indicators that determine the level of business activity in the relevant sectors of the economy, as well as the results of calculating the weights of these sectors, are considered.The aim of the article is to substantiate the advantages of the methodology for constructing the IE RAS Index, which includes development indicators of 10 areas of the national economy, in comparison with the Rosstat Index. Theoretical studies are based on practical calculations performed on the basis of official statistical reporting, and a comparative analysis of the results with the dynamics of the Rosstat Index. Research period: post-crisis 2018–2019, pandemic and post-pandemic 2020–2021 and initial stage of the mobilization period for the economy - January-July 2022. To calculate the IE RAS Index, the method of construction of integral estimates of macroeconomic dynamics, correlation analysis, as well as a matrix of coefficients of pair correlation for determination of index weights are used, which is a convincing justification of scientific novelty of the proposed methodology of construction and practical use of the IE RAS Index. Based on a comparative analysis of the dynamics of the indices, it was found that the maximum drop in the IE RAS Index and the Rosstat Index was observed in 2020, and the maximum growth was observed in the post-pandemic 2021. Moreover, according to the IE RAS methodology, larger parameters and earlier dates for the start of decline and growth of business activity in comparison with the Rosstat Index were recorded. As a result, new convincing evidence of the advantages of the IE RAS Index was obtained, the main of which is a more reliable and accurate determination of the critical moments of a change in the business activity trend and, accordingly, the timing of the onset and overcoming of crisis processes in socio-economic development. The authors conclude that, in the new geopolitical reality, it is necessary to include the IE RAS Index as a target indicator for the country’s ability to secure state sovereignty.

ANALYSIS OF TAX POLICY IMPACT ON THE SHADOW ECONOMY OF RUSSIA AND THE USA

The article examines the impact of the shadow sector on the country's economy. It is determined that the generating factors of shadow activity are imperfect tax legislation and established political and economic institutions. The negative impact of shadow economy is expressed in a low quality of economic growth, which causes the need to search for tools to influence shadow activities. The tax policy is examined as one of such tools. Tax policy creates different incentives for economic entities. By so doing, the tax policy should contribute to the accumulation of sufficient funds in the budget, to the growth of business activity in the country. However, for Russia, the relationship between the tax burden and the shadow economy turned out to be insignificant; for the United States, an inverse linear relationship between the indicators was revealed. In consequence of this, it is concluded that only tax measures are insufficient to combat the shadow economy in Russia. Moreover, a general pattern for the two countries was noted, it consists in lowering the tax burden and increasing the shadow activity during periods of economic downturn. The analysis of the tax policies used in the two countries shows that Russia has high taxes and labor contributions compared to the United States. More favorable conditions in Russia compared to the United States in the form of time spent for preparing and paying taxes and the number of tax payments do not affect the reduction of the shadow economy scale. The time required to start a business in Russia exceeds that of the United States. To reduce the scale of shadow activity, it is necessary to revise the mechanism of insurance premiums payment, improve the institutional conditions for business functioning.

The Integral Index of Business Activity: Methods of Constructing

The article deals with the formation and use of the business activity index for the analysis, forecasting and regulation of the development of the Russian economy. The possibilities of forming the Business Activity Index of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences by basic spheres of the economy (Index of the Institute of Economics RAS) are analyzed and its advantages are substantiated in comparison with the Index of Output of Goods and Services by the basic types of economic activities of Rosstat (Rosstat Index). The analysis of the dynamics of the IE RAS Index and the Rosstat Index after the socio-economic crisis of 2014–2015 until the second half of 2021, including the period of the coronavirus pandemic, has been carried out. A list of macroeconomic indicators characterizing the level of business activity in the spheres of the national economy included in the IE RAS Index is presented. Analysis and comparison of the dynamics of the IE RAS and Rosstat indices showed that the main advantages of the IE RAS Index lie in a more accurate determination of the timing of the onset and overcoming of crisis processes, as well as the depth of their impact on socio-economic development. Particular attention is paid to the analysis and comparison of the dynamics of business activity in the post-crisis and pandemic periods. It was found that the maximum drop in business activity, caused largely by restrictive measures in connection with the coronavirus pandemic, was observed in 2020. It is noted that the maximum growth in business activity for the period under review fell on the first half of 2021. This growth is confirmed by the dynamics of business activity indices according to the methodology of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Rosstat. The paper concludes that the IE RAS Index provides a more accurate integral assessment of the macroeconomic dynamics of business activity; it is proposed to widely use it in state accounting and management, forecasting and strategic planning.

ТАРГЕТУВАННЯ ОБЛІКОВО-ФІНАНСОВОЇ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ СУБ’ЄКТІВ ГОСПОДАРЮВАННЯ

The study is devoted to the interaction of the interests of business entities and the interests of subjects of the corporate environment, as well as determining the possibility of targeting accounting and financial activities in the business environment, taking into account the social constraints associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the article is to study the processes of the possibility of targeting accounting and financial interaction of business entities in various conditions of the development of the business environment. The subject of the research is the accounting and financial interaction of business entities both within the country and abroad in the context of the introduction of various social and behavioral restrictions on doing business. The hypothesis of the study – the definition of specific target categories of accounting and financial interaction of the subjects of state subsidies will provide a specific algorithm for determining the feasibility of implementing some business initiatives and reducing others, precisely in the context of the introduction of social and behavioral restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods used in the study: system analysis, economic and statistical methods, information processing, method of logical generalization of results, expert assessments, etc. Presentation of the main material. The article examines the conditions for targeting accounting and financial interaction of business entities, designed to use the factors of competitiveness that were underutilized in the past period in the business environment. This systematization pursues the goal on the part of the state to introduce a system of economic incentives, changes in macroeconomic parameters (reduction of inflation, emphasis on attracting long-term money to the economy, growth of business activity and private investment, changes in the structure of budget expenditures), and on the part of the state entities themselves – situational assessment their own capabilities and threats, subject to the introduction of social and behavioral restrictions. The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the possibility of using the developed recommendations for an independent analysis of the possibility of introducing a target in the field of accounting and financial interaction of business entities in Ukraine. Conclusions and prospects for further research. Targeting accounting and financial interaction of business entities to ensure contractual stability between partners provides for compliance with the regime of floating, but stable relations (depending on the conditions of socio-behavioral restrictions), the fluctuations of which serve as the main buffer against the impact of external shocks on the economy of Ukraine as a whole. Further research will be aimed at determining the feasibility of target procedures in the tax environment and identifying the prospects for the introduction of target tools for targeted interaction with various audiences for administering tax payments

FINANCIAL LEVERS AND CONSEQUENCES IMPLEMENTATION OF WORLD EXPERIENCE OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY IN DOMESTIC TOURISM MARKET

Abstract. The article describes the main indicators of the tourist services market in Ukraine and the world, comparing the dynamics of costs and revenues from international tourism; the model of structural restructuring of the tourist services market of Ukraine in the conditions of globalization of the economy is proposed, and the necessity of institutionalization of business activity in the field of international tourism is substantiated, in particular, different variants of strategic alliances that are alternative to Ukrainian tourism business activity are considered. It is proved that at the moment the tourism sector has become indispensable in the lives of a large part of the world’s population, as tourist flows have increased more than 50 times in recent years. In addition, at the beginning of the XXI century the sphere of rest for the volume of income took the third place among the leading sectors of the global economy. According to the World Travel & Tourism Council the share of the tourism industry in 2018 is approximately 10 % of global GDP (according to the forecasts the proportion will reach 11% to 2026), 6.0 % of the world export, that is 0.1% more than in 2017 and in accordance 0.6 % more than in 2016. It is determined that financial resources from tourist flows serve as an important tool for capacity building and economic growth of the world’s leading countries. World experience has substantiated that the creation of a tourism product with high added value is the key to growth of business activity in the tourism business segment, tourism market development, involvement of related industries (financial services, insurance, transport, communications) in the implementation of tourism services.The SWOT analysis shows that Ukraine has a strong potential for the most types of tourist and recreational activities, the use of which is significantly limited by a number of restrictions, to overcome which it should be chosen a clear strategy that would take full account of the use of the strengths of the phenomenon under study. Since the strategic priority of Ukraine’s integration into the world economic space and the reform of the domestic economy is a reorientation to efficiently functioning forms of management, we consider it advisable to start strengthening domestic competitive position in the field of international tourism just on the side of the implementation of world experience in business activities in this area. Keywords: international tourism, financial flows, business activities, diversification of tourism, strategic alliances. JEL Classification F23, L83, C38, М16 Formulas: 0; fig.: 5; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 14..

TAX ON THE WITHDRAWAL OF CAPITAL AS A MECHANISM TO INCREASE THE CAPITALIZATION LEVEL OF ENTERPRISES

Topicality. Increasing the level of capitalization of the economy is of strategic importance for Ukraine, since market transformation in Ukraine is inherently capitalization of the economy. All this necessitates further investigation of the mechanisms of capitalization of enterprises, including tax mechanisms.Aim and tasks. Analyze tax on the withdrawal of capital and experience of its use in Estonia, identify its benefits and potential risks, propose improvements to its legislative support.Research results. The corporate income tax system is designed in such a way that dividends can be paid even if no profit is received. In the future, these dividends derived from one of the schemes are deposited on offshore accounts. According to conservative estimates of experts of the Institute for Social and Economic Transformation, the losses of the budget of Ukraine from offshore schemes amount to UAH 50-65 billion a year. The chances of tax evasion are great. Large Ukrainian companies, with the help of auditors, can reduce their tax burden from 18% to 3-4%. The main disadvantages of the income tax collection system are the discretion of the administration (the decision-making power of the officials at its discretion) and corruption. Many experts and businessmen see the solution to this problem by replacing the income tax with tax on the withdrawal of capital. This will ensure that business profits are not taxed as long as they are not paid out to the owners in the form of dividends and equivalent payments, that is, they are not taken out of business. Estimates of the negative short-term impact on budget revenues differ. The most optimistic estimates range from 0.5% to 1.2-1.3% of GDP. It is likely that the use of capital deduction will lead to a decrease in tax revenues, but such a sharp fall as the situation in Estonia in Ukraine is not likely to be, since the new tax will be paid by "loss-making" enterprises, and the operations used today for tax evasion will be taxed. Estimates of the negative short-term impact on budget revenues differ. The most optimistic estimates range from 0.5% to 1.2-1.3% of GDP. It is likely that the use of tax on the withdrawal of capital will lead to a decrease in tax revenues, but such a sharp fall as the situation in Estonia in Ukraine is not likely to be, since the new tax will be paid by "loss-making" enterprises, and the operations used today for tax evasion will be taxed.Analysis of the draft Law of Ukraine on tax on the withdrawal of capital allows to determine a number of proposals for its improvement in the part of enterprises that have accumulated losses in the amount exceeding their own capital or in the amount of UAH 100 million; exemption from tax on interest on the deposit, if they remain on it; defining the norms of the shortage that the enterprise can attribute to the property provided free of charge; deviation of the contractual value of the taxpayer's property upwards or downwards from ordinary prices; the unification of the tax rate on the withdrawal of capital with the tax rate on personal income.Conclusion. Tax on the withdrawal of capital forms a self-regulating economic system, that is, if dividends are not paid and invested in the development of an enterprise, then production increases, which in turn leads to an increase in value added tax and wage tax. The introduction of this tax will provide a number of positive consequences: growth of business activity, acceleration of modernization of enterprises, redistribution of the tax burden on all taxpayers, reduction of the tax burden; simplification of control and simplification of tax accounting, reduction of methods of tax minimization, shadowing of the economy.

Make in India and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Synergic Effect on Economic Growth

‘Make in India’ is the latest momentum initiated by the Central Government with an aim to make India a manufacturing hub for the world. The concept is mooted keeping in view of the strengths of the country in terms of manpower, skill, consumption and abundantly available natural resources.Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is one of the main sources to supplement domestic capital wherein individuals, enterprises and corporates outside the country invest in India with an objective of ‘lasting interest’ in the enterprises they invested. In the last ten years, there is a significant increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into the country in various forms and into various sectors of business. This has led to spur in growth of business activities, increase in GDP, Manufacturing PMI, income levels etc. India being second most populous country in the world with 1.22 billion people and boasts nearly 500 million strong labour force ranging from unskilled workers to good English speaking engineers, doctors, researchers and professionals having potential of making cost-effective research and development based manufacturing. Largest population creates market for goods and brands the country as ‘consumption hub’, at the same time, pools of strong labour force brands the country as an ‘investment destination’ for foreign entrepreneurs easing the flow of Foreign Direct Investment. An analysis of FDI inflow into the country vis-a-vis Index of Industrial Production (IIP) for last nine years (2005-06 to 2013-14) indicates that there is a strong positive correlation (r = 0.80) exists between the two. Recently government has put in place an investor-friendly FDI policy under which 100% FDI is permitted under the automatic route in most of the sectors/activities. This helps in economic growth by supplementing domestic capital, technology transfer and adoption of global practices leading to increased manufacturing and productive capacity. Make in India initiative coupled with liberalized FDI policy, key policy changes enabling ‘ease of doing businesses’ create a synergetic impact on the national economy and galvanize India's economy to reach greater heights!

Влияние налоговых преференций на формирование доходной части бюджетов

One of the priorities of economic development is the formation of a stable and sustainable tax system for the Russian Federation for the upcoming planning period, and this means fiscal stability, promoting economic growth in business activity. In the current situation, the main focus of the tax must be made exactly on stimulating component of tax policy in order to ensure stimulation of the economy, as well as business agents to develop production and open new business in Russia. One of the tools of tax incentives are tax preferences. Legislators at the federal level should not make decisions for the regions, the regions should be given a greater autonomy in matters of incentives. In the first place, it is necessary to increase production and sales of competitive goods and services. Only by increasing the production of goods may be increased tax revenues. Today, taxes are considered solely as a means to supplement the budget. The government, seeking to reduce tax benefits, believes that this will contribute to greater density in the budget. But the reduction of tax preferences for the producers will have the opposite effect - a reduction of output and, consequently, a decrease in the output of goods as well as reduced tax revenues. Therefore, in our opinion, it is necessary not to reduce, but to increase government support through tax breaks, subsidies and different preferences, as this would increase the output of goods and, therefore, result in an increase in the tax base and in an increase in tax revenues.

Characterization of cyclical phases in the manufacturing industry in Spain

120 Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to characterize the cyclical phases of the manufacturing industry in Spain and detect which industries have more influence on the Spanish business cycle. We assume that economic growth is a priority; we are going to determine which industries have a more/less appropriate cyclical behavior according this priority. We analyze if the industries with better cyclical behavior are the ones that achieve greater co-movement with the business cycle of the Spanish economy, as this means they have a positive influence on economic activity. Design/methodology/approach: We examine the disaggregated quarterly IPI data of 16 manufacturing industries. Our methodology follows three steps. Firstly, we define cycle turning points; we follow the Harding and Pagan (2002) methodology. Secondly, we characterize the cyclical phases of the manufacturing industries in terms of duration, amplitude, deepness and steepness. We also determine the degree of inter-industrial cyclical synchronization and between industries in the cycle of the Spanish economy. This analysis is performed in two ways. On the one hand, we use the concordance index and the correlation coefficient. On the other hand, we work with indicators based on a consistency table. In the Third step, we apply a multi-objective methodology, specifically the compromise programming, to determine which industries have a more/less appropriate cyclical behavior according to the growth priority. Findings and Originality/value: The business cycle of the Spanish economy is positively influenced by high- and medium-tech industries, which have demonstrated their competitive capacity in international markets, and by medium- low-tech industries, with major strengths in R&D, and in survival and consolidation strategies. These results enable manufacturing industries to exert a positive effect on the business cycle that is weakened because many of them show a high correlation between employment and cyclical fluctuations. Originality/value: The study is original and useful on various levels. Firstly, the study of sectoral cycles makes it possible to identify common trends in the growth of business activities and to see the interdependence of fluctuations. Secondly, it will be easy to deduce which sectoral disruptions generate the greatest impact on economic activity. Finally, because the analysis of the manufacturing industry cycle has not yet carried out. Normal 0 21 false false false

Rooted in Supervision, Branching into Management: Continuity and Change in the Role of First‐Line Manager

abstract It is frequently argued that, as a consequence of radical organizational change, the role of first‐line manager (FLM) has shifted from supervision to team leadership/co‐ordination or business unit management. After reviewing the nature of these claims and the debate about the relationship between first‐line management and supervision, evidence is presented from a survey of 135 organizations in London and the South East on how the role of FLM is presently defined and how it has changed. The findings paint a picture of a stable, consistent FLM role where a common performance‐oriented supervisory core is surrounded by a penumbra of additional managerial responsibilities relating to stewardship, translating strategy into operations, unit management and, exceptionally, business management. The FLM role remains part of a hierarchical system of individual managerial responsibility and vertical accountability, with narrow spans of control, vertical and internal contacts and authority, participation in decisions and accountability confined largely to operating routines. Changes to the FLM role have been as much towards a strengthening of the supervisory core as a broadening into business management responsibilities. It is argued that the persistence and prevalence of the supervisory core stems from the continued location of FLMs within systems of external, hierarchical supervision. Far from being weakened, the supervisory core of the FLM role has often been strengthened by the adoption of more stringent controls over work practice in order to cope with a growth in business activity or comply with a greater range of external regulations. In some cases, however, a re‐division of managerial labour has led to formerly middle management responsibilities and accountability being added to the supervisory core to produce an extended FLM role.

Northern Ireland, tourism and peace

The ongoing peace process in Northern Ireland is considered by a variety of commentators to hold substantial prospects for increasing visitor numbers, growth in business activity and an expanding economy. Albeit early in the process the indications are that such prospects are well founded. This article explores some of the issues and wider implications for tourism development arising from the development of peace and economic growth. Areas considered are changes in the traditional market structure of tourist arrivals, the range and quality of the product and grant aid.

Management challenges for survival in the 1990s

The continuing growth of business activities in companies has been in parallel with the increased use of IT to support the basic business processes and assist in generating further commercial advantages for the organization. Business growth has been generated through a natural expansion of the core activities, acquisition of other companies which has often resulted in working practices of geographically separated organizations, divisions and subsidiaries maintained to preserve their successful business culture. The role of the central IT department as the most cost-effective organization to support the business led use of IT is now in question in many companies.

Tight Money and the New Economics

SINCE the start of the year, the economy has been unwinding from the great credit squeeze of 1966-the most severe and disruptive of modern times. Various excesses and imbalances, which first triggered a tight money policy, have now brought us at least temporarily to a period of substantial readjustment and slower growth in business activity. One of the great ironies of contemporary economic developments is that such an episode should have occurred in the era of the new economics, which generally contemplated a more active role for fiscal and other public policies and less reliance on monetary policy in promoting full employment without inflation. What went wrong? Even more important, what can we learn from last year's experience that will aid in future problems of economic stabilization? And finally, what are the implications regarding future swings in the cost and availability of money? To attempt even tentative answers to these questions will require some assessment of the new economics' -especially, whether there are inherent defects in the doctrine, or whether it was simply badly applied last year. Similarly, it may be pertinent to inquire as to whether monetary restraint was carried too far, in an effort to compensate for the failure of fiscal policy to contribute adequately to an anti inflationary program.