Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway Research Articles

TJZYF Improves Endometrial Receptivity through Regulating VEGF and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway.

The endometrium receptivity was impaired by controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), which would then lead to fertility issues and increased abortion clinically. In the present study, to explore the effectiveness of Tiaojing Zhuyun Formula (TJZYF) in improving endometrial receptivity of COH rats and the possible active ingredients and mechanisms, an approach of network pharmacology was performed and a COH animal model was established. As analyzed, stigmasterol and quercetin may be the active ingredients of TJZYF on improving endometrial receptivity and positive regulation of ion transport, the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, and endocrine process, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway may be involved. Eighty female rats were divided into four groups randomly: control, model, TJZYF, and TJZYF+si-VEGFA. COH rat models were constructed by injecting with human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). We found that both endometrial thickness and number of embryo implantations in model were substantially reduced vs. control. The gene and protein expressions of VEGF, PI3K, and p-Akt in the uterus were significantly reduced. TJZYF could increase the endometrial thickness and number of embryo implantations and enhance the expressions of VEGF, PI3K, and p-Akt in the uterus. In the TJZYF+si-VEGFA group, the effect of TJZYF was impaired. Generally, TJZYF could improve the endometrium receptivity and facilitate embryo implantation of COH rats by upregulating VEGF and enhancing the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

38 Effect of Breed Composition and Genome-Wide Association Study on Epidermis Thickness in a Multibreed Angus-Brahman Population

Abstract Heat stress in cattle has recently received growing attention because of anticipated increases in environmental temperature by global warming. Heat stress limits the production efficiency of cattle, and it is one of the principal causes of economic loss for beef cattle producers in these environments. Thermotolerance can be defined as the ability to maintain optimal growth, feed intake, and reproduction under the presence of heat stress, and it varies among individual animals and breeds. The objectives of the analysis were to investigate the amount of variation on epidermis thickness, test the effect of breed composition and age group on skin histology traits and to conduct a genome-wide association study on skin properties of beef cattle, focusing on the epidermis thickness. Skin biopsy samples were collected from 318 heifers from a UF multibreed population (animals ranging from 100% Brahman to 100% Angus), genotyped with the Bovine GGP F250K chip. Quality control was conducted with BLUPF90 software, including a call rate of 0.90 and a MAF < 0.01. BLUPF90 software was used to fit a single locus mixed model to test the effect of each marker. Breed group and age group were included as fixed effects. There is a significant effect in breed group ((P < 0.0001) and in age group (P < 0.0001). This study shows there is a large amount of variation in epidermis thickness across and within breed groups. Significant SNPs for the thickness of the epidermis were found in the HBEGF gene, which is a protein coding involved in several processes, including epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway and there is a variation across breed Skin histology traits are fundamental for the ability to lose heat more efficiently and allow the maintenance of normal body temperatures under extreme conditions. This study could contribute toward improving cattle’s adaptation to thermal stress.

Inhibition of FGFR Signaling by Targeting FGF/FGFR Extracellular Interactions: Towards the Comprehension of the Molecular Mechanism through NMR Approaches.

NMR-based approaches play a pivotal role in providing insight into molecular recognition mechanisms, affording the required atomic-level description and enabling the identification of promising inhibitors of protein–protein interactions. The aberrant activation of the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway drives several pathologies, including cancer development, metastasis formation, resistance to therapy, angiogenesis-driven pathologies, vascular diseases, and viral infections. Most FGFR inhibitors targeting the intracellular ATP binding pocket of FGFR have adverse effects, such as limited specificity and relevant toxicity. A viable alternative is represented by targeting the FGF/FGFR extracellular interactions. We previously identified a few small-molecule inhibitors acting extracellularly, targeting FGFR or FGF. We have now built a small library of natural and synthetic molecules that potentially act as inhibitors of FGF2/FGFR interactions to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of inhibitory activity. Here, we provide a comparative analysis of the interaction mode of small molecules with the FGF2/FGFR complex and the single protein domains. DOSY and residue-level NMR analysis afforded insights into the capability of the potential inhibitors to destabilize complex formation, highlighting different mechanisms of inhibition of FGF2-induced cell proliferation.

MiR-378 associated with proliferation, migration and apoptosis properties in A549 cells and targeted NPNT in COPD.

BackgroundmicroRNAs contribute to the development and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unclear. The goal of this study was to investigate the roles of miR-378 in alveolar epithelial type II cells and identify molecular mechanisms which contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD.Materials and methodsHuman alveolar epithelial (A549) cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium. Cell proliferation was studied by using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry and wound healing and Transwell were used to analyze the cell migration and. We performed bioinformatics analysis including target gene prediction, gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathway enrichment and construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The expression of miR-378 and NPNT from publically available expression microarray of COPD lung tissues was analyzed.ResultsOverexpression of miR-378 significantly increases cell proliferation, migration, and suppress apoptosis. GO analysis demonstrated that the miR-378 involved in transcription, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling, cell migration, blood coagulation, cell shape, protein stabilization and phosphorylation. Pathway enrichment showed that the 1,629 target genes of miR-378 were associated with mTOR, ErbB, TGF-β, MAPK, and FoxO signaling pathways. Notably, miR-378 directly targets Nephronectin in A549 cells, and miR-378 was upregulated while NPNT was downregulated in COPD lung tissue samples.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that miR-378 can regulate the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of A549 cells and target NPNT. miR-378 increased in COPD lung tissues while NPNT decreased, and might prove a potential target for novel drug therapy.

An Integrated Proteomic Strategy to Identify SHP2 Substrates.

Protein phosphatases play an essential role in normal cell physiology and the development of diseases such as cancer. The innate challenges associated with studying protein phosphatases have limited our understanding of their substrates, molecular mechanisms, and unique functions within highly coordinated networks. Here, we introduce a novel strategy using substrate-trapping mutants coupled with quantitative proteomics methods to identify physiological substrates of Src homology 2 containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) in a high-throughput manner. The technique integrates three parallel mass spectrometry-based proteomics experiments, including affinity isolation of substrate-trapping mutant complex using wild-type and SHP2 KO cells, in vivo global quantitative phosphoproteomics, and in vitro phosphatase reaction. We confidently identified 18 direct substrates of SHP2 in the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways, including both known and novel SHP2 substrates. Docking protein 1 was further validated using biochemical assays as a novel SHP2 substrate, providing a mechanism for SHP2-mediated Ras activation. This advanced workflow improves the systemic identification of direct substrates of protein phosphatases, facilitating our understanding of the equally important roles of protein phosphatases in cellular signaling.

TRAIL & EGFR affibody dual-display on a protein nanoparticle synergistically suppresses tumor growth

The TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anticancer drug candidate because it selectively binds to the proapoptotic death receptors, which are frequently overexpressed in a wide range of cancer cells, subsequently inducing strong apoptosis in these cells. However, the therapeutic benefit of TRAIL has not been clearly proven, mainly because of its poor pharmacokinetic characteristics and frequent resistance to its application caused by the activation of a survival signal via the EGF/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. Here, a lumazine synthase protein cage nanoparticle isolated from Aquifex aeolicus (AaLS) was used as a multiple ligand-displaying nanoplatform to display polyvalently both TRAIL and EGFR binding affibody molecules (EGFRAfb) via a SpyTag/SpyCatcher protein-ligation system, to form AaLS/TRAIL/EGFRAfb. The dual-ligand-displaying AaLS/TRAIL/EGFRAfb exhibited a dramatically enhanced cytotoxicity on TRAIL-resistant and EGFR-overexpressing A431 cancer cells in vitro, effectively disrupting the EGF-mediated EGFR survival signaling pathway by blocking EGF/EGFR binding as well as strongly activating both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways synergistically. The AaLS/TRAIL/EGFRAfb selectively targeted A431 cancer cells in vitro and actively reached the tumor sites in vivo. The A431 tumor-bearing mice treated with AaLS/TRAIL/EGFRAfb exhibited a significant suppression of the tumor growth without any significant side effects. Collectively, these findings showed that the AaLS/TRAIL/EGFRAfb could be used as an effective protein-based therapeutic for treating EGFR-positive cancers, which are difficult to manage using mono-therapeutic approaches.

Genomic mapping of copy number variations influencing immune response in breast cancer.

Identification of genomic alterations that influence the immune response within the tumor microenvironment is mandatory in order to identify druggable vulnerabilities. In this article, by interrogating public genomic datasets we describe copy number variations (CNV) present in breast cancer (BC) tumors and corresponding subtypes, associated with different immune populations. We identified regulatory T-cells associated with the Basal-like subtype, and type 2 T-helper cells with HER2 positive and the luminal subtype. Using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) for the Type 2 T-helper cells, the most relevant processes included the ERBB2 signaling pathway and the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway, and for CD8+ T-cells, cellular response to growth hormone stimulus or the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Amplification of ERBB2, GRB2, GRB7, and FGF receptor genes strongly correlated with the presence of type 2 T helper cells. Finally, only 8 genes were highly upregulated and present in the cellular membrane: MILR1, ACE, DCSTAMP, SLAMF8, CD160, IL2RA, ICAM2, and SLAMF6. In summary, we described immune populations associated with genomic alterations with different BC subtypes. We observed a clear presence of inhibitory cells, like Tregs or Th2 when specific chromosomic regions were amplified in basal-like or HER2 and luminal groups. Our data support further evaluation of specific therapeutic strategies in specific BC subtypes, like those targeting Tregs in the basal-like subtype.

Compound C Inhibits Renca Renal Epithelial Carcinoma Growth in Syngeneic Mouse Models by Blocking Cell Cycle Progression, Adhesion and Invasion

Compound C (CompC), an inhibitor of AMP-activated protein kinase, reduces the viability of various renal carcinoma cells. The molecular mechanism underlying anti-proliferative effect was investigated by flow cytometry and western blot analysis in Renca cells. Its effect on the growth of Renca xenografts was also examined in a syngeneic BALB/c mouse model. Subsequent results demonstrated that CompC reduced platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathways and increased ERK1/2 activation as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. CompC also increased the level of active Wee1 tyrosine kinase (P-Ser642-Wee1) and the inactive form of Cdk1 (P-Tyr15-Cdk1) while reducing the level of active histone H3 (P-Ser10-H3). ROS-dependent ERK1/2 activation and sequential alterations in Wee1, Cdk1, and histone H3 might be responsible for the CompC-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and cell viability reduction. In addition, CompC reduced the adhesion, migration, and invasion of Renca cells in the in vitro cell systems, and growth of Renca xenografts in the BALB/c mouse model. Taken together, the inhibition of in vivo tumor growth by CompC may be attributed to the blockage of cell cycle progression, adhesion, migration, and invasion of tumor cells. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of CompC against tumor development and progression.

Effects of ambient PM2.5 on development of psoriasiform inflammation through KRT17-dependent activation of AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α pathway

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has significant effects on human skin health, mainly disrupting skin homeostasis and accelerating aging. To date, the effects of PM2.5 on psoriasis (PSO) have not been elucidated. An ambient particulate matter exposed and well characterized imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis mouse model was established. Thirty male C57BL/6 mice aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into three groups: filtered air (FA) group (Control group), PSO+ FA group and PSO + PM2.5 group. A KRT17 knockdown (KRT17-KD) mouse model was simultaneously established by subcutaneously injecting KRT17-KD lentivirus. Forty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: PSO + FA + KRT17-RNAi negative control lentivirus (KRT17-NC) group, PSO+ FA+ KRT17-KD group, PSO + PM2.5 + KRT17-NC group and PSO + PM2.5 + KRT17-KD group. PM2.5 exposure continued for 8 weeks. Psoriasis was induced by topically applying IMQ on the dorsal skin of the mice for 6 days during week 8. Morphometric and histological analyses were performed to investigate the changes in psoriatic lesions. Differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways were explored using bioinformatics analysis and showed that KRT17 gene and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway were associated with psoriasis. HaCaT cells were stimulated with interleukin-17A and infected with KRT17-KD lentivirus to establish an in vitro KRT17 knockdown psoriasis cell model. Notably, PM2.5 exposure increased the expression of KRT17 protein and activated AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway in vivo. Moreover, specific agonist of AKT (740Y-P) reversed the decreased neovascularization induced by KRT17 knockdown through AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway in vitro. Consequently, PM2.5 exposure could promote the development and progression of psoriasis through KRT17-dependent activation of AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway.

Endostar Synergizes with Radiotherapy to Inhibit Angiogenesis of Cervical Cancer in a Subcutaneous Xenograft Mouse Model.

To investigate the synergic effect and underlying mechanism of Endostar, a recombinant human endostatin used for anti-angiogenesis, in radiotherapy for cervical cancer. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and plate cloning experiment were first employed to analyze the proliferation of HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cells and human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis and cell cycle progression. A tube formation assay was used to assess angiogenesis in vitro. The expression of gamma H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX) and activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling pathway were detected by immunofluorescence and western blotting, respectively. In a HeLa xenograft model, tumor tissue expression of CD31 and alpha smooth muscle actin and serum expression of VEGF-A were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The CCK-8 and plate cloning assays showed that Endostar and radiotherapy synergistically inhibited the growth of HUVECs but not HeLa and SiHa cells. The flow cytometric results showed that Endostar only promoted radiotherapy-induced apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest in HUVECs (p < 0.05). Endostar combined with radiotherapy also significantly inhibited tube formation by HUVECs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Endostar inhibited the radiotherapy-induced expression of γH2AX (p < 0.05) and phosphorylation of VEGFR2/PI3K/AKT/DNA-PK in HUVECs (p < 0.05). IHC showed that Endostar enhanced the inhibitory effect of radiotherapy on the microvessel density in xenograft tumor tissues (p < 0.05), as well as serum VEGF-A expression (p < 0.05). The tumor volume in the combination therapy groups (1200 mm3) was significantly lower than in the control group (2500 mm3; p < 0.05). Our findings provide experimental evidence and a theoretical basis for the application of Endostar in combination with irradiation for anti-cervical cancer treatment.

Bioinformatics Analysis of Exercise-Related Biomarkers in Diabetes.

Background Exercise is a regular behavioral activity that not only helps to lose weight but also reduces the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Diabetes is a common disease that plagues human health. It is shown that regular exercise can improve the insulin sensitivity of diabetic patients and have an important function in adjuvant therapy. Methods We downloaded the GSE101931 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, 10 samples were obtained from the GSE101931 dataset, including 5 before exercise and 5 postexercise samples, and GEO2R was used to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exhibited by a heat map. Then, the enrichment analysis of DEGs in Gene Ontology (GO) function was analyzed by Metascape, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway of DEGs was also analyzed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Next, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network maps were drawn, and the hub genes were identified through Metascape. Finally, the expressions of the hub genes in the dataset were analyzed. Results Totally, 116 upregulated DEGs and 1017 downregulated DEGs were identified from these data. These DEGs were mainly enriched in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway and mRNA processing. Then, the GSEA analysis showed that 6 KEGG pathways were associated with postexercise prediabetic samples, namely, ABC transporters, focal adhesion, MAPK signaling pathway, prion diseases, melanogenesis, and gap junction. Afterward, three hub genes (HSPA8, STIP1, and HSPH1) were highly expressed after exercise through the box plot analysis. Conclusion A myriad of research results confirms that there is a certain connection between exercise and diabetes, which provides a favorable basis for emerging exercise into the treatment of diabetic patients.

Abstract 329: Understanding the role of GPR30 in the estrogen non-genomic signaling in inflammatory breast cancer

Abstract Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC) is rare and the most aggressive subtype of all breast cancers, reporting rapid progression, poor prognosis, and a unique clinical diagnosis (blockage of lymph vessels by tumor emboli). Approximately, 40% of IBC cases are classified as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), meaning they test negative for hormone receptors (estrogen and progesterone) and the amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which leads to no effective targeted therapies availability. However, 17β-estrogen (E2) has been found to enhance the migration and invasion phenotypes of TN-IBC cells and it has been associated with the presence of a membrane G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30) and a novel cytoplasmic estrogen receptor (ERα36 isoform) that can undergo an estrogen non-genomic (rapid) cell’s response. Recent studies have also reported a crosstalk between these estrogen non-genomic receptors and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway in the presence of E2, inducing phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and promoting oncogenic phenotypes (migration &amp; invasion) in TN-IBC cells. However, the exact role of GPR30 and ERα36 in the non-genomic signaling pathway remains elusive in TN-IBC. We hypothesis that GPR30 and ERα36 are necessary to undergo de estrogen non-genomic signaling and promote oncogenic phenotypes in TN-IBC SUM149 cells after E2 treatment. Methods: We have measured migratory activity and tumor emboli formation of SUM149 cells (by wound-healing and 3D-cell proliferation assay), and phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and AKT kinases (by western-blot) after treatments in time-points with E2 alone and in combination with G15 (GPR30 antagonist drug). We are also working to identify protein partners of GPR30 (by Ip and Mass-spec) after E2 treatment, including physical interaction with ERα36, in TN-IBC and other types of breast cancers. Results: G15 treatment in Sum149 cells significantly reduced E2-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, indicating that GPR30 is necessary for the estrogen non-genomic signaling pathway and has direct involvement with the EGFR signaling cascade. Data acquired from these experiments will contribute to a better understanding of TN-IBC’s molecular structure and create new opportunities to develop novel targeted therapies. Citation Format: Xavier S. Bittman Soto, Adrian J. Rivera Lopez, Esther A. Peterson. Understanding the role of GPR30 in the estrogen non-genomic signaling in inflammatory breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 329.

GPR30: A potential therapeutic target in Triple‐negative Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC) is rare and the most aggressive subtype of all breast cancers, with reported rapid progression, poor prognosis, and a unique clinical diagnosis (blockage of lymph vessels by tumor emboli). Approximately, 40% of IBC cases are classified as triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC), meaning they test negative for hormone receptors (estrogen and progesterone) and the amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which result in no effective targeted therapies to date. However, 17β‐estrogen (E2) has been found to induce a non‐genomic cellular response to enhance oncogenic phenotypes in TN‐IBC and this has been associated with the presence of alternative estrogen receptors, including a novel G‐protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30). Recent studies have also reported a crosstalk between GPR30 and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway in the presence of E2, which enhances the phosphorylation of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B (AKT), and promotes migration and invasion phenotypes in TN‐BC cells. However, the exact role of GPR30 in the non‐genomic signaling pathway in TN‐IBC remains elusive. We hypothesize that GPR30 is necessary to undergo the estrogen non‐genomic signaling pathway to induce ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorilation levels and enhance migration and proliferation activities in TN‐IBC cells after treatment with E2.MethodsWe measured phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and AKT kinases (by western‐blot), migratory activity (by wound‐healing assay), and tumor emboli formation (by 3D‐cell proliferation assay) after treatments in time‐points with E2 alone and in combination with G15, GPR30 antagonist drug, in TN‐IBC cells SUM149PT.ResultsThe combined G15 + E2 treatment significantly reduced E2‐induced ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation levels, as well as decreased migratory activity in SUM149PT cells, suggesting that GPR30 is necessary to undergo the estrogen non‐genomic signaling pathway and can regulate the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling cascade in TN‐IBC. Data acquired from these experiments will contribute to a better understanding of TN‐IBC’s molecular structure and create new opportunities to develop novel targeted therapies.

Effect of Hyperoside on the Gene Expression and Production of Mucin and EGFR-p44/42-Sp1signaling Pathway in Airway Epithelial Cells

Hyperoside is an anti-inflammatory natural product derived from a medicinal plant Houttuynia cordata, empirically used as remedies for controlling the pulmonary inflammatory diseases in folk medicine. In this study, hyperoside was investigated for its potential effect on the gene expression and production of airway mucin 5AC (MUC5AC). Human airway epithelial NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with hyperoside for 30 min and stimulated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) for the following 24 h. For the elucidation of the action mechanism of hyperoside, EGFinduced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway was investigated. Hyperoside inhibited EGF-induced gene expression and production of MUC5AC mucin through regulating the phosphorylation of EGFR, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 (p44/42), and the nuclear expression of specificity protein-1 (Sp1). These results suggest hyperoside could regulate the gene expression and production of MUC5AC by modulating the EGFR signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells.

Construction and Analysis of lncRNA-Associated ceRNA Network in Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a vascular disease with plaque formation. Unstable plaques can be expected to result in cardiovascular disease, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Studies have verified that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in atherosclerotic plaque formation (APF), including MALAT1, GAS5, and H19. A ceRNA network is a combination of these two interacting processes, which regulate the occurrence and progression of many diseases. However, lncRNA-associated ceRNA network in terms of APF is limited. This study sought to discover novel potential biomarkers and ceRNA network for APF. We designed a triple network based on the lncRNA-miRNA and mRNA-miRNA pairs obtained from lncRNASNP and starBase. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and lncRNAs in human vascular tissues derived from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GSE43292, GSE97210) were systematically selected and analyzed. A ceRNA network was constructed by hypergeometric test, including 8 lncRNAs, 243 miRNAs, and 8 mRNAs. APF-related ceRNA structure was discovered for the first time by combining network analysis and statistical validation. Topological analysis determined the key lncRNAs with the highest centroid. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the ceRNA network was primarily enriched in “regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway,” “negative regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis,” and “axonal fasciculation.” A functional lncRNA, HAND2-AS1, was identified in the ceRNA network, and the main miRNA (miRNA-570-3p) regulated by HAND2-AS1 was further screened. This present study elucidated the important function of lncRNA in the origination and progression of APF and indicated the potential use of these hub nodes as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Analysis of microRNAs in Small Urinary Extracellular Vesicles and Their Potential Roles in Pathogenesis of Renal ANCA-Associated Vasculitis.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) represents an autoimmunity disease characterized by high mortality. For successful treatment, the detailed knowledge of its complex pathogenesis and the set of biomarkers for differential diagnostics are desired. Analysis of molecular content of small urinary extracellular vesicles (uEV) offers the possibility to find markers in the form of microRNAs (miRNAs) and study the pathways involved in pathogenesis. We used next-generation sequencing in the first preliminary study to detect the miRNAs with altered expression in uEVs of patients with AAV in comparison with age-matched controls. We confirmed the results using single-target quantitative polymerase chain reaction tests on different sets of samples and found five miRNAs (miR-30a-5p, miR-31-3p, miR-99a-5p, miR-106b-5p, miR-182-5p) with highly elevated levels in uEVs of patients. We performed the comparison of their targets with the differentially expressed proteins in uEVs of patients included in the first phase. We realized that upregulated miRNAs and proteins in uEVs in AAV patients target different biological pathways. The only overlap was detected in pathways regulating the actin cytoskeleton assembly and thus potentially affecting the glomerular functions. The associations of upregulated miRNAs with pathways that were neglected as components of complex AAV pathogenesis, e.g., the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway, were found.

ErbB Signaling Pathway Genes Are Differentially Expressed in Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Sports-Related Concussion.

Transcriptional changes involved in neuronal recovery after sports-related concussion (SRC) may be obscured by inter-individual variation in mRNA expression and nonspecific changes related to physical exertion. Using a co-twin study, the objective of this study was to identify important differences in mRNA expression among a single pair of monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for concussion. A pair of MZ twins were enrolled as part of a larger study of concussion biomarkers among collegiate athletes. During the study, Twin A sustained SRC, allowing comparison of mRNA expression to the nonconcussed Twin B. Twin A clinically recovered by Day 7. mRNA expression was measured pre-injury and at 6 h and 7 days postinjury using Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus 2.0 microarray. Changes in mRNA expression from pre-injury to each postinjury time point were compared between the twins; differences >1.5-fold were considered important. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes identified biologic networks associated with important transcripts. Among 38,000 analyzed genes, important changes were identified in 153 genes. The ErbB (epidermal growth factor receptor) signaling pathway was identified as the top transcriptional network from pre-injury to 7 days postinjury. Genes in this pathway with important transcriptional changes included epidermal growth factor (2.41), epiregulin (1.73), neuregulin 1 (1.54) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (1.51). In conclusion, the ErbB signaling pathway was identified as a potential regulator of clinical recovery in a MZ twin pair discordant for SRC. A co-twin study design may be a useful method for identifying important gene pathways associated with concussion recovery.

PD-L1 Upregulation by the mTOR Pathway in VEGFR-TKI-Resistant Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling pathways have been used for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mCCRCC), but resistance to the drug develops in most patients. We aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of the TKI resistance with regard to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and to investigate signaling pathway associated with the resistant mechanism. To determine the mechanism of resistance, 10 mCCRCC patients from whom tumor tissues were harvested at both the pretreatment and the TKI-resistant post-treatment period were included as the discovery cohort, and their global gene expression profiles were compared. A TKI-resistant renal cancer cell line was established by long-term treatment with sunitinib. Among differentially expressed genes in the discovery cohort, increased PD-L1 expression in post-treatment tissues was noted in four patients. Pathway analysis showed that PD-L1 expression was positively correlated with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. The TKI-resistant renal cancer cells showed increased expression of PD-L1 and mTOR signaling proteins and demonstrated aggressive tumoral behaviour. Treatment with mTOR inhibitors down-regulated PD-L1 expression and suppressed aggressive tumoral behaviour, which was reversed with stimulation of the mTOR pathway. These results showed that PD-L1 expression may be increased in a subset of VEGFR-TKI-resistant mCCRCC patients via the mTOR pathway.

Research Progress of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer,one of the common malignant tumors in women,has shown rising incidence in recent years,posing a serious threat to women's health.The advancement of molecular biology facilitates the revealing of the relationships between signaling pathways and breast cancer.Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway plays an important role in the proliferation,survival,differentiation,migration,and apoptosis of breast cancer cells.Strategies targeting the FGFR signaling pathway thus exhibit a promising prospect in breast cancer treatment.

Comprehensive Landscape of Immune Infiltration and Aberrant Pathway Activation in Ischemic Stroke.

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of multiple environmental and genetic risk factors, and it is the most common cause of disability. The immune microenvironment and inflammatory response participate in the whole process of IS occurrence and development. Therefore, the rational use of relevant markers or characteristic pathways in the immune microenvironment will become one of the important therapeutic strategies for the treatment of IS. We collected peripheral blood samples from 10 patients diagnosed with IS at the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan" University, and from 10 normal people. The GSE16561 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. xCell, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) and immune-related gene analysis were used to evaluate the differences in the immune microenvironment and characteristic pathways between the IS and control groups of the two datasets. xCell analysis showed that the IS-24h group had significantly reduced central memory CD8+ T cell, effector memory CD8+ T cell, B cell and Th1 cell scores and significantly increased M1 macrophage and macrophage scores. GSEA showed that the IS-24h group had significantly increased inflammation-related pathway activity(myeloid leukocyte activation, positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process, myeloid leukocyte migration and leukocyte chemotaxis), platelet-related pathway activity(platelet activation, signaling and aggregation; protein polymerization; platelet degranulation; cell-cell contact zone) and pathology-related pathway activity (ERBB signaling pathway, positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway, and regulation of MAP kinase activity). Immune-related signature analysis showed that the macrophage signature, antigen presentation-related signature, cytotoxicity-related signature, B cell-related signature and inflammation-related signature were significantly lower in the IS-24h group than in the control group. In this study, we found that there were significant differences in the immune microenvironment between the peripheral blood of IS patients and control patients, as shown by the IS group having significantly reduced CD8+ Tcm, CD8+ Tem, B cell and Th1 cell scores and significantly increased macrophage and M1 macrophage scores. Additionally, inflammation-related, pathological, and platelet-related pathway activities were significantly higher in the IS group than in the control group.