Forest Type Groups Research Articles

A synthesis of freshwater forested wetland soil organic carbon storage

Freshwater forested wetlands account for ~76% (918 M ha) of the total global wetland extent. However, freshwater forested wetlands are difficult to distinguish from upland forest due to canopy coverage, the abundance of wetland-nonwetland mosaics, seasonal hydropatterns, and fewer readily observable connections to large surface water bodies relative to marshes and other emergent habitats. Therefore, freshwater forested wetland ecosystems are often misclassified as upland forests in carbon accounting models, underestimating soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. This study highlights freshwater forested wetland SOC accounting challenges and presents SOC densities/stocks from a global literature synthesis across different freshwater forested wetland types. We reviewed 374 forested wetland articles, compiling and calculating carbon densities by depth from 90 freshwater forested wetland studies to construct a database of 334 study sites including nine countries. The median (± median absolute deviation) SOC stock was 91.2 ± 46.4 Mg C ha−1 and 235.3 ± 125.6 Mg C ha−1 in the top 30 cm and 100 cm of soil, respectively. The tidal freshwater forested wetland had highest SOC stock (341.6 ± 98.4 Mg C ha−1) in the upper 100 cm soil profile followed by rainforest (285.6 ± 75.8 Mg C ha−1), non-tidal swamps (229.3 ± 120.4 Mg C ha−1), and floodplain forested wetlands (176.6 ± 84 Mg C ha−1). Within the conterminous United States forest type groups, the Tsuga/Picea group had the highest median SOC stocks (353.6 ± 82.9 Mg ha−1) in the top 100 cm of soil followed by Quercus/Pinus (246.6 ± 82.3 Mg ha−1) and Quercus/Liquidambar/Taxodium (207.9 ± 87.7 Mg ha−1) groups, likely driven by variability in litter degradability, wetland hydroperiod, geomorphic positions, and regional climatic factors. This literature synthesis highlights SOC accounting in freshwater forested wetland carbon pools when estimating carbon stocks and fluxes. Results can be used to improve carbon modeling outcomes, as well as inform regional, national, and global management of wetland carbon resources.

Vertical and horizontal structure of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in the central part of the Russian Plain

The study analyses the vertical and horizontal structure of Pineta composita and Pineta hylocomiosa forest type groups in the centre of the Russian Plain. It was found that the structure in terms of heights and diameters of the first tier of stands is closer to the normal distribution in more ‘boreal’ sites. In more southern pine forests, large deviations from the normal distribution are observed. It was revealed that the closeness of the relationship between diameters and heights of Pinus sylvestris L. is in the range of 0.45 - 0.61. This is explained by the close heights of the preserved trees and the parcellar structure of the upper tier. It is shown that the structure of the second tier depends more on the age structure of the stands. It has been established that at present pine stands in the centre of the Russian Plain are characterised by processes of nemoralisation, which is also associated with climate transformation. As a result, in many cases there is a change of the main species, primarily by shade-tolerant species: Tilia cordata Mill. and Acer platanoides L. The revealed regularities can be used to combine with forest inventory data in order to obtain information on the formation of the lower tiers under the canopy of pine phytocenoses.

Development of forest ecosystems on biota monitoring plots in the area of influence of Gabčíkovo Waterwork

Abstract The construction and operation of waterworks has a significant impact on natural ecosystems. The evaluation of their negative impact and the proposal to minimize their impact, as well as the revitalization, especially of large rivers, have been given great importance in recent decades. The main goal of the study is to present impact of Gabčíkovo Waterwork on forest ecosystems after 30 years of damming. Specially evaluated are monitoring sites where changes are observed in the Slovak part of the so-called inland delta, i.e., between old and new riverbed of the Danube. The assessment of changes in terrestrial vegetation on selected monitoring sites was compared with the assessment of parallel measured soil moisture data. At the same time, data from the National Forestry Centre were also used to monitor changes in the state of forest ecosystems in the whole area of interest. When comparing the species composition from state to 2015 and from the period before GW was put into operation (in 1990) an increase was found in the area share of hardwood floodplain forest by 5.77% and the area shares of softwood floodplain forests decreased by 1.71%. Between 1990 and 2015, 68.43% of the territory remained unchanged at the level of forest type groups. A change in habitat conditions towards drier forest types was recorded on 23.61% of the territory.

Система мониторинга природной динамики лесного массива заповедника «Костомукшский»

The concept and current results of setting up the forest monitoring network at the Kostomukshska Strict Nature Reserve (Zapovednik) are presented. It has been demonstrated that pine forests predominate in the reserve’s forest cover (80.4 % of the forested area), followed by spruce (19.1 %) and birch (0.5 %). The ecological spectrum of the reserve’s forests comprises 7 groups of forest types, with the bilberry group prevailing (67 %) both among pine and among spruce stands. In terms of age structure, coniferous stands in the reserve are even-aged, multi-aged and all-aged, representing stages of the post-catastrophic regeneration succession and phases of subclimax and climax community cycles. Analysis of spatial patterns in the distribution of pristine and secondary forests has shown that anthropogenically altered forests are mainly situated in the western part of the reserve, at the border with Finland. The eastern part is a concentration of pristine north-taiga forests with a distinct mosaic of natural age dynamics phases. It was suggested that the forest monitoring network should be based on the landscape typological and spatial-temporal approaches taking into account the sublandscape-level structure of the reserve’s natural territorial complex and the distribution of forests in the study area by the rate of anthropogenic influence, prevalent species, forest types, and age structure types. Permanent sample plots will be established within 3 model areas (sites). For each of the 5 forest types of pine and 2 types of spruce stands, such plots should represent all age groups of even-aged stands (4 sample plots at maximum), and at least one sample plot should be allocated for each type (subtype) of the uneven-aged structure. The preliminary estimate is that, in total, there should be at least 98 permanent sample plots in the forest monitoring network of the Kostomukshskiy Zapovednik. So many units are needed to work out the algorithm for correcting the existing forest compartment characteristics given by the forest inventory in what concerns the age structure and the succession phase of stands. It is foreseen that all the factual material thus amassed will serve as the basis for modeling the scenarios of the natural dynamics of this forest massif and, perhaps, of other objects with similar structure. For citation: Raevsky B.V., Ilinov A.A., Medvedeva M.V., Rudkovskaya O.V. The Natural Dynamics Monitoring System of the Forests in the Kostomukshsky Reserve. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 81–101. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-81-101

Tree Storey Structure and Condition Dynamics in Middle-Taiga Native Spruce Forests of the Northern Ural Foothills

The paper focuses on the dynamic processes occurring in indigenous spruce phytocenoses developing on the territory of one of the large reserves of spontaneous dark coniferous taiga in the European North – the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve. The aim of the study was to assess the size structure dynamics of the forest stands and the undergrowth, as well as changes in their vital status in naturally developing spruce stands of the green moss and long-stem moss groups of forest types in the foothills of the Northern Urals (the basin of the upper reaches of the Pechora River). The spruce stands, mixed in composition and complex in structure, form a cyclic uneven-aged type of structure. For the middle taiga indigenous spruce forests, based on the assessment of inequality in the woody plants’ sizes distribution, the results of the long-term structure monitoring of the forest stands and the undergrowth on four permanent sample plots were analysed. In forest stands of different types, a similar dynamics of tree differentiation by trunk volume and undergrowth by trunk height was observed. There is a significant accumulation of small woody plants individuals, with a smooth, evenly fading distribution of their numbers in the direction of size increase. Under the canopy of forest stands there is a continuous regrowth process. According to the data of stationary observations of the vitality and damage degree of trees and undergrowth of spruce forests, based on a visual assessment of a woody plant state according to the characteristics of the crown, a slightly weakened condition of both the upper tree layers of the phytocenosis and the lower – undergrowth was revealed. Spruce stands are at the stage of initial weakening or are already weakened, the undergrowth is predominantly healthy.

Environmental management: a country-level evaluation of atmospheric particulate matter removal by the forests of India.

Particulate matter (PM) is a critical air pollutant, responsible for an array of ailments leading to premature mortality worldwide. Nature-based solutions for mitigation of PM and especially role of forests in mitigating PM from an ecosystem perspective are less explored. Forests provide a natural pollution abatement strategy by providing a surface area for the deposition of PM. Depending on their structure and composition, forests have varying capacities for PM adsorption, which is again less explored. Hence, in the present study, we evaluate the removal capacity of PM by the forest-type groups of India. Deposition flux and total PM removal across sixteen forest types were estimated based on the 2019 dataset of PM using Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) data. Externality values and PM removal costs by industrial equipment were used for associating an economic value to the air pollution abatement service by forests. The total PM2.5 removal by forests in 2019 was estimated to be 1361.28 tons and PM10 was estimated to be 303,658.27 tons. Deposition of PM was found to be high in littoral and swamp forests, tropical semi-evergreen forests, tropical moist deciduous forests, and sub-tropical pine forests. Tropical dry deciduous forests had the highest net weight % removal of PM with 39% removal for PM2.5 and 39% removal for PM10. The air pollution abatement service by forests for PM removal was 188 M US dollars (USD) with externality-based removal service by forests of 2009 M USD. The net PM removed by all forests of India was estimated to be approximately worth ₹ 470-648 Crore (59-81 million dollars) for PM2.5 and worth ₹56,746-1,22,617 Crore (7093-15,327 million dollars) for PM10 based on valuation using value transfer method. The study concludes that forests can be a significant contributor to PM reduction at a global level. Especially for India's National Clean Air Programme and further research and policy considerations, the findings would be extremely useful.

Vitality Structure of the Middle-Aged Northern Taiga Pine Forest Stands

On the example of the northern taiga pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests of the western Kola peninsula (67°30′–68°10′ N, 33°57′–34°21′ W) the vitality structure of the middle-aged forest stands was studied in the communities within the lichen, lichen-green moss and green moss groups of forest types (12 permanent sample plots). It has been established that the studied forest stands are characterized by a numerical predominance of moderately and severely weakened trees (total share of 55–70%), and of moderately weakened and healthy trees in terms of trunk volume (total share of 50–75%). The significant factors found to contribute into the formation of the middle-aged pine forest stands’ vitality structure are their density, the sum of the basal areas and the forest type. The density of the forest stand is the main contributor to the nature of the trees’ vitality differentiation. Three main types of pine vitality spectra were identified, differing in the value of the stand vitality index.

Classifying, inventorying, and mapping mature and old-growth forests in the United States

Because of its importance to both carbon storage and biodiversity, old forest has regained currency as a focus of forest management and policy. However, absence of a systematic approach to classifying stages of forest development across all forest types precludes our understanding of the current distribution of the mature and old-growth forest estate. Here, we propose functional definitions of mature and old-growth forests consistent with theories of forest stand development and evaluate the implications for assessing their spatial distribution nationwide. Using plot data from a national forest inventory and assuming space-for-time substitution, we modeled forest carbon accumulation over time using saturating, non-linear growth models. We define the onset of old-growth characteristics as occurring at the age when the density of total forest carbon stored in live and dead biomass reaches 95% of the empirically derived maximum, and the mature forest stage as occurring between the peak average carbon increment and the age of onset of old growth. We fit models within unique forest type-groups and, where possible, accounted for differences in site productivity. Population-level estimates of the mature and old-growth forest estate were calculated using sample design-based estimators. Across forest type-groups, the age at onset of old growth varied from 34 to 577 years, and the onset of mature forest conditions ranged between 16 and 313 years. Within forest type-groups, the effect of site quality on the age at onset of mature and old-growth forest varied but generally supported our hypothesis that high site quality accelerates forest development and increases forest carbon storage in old forests. We classified 6.3% of current forested lands in the United States as old growth and almost one-third as mature. Of the current old-growth forest estate, approximately 46% is found on federal public lands, and 11% is currently in congressional reserves. We posit that continued improvements to modeling the dynamic process of forest development and integration with structural definitions of old growth will be needed to ensure targets for old-growth retention and development are achieved.

Diversity of the vegetation cover of the zone of potential influence of the Nizhneboguchanskaya HPP (Lower Angara region)

Active economic development of the Lower Angara zone requires the creation of a scientific basis for long-term monitoring of the state of natural ecosystems. The paper gives an assessment of the diversity of vegetation cover in the zone of potential influence of the Nizhneboguchanskaya HPP. An analysis of its typological structure on a landscape-ecological basis is given. The results of the DCA ordination and the interpretation of the leading axes of variation demonstrated the presence of four distinct groups of forest types that form ecological series according to the leading factors - the richness and hydrothermal regimes of soils. The dendrogram of forest types in the study area reflects the floristic integrity of the identified groups of forest types and the floristic relationships between them.

An assessment of the sustainability of family forests in the U.S.A.

An assessment of the sustainability of family forests in the U.S.A.

Biological reserves of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) in the coniferous forests of Altai Krai

The article presents information on the biological resources of the bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) in the coniferous forests of the Altai Krai. Bracken fern is one of the most widespread ferns in the Altai Krai. It often dominates in grass cover in both deciduous and coniferous forests. The author gives a morphological description of the plant, characterizes the features of growth and development, considers the influence of environmental factors (temperature, humidity, lighting, anthropogenic activity) on the distribution and abundance of this species. The article provides data on biological productivity of bracken fern in different natural zones of Russia. The regularities of changes in the biological productivity of the bracken fern were revealed depending on the habitat conditions. In the Altai Krai, commercial harvesting of bracken fern is carried out in various types of forests. Long-term exploitation of the same lands leads to a decrease of resources and disruption of the natural populations’ structure. To study the current state of populations and identify the biological and commercial stocks of bracken, we examined coniferous forests (fir and pine forests) in the zones of mass harvesting of bracken - in the Priobsky Bor area and in the Salair ridge zone. In the study area, 68 key sites in various groups of forest types were established by random sampling. At each site, geobotanical descriptions of the forest community were carried out, the number of fronds, the density of standing, the projective cover and the average weight of one frond were determined. The data obtained are extrapolated to the entire study area. Studies show an extremely uneven distribution of bracken fern in forest types and individual regions. During the research period, the biological, economic and operational stocks of bracken fern were determined and recommendations were given on the amount of annual harvest in various types of forests.

Stand Age Class to Size Class Crosswalk by Forest Type Group in Minnesota, USA

Many forestry models require the input of stand size class information, a variable with multiple definitions across forest inventories. This work describes a crosswalk between stand age class and stand size class for several forest type groups in Minnesota to facilitate consistency and availability of the latter information. Refinements to the crosswalk include ratio adjustments that redistribute the number of plots (or hectares) from one estimated size class to another, based on known crosswalk error rates. The results showed that 61.9% of all plots were correctly classified, and 95.5% were within one size class. Correct classifications for individual forest type/size class combinations ranged from 16.7–79.2%. Applying the crosswalk to a validation dataset produced percent errors from −46.4% to 49.4%, but with the ratio adjustment, errors dropped to −20.1% to 14.4%. These results suggest that the crosswalk and ratio adjustments provide a coarse, yet reasonable, substitute to using more complex stand size classification methodologies, particularly when forecasting future stand conditions.

Spatio-temporal variability of water use efficiency and its drivers in major forest formations in India

Spatio-temporal variability of water use efficiency and its drivers in major forest formations in India

Availability of forest plots for reforestation activities

Over the past decades, as a result of the economic use of forests, the impact of fires and biotic factors, the forest cover has undergone significant anthropogenic transformation. In certain forest conditions, reforestation is delayed for a long period, which leads to the accumulation of non-producing forest lands. The aim of the work was to develop a methodology for determining the criteria for accessibility of forest areas for carrying out reforestation activities on the example of the territory of the Taezhinsky forestry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The area is dominated by deciduous plantations of average productivity. In the surveyed areas, natural regeneration is represented by soft-leaved species - birch and aspen of medium and large size categories from 1000 to 6000 pcs/ha. There is no natural regeneration of coniferous species. In these areas, it is necessary to create forest crops. The availability of forest areas for carrying out reforestation activities is limited by the transport, ecological and economic accessibility of forest crops. Within the boundaries of transport accessible quarters for carrying out reforestation activities, areas are identified that are suitable for soil and forest growing conditions for creating forest cultures with promising forest inventory characteristics not lower than grade III. The presented conditions correspond, first of all, to the green moss and forb groups of forest types. These plots constitute the second zone of silvicultural zoning, that is, an outstanding characteristic within the transport accessible quarters. The first stage of development includes forest areas of the II class of bonitet and higher, the second stage - III class of bonitet. Areas of quality class IV and below are reserved for natural reforestation.

Spatiotemporal Invasion Severity of Chinese Tallow (Triadica sebifera) and Invasibility of Forest Types in Southern US Forestlands

Abstract Quantifying invasion severity of nonnative invasive plant species is vital for the development of appropriate mitigation and control measures. We examined more than 23,250 Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots from the southern coastal states of the United States to develop an alternative method to classify and map the invasion severity of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera). Remeasured FIA plot-level data were used to examine the spatiotemporal changes in the presence probability and cover percentage of tallow. Four invasion severity classes were identified by using the product of presence probability and cover percentage. Chinese tallow invasion severity increased over time with 90 and 123 counties being classified into the highest severity class for the first and second measurement, respectively. Further, the invasibility of major forest-type groups by severity class was examined using the product of the county-level mean presence probability and mean cover percentage of Chinese tallow as a proxy of invasibility. Longleaf/slash pine (Pinus palustris/P. elliottii) forests were highly resilient to the Chinese tallow invasion. In contrast, elm/ash/cottonwood (Ulmus spp./Fraxinus spp./Populus deltoides) and oak/gum/cypress (Quercus spp./Nyssa spp./Taxodium spp.) forest-type groups were vulnerable to invasion.

Multiple soil factors explain eutrophication signals in the understorey vegetation of temperate forests

AbstractQuestionsVegetation in forest understories is determined by a complex interplay of many different environmental factors, including light, water and nutrient availability. Changes in these conditions, especially changes in nitrogen (N) availability, have been widely discussed to cause shifts in species composition and loss of oligotrophic species. We examined whether nitrogen is the most important factor for the decline of nitrogen‐sensitive species in understorey communities, as measured by average Ellenberg N values and the share and number of nitrogen‐sensitive character species.LocationNine different oligo–mesotrophic types of temperate forest in southwest Germany.MethodsWe combined understorey vegetation and soil data from 135 forest stands. To study the importance of variables in explaining the vegetation gradients, we used random forest analyses and non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations combined with fitting of environmental vectors.ResultsWe detected strong differences between three examined forest type groups: eutrophication in the understorey vegetation of broad‐leaved forests on carbonate soils was strongly related to high canopy closure and low soil carbon/phosphorus (C/P) ratio. In broad‐leaved forests on acidic soil, base saturation played a major role, but the vegetation was also influenced by the C/N and C/P ratios. In coniferous forests on acidic soil, soil pH and organic layer depth were important, as were the C/N, C/P and N/P ratios.ConclusionOur results show that eutrophication in understorey forest vegetation is not monocausal. Rather, oligotrophic species of forest communities are reduced at sites with higher N or P availability and/or higher base saturation and soil pH. These conditions favor fast‐growing ubiquitous species in the competition for light and other limiting factors. Since these factors were of varying importance between the forest types examined, differences shaping the forest communities need to be regarded when evaluating the impact of environmental changes, for example through atmospheric nitrogen deposition.

Current aboveground live tree carbon stocks and annual net change in forests of conterminous United States

BackgroundWith the introduction of the Trillion Trees Initiative and similar programs, forests’ ability to absorb carbon dioxide is increasingly in the spotlight. Many states have mandates to develop climate action plans, of which forest carbon is an important component, and planners need current information on forest carbon stocks and rates of change at relevant spatial scales. To this end, we examine rates of average annual change in live aboveground tree carbon in different forest type groups and provide state-wide and regional summaries of current live tree carbon stock and rates of change for the forests of the conterminous United States. Forest carbon summaries are presented in a format designed to meet the needs of managers, policymakers, and others requiring current estimates of aboveground live tree carbon at state and regional scales.ResultsRegional average aboveground live tree carbon stocks (represented on a per area basis) are generally between 40 and 75 tC/ha but range from 12.8 tC/ha in the Great Plains to 130 tC/ha in the Pacific Northwest West (west-side of Cascades). Regional average annual change in live aboveground tree carbon varies from a low of − 0.18 mtC/ha/y in the Rocky Mountain South to a high value of 1.74 mtC/ha/y in Pacific Northwest West. For individual states, carbon per unit area varies widely, from a low of 11.9 tC/ha in Nevada to a high of 96.4 tC/ha in Washington, with half the states falling between 50 and 75 tC/ha. Rates of average annual change in live aboveground tree carbon vary from a high of 1.82 tC/ha/y in Mississippi to a low of − 0.47 tC/ha/y in Colorado.ConclusionsAboveground live tree carbon stocks and rates of average annual change vary by forest type within regions. While softwood forest types currently exhibit a higher rate of increase in the amount of carbon in aboveground live tree biomass, the current standing stock of carbon per unit area does not consistently follow this pattern. For this reason, we recommend computing and considering both measures -standing stock and average annual change—of carbon storage. The relative importance of each component will depend on management and policy objectives and the time frame related to those objectives. Harvesting and natural disturbance also affect forest carbon stock and change and may need to be considered if developing projections of potential carbon storage.

Indicator-based vulnerability assessment of forest ecosystem in the Indian Western Himalayas: An analytical hierarchy process integrated approach

Understanding the vulnerability of forests and its associated factors is crucial for the sustainable management of forested landscapes. The assessment of vulnerability of forests in the Indian Western Himalayan (IWH) region comprising the states of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), Himachal Pradesh (HP) and Uttarakhand (UK) was done using six indicators of vulnerability in the form of biological richness index, disturbance index, forest canopy density, fire point intensity and forest extraction intensity of fringe forests. We express this assessment as the “indicator-based vulnerability”. The indicators were allocated weights by multi criteria analysis using analytical hierarchy process. The spatial extent of all of the selected indicators was mapped for the IWH region at a pixel resolution of 24 m and was integrated to find out the vulnerability for each pixel in a GIS environment. The study area was divided into 172 grids of size 0.5°, equivalent to the grid size of available climatic projections, out of which 67 grids were identified as the forest grids. The grids that have at least 5% forest cover were designated as the forest grids and the vulnerability assessment was done only for these grids. The final representation of vulnerability across forested grids of the IWH was done at a spatial resolution of 5' and 0.5° to categorise as low, medium, high and very high class. It was observed that the highest concentration of “very high” and “high” vulnerable grids of 5' size lies in the state of UK, comprising 32 and 31%, respectively. The aggregated values at 0.5° indicate that most of the grids of UK fall under very high vulnerability except for the few uppermost and lowermost grids falling under other categories. In J&K, most of the 5' grids fall under low vulnerability (41%), while medium, high and very high categories are 27, 25 and 7%, respectively. Similarly, out of total 28 grids of size 0.5°, only one grid is categorized as very high vulnerable, while 11 grids fall under high vulnerability. In HP, none of the grids of either size is categorized as very high vulnerable. It was observed that most of the high and very high vulnerable grids in the IWH are in the lower altitudes while higher altitudes have lesser magnitude of vulnerability. Forests occurring at a higher elevation such as the Alpine forests (dry, moist and sub-alpine) is the least vulnerable forests compared to other forest type groups of the IWH.

Modeling of growth and development of spruce stands in the West Siberian South taiga plain forest region

Taxation standards, including growth tables, play an important role in the design of forestry activities and the organization of management in forest areas, but it still cannot be argued that they fully reflect all the features of the dynamics of forest stands in various forest growing conditions. The present work is devoted to filling in the gaps in the characteristics of the growth features of Siberian fir (Abies sibirica L.) stands within the West Siberian southern taiga plain forest region. The aim of the work was to develop models of growth and development of the most common types of forests of the fir formation within the boundaries of the study area. The work is based on the materials of the mass inventory of 3491 stands, while 1367 stands belonged to the stands of the forb group of forest types, and 2124 stands to the green moss. Modeling was carried out for average height (H), average diameter (D), stock (M) of stands. As a result of the study, mathematical models of the dynamics of the taxation indicators of Siberian fir stands of two most common groups of forest types in the study area - green moss fir forests and forb fir forests - were constructed. For practical use, tables of the course of growth of modal fir stands were developed, which were supplemented with information on the age dynamics of phytomass and carbon concentration.

Region-wide characterization of structural diversity of the U.S. Outer Coastal Plain Mixed Forests Province

Region-wide characterization of structural diversity of the U.S. Outer Coastal Plain Mixed Forests Province