Animals Of Experimental Group Research Articles

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПРОБИОТИКА, ПОДВЕРГНУТОГО СОЧЕТАННОМУ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЮ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ ЧАСТИЦ И ГИПОМАГНИТНОЙ СРЕДЫ, В ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЕ С ВЫВЕШИВАНИЕМ КРЫС

A probiotic food subjected to a combined exposure to hypomagnetism and heavy charged particles was tested for the ability to counteract the negative effects of these spaceflight factors. The experiment was conducted with 36 male Wistar rats. The experimental group of animals (n=18) was tail-suspended for 21 days in order to experience a modeled hypogravity. Their controls were held in individual cages without suspension. Both groups were divided into 3 subgroups depending on which supplement they consumed, i.e. placebo, a probiotic food that had been or had not been exposed to proton radiation and hypomagnetism. As a result, it was established that suspension, as a stressor, causes reductions in the majority of intestinal protective microflora and that the preventive food levels the negative changes significantly. The number of lactobacilli in the suspended group fed with the probiotic food exposed to radiation and hypomagnetism remained unchanged throughout the experiment. This fact points to the stabilizing effect of the food on intestinal microflora. Effectiveness of the exposed food was close to that of usual.

Физиологические показатели равнозубой бурозубки (Sorex isodon, Eulipotyphla) при непродолжительном пребывании в холодной воде

The physiological indices of small mammals caught in the natural environment are used to assess their living conditions, analyze the impact of various factors on populations, identify the mechanisms of animal adaptation to these factors, and for other purposes. At the same time, pitfall traps with water are often used to capture animals, especially shrews. The water temperature in such traps is characterized by rather low values. Even a relatively short stay of animals in cold water can lead to changes in their physiological parameters, which must be taken into account. The aim of this study was to evaluate such changes in shrews, on example of Sorex isodon. The variability of the physiological parameters of shrews during immersion in cold water is also of interest from the point of view of their physiology of thermoregulation. Shrews are among the smallest mammals, and therefore are characterized by high rates of heat loss. At the same time, these animals are active all year round and are widely distributed in the northern regions, where they are often exposed to acute cold exposure. The physiological mechanisms of adaptation of shrews to such conditions are still insufficiently studied. The study was conducted in late July-August 2016 on immature young-of-the-year even-toothed shrews (Sorex isodon Turov, 1924). The capture of shrews was carried out in the vicinity of Magadan (Russia). Before the start of the experiment, the caught animals had been kept individually for 2 days in plastic containers (37x26x26 cm) at room temperature with the provision of water and food ad libitum. Control animals were decapitated under ether anesthesia after keeping. The experimental animals were placed in a container with water preliminarily cooled to 4.5-9°C (6.5°C on average). After the swimming intensity of the shrews significantly decreased, they were also subjected to anesthesia and decapitation. The experimental group consisted of 22, and the control group consisted of 21 animals. The following physiological indices were determined in the shrews: blood glucose level, glycogen and lipid content in the liver, mass of internal organs and fat reserves, and the number of bone marrow cells in the femur. For statistical analyses, the Mann-Whitney U-test was used. The average swimming time of S. isodon in the experiment was 5.8 minutes. A relatively short immersion in cold water led to a significant change in the values of some physiological parameters in S. isodon. The indices of energy metabolism showed greatest differences between the control and experimental groups of animals. The level of blood glucose in S. isodon in the test group was significantly higher (See Fig. 1). On the contrary, the liver glycogen content in shrews sharply decreased after the experimental treatment. The level of this carbohydrate in the experimental group was 80% less than in the control. Acute cold exposure also provoked a fairly rapid change in the mass of fat reserves in S. isodon. The absolute and relative mass of the interscapular adipose tissue of S. isodon decreased by 11.9% and 10.7%, respectively, and that of the inguinal adipose tissue, by 20.9% and 18.8%, respectively (See Table 1). Differences in the mass of some shrew organs were also significant. The absolute and relative weight of the spleen was higher in the experimental animals. After exposure to cold water, S. isodon also had a higher relative heart mass than controls, although the differences in the absolute mass of this organ were insignificant. On the contrary, the absolute mass of shrew kidneys decreased after immersion in cold water. All other physiological indices showed no significant differences between the groups of control and experimental S. isodon. Thus, a relatively short stay of shrews in cold water provokes a significant change in the mass of their adipose tissue and some organs. High demand for glucose during acute cold stress leads to rapid depletion of liver glycogen. The rate of reduction of fat reserves in shrews under cold exposure is also quite high and exceeds that of most other mammals. It is known that in regions characterized by severe climatic conditions, the rate of reserve fat mobilization is of great importance for the survival of small mammals. The ability to quickly store and spend fat reserves, therefore, seems to be an important adaptation of shrews to living in cold climates.

Activation of reparative processes of chronic wounds using photobiomodulation therapy (experimental study).

Aim: The aim of the work was to study the ef f ect of photobiomodulation therapy on the regulation of disorders in the healing of chronic wounds at the remodeling stage using indicators of platelet aggregation activity, reactive oxygen species, platelet-derived growth factor, and interleukin-1β. Materials and Methods: The study included 3 groups of Wistar rats: intact animals and animals of the control and experimental groups, for which chronic wounds were simulated. Rats in the experimental group received photobiomodulation therapy once a day for 5 days. Wound defects of animals in the control group were fictitiously irradiated. The levels of reactive oxygen species, platelet-derived growth factor, and interleukin-1β in the blood serum of animals were studied by enzyme immunoassay. The functional activity of platelets was measured on a computerized platelet aggregation analyzer using the turbidimetric method. Histological studies were carried out. Results: Changes in the expression of the studied indicators were found in the blood serum of animals with chronic wounds when using photobiomodulation therapy: an increase in platelet-derived growth factor concentrations, the levels of reactive oxygen species and interleukin-1β did not have statistically signif i cant differences compared to the corresponding indicators of animals in the control group. There were no significant differences in the indicators of platelet aggregation activity in the control and experimental groups of animals. Conclusions: The findings suggest that photobiomodulation therapy may promote wound healing by increasing platelet-derived growth factor levels. Histological studies have shown that using photobiomodulation therapy helps reduce inflammation and better organization of collagen fibers in animals of the experimental group.

THE INFLUENCE OF MESENCHYMAL STROMAL CELLS OF DIFFERENT GENESIS ON ENERGY METABOLISM IN THE RAT SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX DURING ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION

Introduction. About 60-80% of cerebral circulation disorders are due to ischemia, that leads to high mortality, disability in working age and economic burden on society in developed countries of the world. Objective: To investigate the effect of ischemia-reperfusion on parameters of carbohydrate and energy exchanges in the rat somatosensory cortex and to determine the cerebroprotective action of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) of various genesis, MSC lysate and the reference drug Citicoline. Methods. The study was performed on 200 male Wistar rats, divided into 9 groups. Group 1 included intact animals; group 2 – sham-operated rats; group 3 – control pathology (rats were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion by occlusion of the internal carotid arteries and injected with a 0.9% saline solution (2 ml/kg) into the femoral vein); group 4 – immediately after ischemia-reperfusion rats were transplanted with 106 MSC cells/animal derived from Wharton’s jelly of the human umbilical cord; group 5 – 106 cells/animal of rat embryonic fibroblasts; group 6 – 106 cells/animal derived from human adipose MSCs; group 7 – 106 cells/animal derived from rat adipose MSCs; group 8 – 0.2 ml/animal of lysate derived from Wharton’s jelly MSCs; group 9 – the reference drug Citicoline (250 mg/kg). Parameters of carbohydrate and energy metabolism in rat somatosensory cortex under the conditions of cerebral IR and on the background of correction studied on the 7th and 14th day. Results. It was found that after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in the rat somatosensory cortex in research periods an increase in the levels of glucose, lactate, lactate/pyruvate ratio and a decrease in the content of pyruvate and succinate dehydrogenase were revealed. In the groups of experimental animals with intravenous transplantation of MSCs of various origins, MSC lysate and Citicoline, the perturbation in glucose metabolism was reduced, lactate content was decreased and the levels of pyruvate and succinate dehydrogenase were significantly increased (p<0.05), compared to rats with control pathology. A more pronounced positive effect in the recovery of disturbed energy processes and elimination of metabolic acidosis was observed with the use of human Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs. Conclusions. The study demonstrated that experimental 20-minute model ischemia-reperfusion in rats caused a violation of the carbohydrate and energy balance in the somatosensory cortex. Human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs contributed to the recovery of disturbed energy processes in the somatosensory cortex and eliminated metabolic acidosis at the level of Citicoline or better than it, which is one of the links of the mechanism of the cerebral protective action of MSCs. Embryonic rat fibroblasts were slightly inferior in efficiency to Citicoline and human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly MSCs, which indicates a higher cerebroprotective activity of xenotransplantation.

Changes of cerebrospinal fluid pressure gradient in different body positions under experimental impairment of cerebrospinal fluid pathway: new insight into hydrocephalus development.

It is generally accepted that hydrocephalus is a consequence of the disbalance between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion and absorption which should in turn lead to CSF pressure gradient development and ventricular enlargement. To test CSF pressure gradient role in hydrocephalus development, we experimentally caused CSF system impairment at two sites in cats. In the first group of animals, we caused Sylvian aqueduct obstruction and recorded CSF pressure changes pre and post obstruction at three measuring sites (lateral ventricle -LV, cortical-CSS and lumbar subarachnoid space -LSS) during 15 min periods and in different body positions over 360 degrees. In the second group of experiments, we caused cervical stenosis by epidural plastic semiring implantation and monitored CSF pressure changes pre and post stenosis implantation at two measuring sites (lateral ventricle and lumbar subarachnoid space) during 15 min periods in different body positions over 360 degrees. Both groups of experimental animals had similar CSF pressures before stenosis or obstruction at all measuring points in the horizontal position. During head-up verticalization, CSF pressures inside the cranium gradually became more subatmospheric with no significant difference between LV and CSS, as they are measured at the same hydrostatic level, while CSF pressure inside LSS became more positive, causing the development of a large hydrostatic gradient between the cranial and the spinal space. With cervical stenosis, CSF pressure inside the cranium is positive during head-up verticalization, while in cats with aqueductal obstruction CSF pressure inside the CSS remains negative, as it was during control period. Concomitantly, CSF pressure inside LV becomes less negative, thus creating a small hydrostatic gradient between LV and CSS. Since CSF pressure and gradient changes occur only by shifting body position from the horizontal plane, our results indicate that cervical stenosis in a head-up vertical position reduces blood perfusion of the whole brain, while aqueductal obstruction impairs only the perfusion of the local periventricular brain tissue. It seems that, for evolutionary important bipedal activity, free craniospinal communication and good spinal space compliance represent crucial biophysical parameters for adequate cerebral blood perfusion and prevention of pathophysiological changes leading to the development of hydrocephalus.

Meat productivity and functional properties of meat from Kazakh white-headed bulls with the introduction of an adaptogen system into the diet

This article provides research on the use of a system of adaptogens of plant and animal origin, such as Leuzea safflower, drone homogenate, and pantocrine. The use of adaptogens in diets stimulates the development of animals, improves biochemical parameters, increases meat productivity and the characteristics of meat raw materials. To assess the effectiveness of adaptogens in diets, control and experimental groups of animals were compiled. Adaptogen preparations were fed to animals for 12 months. During the experiments, meat productivity indicators were determined. At the final stage of the research, an assessment of raw meat obtained from the control and experimental groups was carried out in order to determine its functional and technological properties. During the research, it was found that the use of the adaptogen system increases the meat productivity of animals, improves the quality and technological parameters of meat.

ФЕРМЕНТНЫЕ ПРЕПАРАТЫ СОВМЕСТНО С КОМПЛЕКСОМ МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В КОРМЛЕНИИ БЫЧКОВ

This article examines the effect of enzyme products used in the diet on growth and development rates of Simmental steers. The steers of the 1st group (experimental) were fed the basic diet plus the Cellobacterin enzyme product at 25 g/head per day, and the animals of the 2nd experimental group received the Fibrozaim enzyme product at 15 g/head per day in addition to the basic diet. The introduction of feed additives into the diet resulted in higher growth and development rates in the experimental groups. The study found between group differences in morphological blood parameters in favour of the experimental groups steers. The findings indicate a higher level of metabolism in the animals, which is consistent with the animal productivity.

Determination of the status of the antioxidant system in rats after implantation of polypropylene surgical mesh with a coating based on tantalum and its derivatives

For the past 10 years, specialists in hernioplasty have noted that there is a problem with the occurrence of an adhesion process after the implantation of surgical meshes. In the future, tantalum-based coatings may become an inhibitor of the development of adhesion and inflammatory processes after surgical mesh implantation. The aim of our study was to determine the state of the antioxidant system by the activity of superoxide dismutase 1 and catalase in the blood of rats after implantation of surgical meshes coated on the basis of tantalum, tantalum oxide and tantalum nitride. After acclimatization, which lasted 21 days, the experimental animals were divided into 6 groups by random sampling: the first (intact) group included 6 rats. The second group included 6 rats that underwent surgery, but without implementation of a surgical mesh. The third group included 7 rats with an implanted surgical mesh coated with tantalum. The fourth group included 7 rats with an implanted surgical mesh covered with tantalum oxide. The fifth group includes 7 rats with an implanted surgical mesh covered with tantalum nitride. The sixth group included 7 rats with an implanted surgical mesh without a coating. To achieve the goal, 40 laboratory rats were implanted with surgical meshes between the abdominal wall and various sections of the large intestine. After 28 days, the activity of SuperOxide Dismutase 1 (SOD 1) and catalase was determined in the blood of the animals. SOD 1 activity was statistically 126.3% higher, and catalase activity was 92.5% higher in the experimental group with surgical mesh without coating. SOD 1 activity was 126.6% higher and catalase activity was 100.0% higher in the experimental group with tantalum nitride coated surgical mesh. In the groups implanted with polypropylene surgical meshes coated with tantalum and tantalum oxide, the activity of SOD 1 was higher by 86.2% and 97.1%, respectively, and the activity of catalase was higher by 70.3% and 67.6%, respectively. As a result of the study, we came to the conclusion that coatings made of tantalum and tantalum oxide demonstrate high biocompatibility in comparison with the results of a group of experimental animals that were implanted with a surgical mesh without a coating. The use of tantalum and tantalum oxide coatings provides a protective effect of the implant against oxidative damage, which indicates their potential to improve the effectiveness of the use of surgical meshes. Keywords: tantalum oxide, superoxide dismutase 1, catalase.

The effect of crude extract of Cyathula prostrata leaves on serum c-reactive proteins levels of normal albino Wistar rats after an administration period of 7 days

Food fortification is considered a sustainable public health strategy because it can reach wider populations through existing food delivery systems without requiring major changes in existing consumption patterns (Das et al., 2013.). C-reactive Protein (CRP) is a major acute phase reactant synthesized primarily in the liver hepatocytes. CRP shows the strongest association with cardiovascular events. It is detectable on the surface of about 4% of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. This research was designed to study the effects of the administration of graded doses (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg) of crude extracts of Cyathulaprotrata leaves on albino Wistar rats after a period of 7 days. The animals were sacrificed after the experimental period and blood collected and prepared for analysis to access the level of blood C-reactive protein. After the study, it was observed that the blood C-reactive protein levels for groups II and III animals were elevated significantly, indicating that there was tissue damage due to toxicity of xenobiotics. This research has led to the conclusion that the consumption of Cyathulaprostrata leaves extract was safe though it generated oxidative stress. Results show that experimental animals of group II, and III indicated elevated C-reactive protein levels (3.21±0.19 and 3.14±1.11 mg/dL respectively) significantly at p<0.5 when compared to experimental animals of group 1 (control, 2.38±1.04 mg/dL) significantly at p<0.05.

EFFECT OF FEED ADDITIVE DHQEC ON INDICATORS OF ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN FATTENING PIGS

World consumption of pork is steadily increasing, with the growing demand for pork being met by increasing both the number of pigs and their slaughter weight. However, pork production faces negative factors leading to the development of oxidative stress, which does not allow the genetic potential of the breeds to be fully realised. Particular attention is paid to the post-weaning period in pigs, when they are exposed to numerous stresses, with low adaptive capacity. This is an important period in pig rearing as it is often accompanied by temporary low feed intake, poor growth, intestinal dysbiosis and diarrhoea after weaning. These factors pose a threat to animal health and welfare, increasing the risk of mortality and leading to significant economic losses. For many years the problem of oxidative stress has been solved by the use of zinc oxide in the diets of weaned piglets. The use of natural antioxidant additives in pig diets is becoming more and more relevant in pig breeding practice. Natural antioxidants include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol (vitamin E) and dihydroquercitin. The aim of our research was to create and test a feed complex with the additive properties of antioxidants and vitamins. We developed a new feed complex of Dihydroquercetin (DHQ) with vitamins E and C (DHQEC), which was fed to boars at a dose of 0.025% of the basic diet during the whole period of fattening. The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the blood serum of experimental animals was found to be significantly higher (p<0.1) by 12.5% at the end of the study compared with the control group. There was also a dynamics of oxidized glutathione concentration (GSS) decrease in experimental group animals, as well as a significant increase (p<0.05) of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSS) ratio by 45,9%. The concentration of malonic dialdehyde (MDA) was reliably lower (P<0.05) by 33,6% in comparison with the control group, while the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was 48.2% higher in the period before slaughter (p<0,1) in experimental group. The main effect of feeding DHQEC in mixed fodders was evident in the improvement of average daily live weight gain (ADG), including at the beginning of the experiment, the 1st week (p<0.10), and in the first period of fattening (5-8 weeks, p=0.09; 8 weeks, p<0.05). These indices testify to effective action of antioxidants and promote reactivity of organism and stress resistance, which raises the indices of productivity.

Biological Activity study of the <i>Melampyrum sylvaticum</i> Extract

Introduction. Among wild plants that have an effect on the nervous system, species of the genus Melampyrum L. are distinguished, in particular, Melampyrum sylvaticum L. Extracts from the aerial part of the plant have long been used in folk medicine as sedatives and anticonvulsants. Currently, a number of studies are being carried out to confirm the possibility of using wildflower and drugs based on it in scientific medicine, as well as to obtain a drug with low toxicity, complex sedative and anticonvulsant activity, which will expand the arsenal of drugs used to treat diseases of the nervous system.Aim. To investigate the in vivo acute toxicity, anticonvulsant and sedative activity of a dry alcohol extract from the aerial part of Melampyrum sylvaticum.Materials and methods. The extract was obtained by extracting substances from the aerial part of Melampyrum sylvaticum with 50 % ethanol, by the method of repercolation with an equal loading of raw materials, followed by evaporation to a dry residue. The study of pharmacological properties was carried out on nonlinear white mice of both sexes weighing 17–25 g. Acute toxicity of the extract was determined by oral administration in doses up to 5000 mg/kg. Anticonvulsant activity was evaluated in the corazole convulsion test, sedative activity was evaluated in the open field test.Results and discussion. When determining the acute toxicity of a dry alcoholic extract from the aerial part of Melampyrum sylvaticum, there was no lethality in the experimental group of animals. LD50 could not be determined. In the corazol convulsion test, it was shown that oral administration of the extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg does not affect the latent period of convulsions, but significantly increases the life expectancy of animals. At a dose of 200 mg/kg, the latent period of seizures and life expectancy significantly increased, and the survival rate of animals was 20 %. When studying sedative activity of the extract from Melampyrum sylvaticum in the open field test, a decrease in vertical activity, a decrease in the number of vertical stands, a decrease in horizontal activity along the periphery and the number of animals entering the center of the area were noted, which indicates a suppression of orienting-exploratory behavior. In the experiment, there was a decrease in the intensity of grooming as an indicator of anxiety for this group of animals. A course of administration of the extract for thirty days led to a decrease in the vertical activity of mice and inhibition of orienting-exploratory behavior.Conclusion. It was found that a dry alcoholic extract from the aerial part of Melampyrum sylvaticum exhibits biological activity in animal experiments, compensating for the effect of corazol, and has a pronounced anticonvulsant and sedative effect. The LD50 of the extract when administered orally was more than 5000 mg/kg.

Changes in the gas composition of umbilical cord blood of newborns after cesarean section using various protocols of general anesthesia in dogs

Cesarean section, being one of the most common operations in veterinary surgery, requires a special anesthetic protocol that provides adequate anesthesia for the mother and has minimal effect on puppies. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of various non-inhalation and inhaled anesthetics on newborn puppies during cesarean section, based on the analysis of cord blood gases. 3 groups of experimental animals were formed, which used one of the studied anesthetic protocols. In the first experimental group, propofol at a dose of 4-6 mg/kg was used to maintain general anesthesia. Inhaled halogen-containing anesthetics were used in the second and third experimental groups. Isoflurane 0.5 – 2.0 vol% was used in the second group, and sevoflurane 1.0 – 2.0 vol% was used in the third group. When using all the studied anesthetics, an acidbase imbalance in the form of moderate acidosis was detected in the puppies after delivery, however, acidosis was less pronounced in the groups where halogen-containing anesthetics were used. The use of inhaled halogen-containing anesthetics had a lesser effect on puppies compared to non-inhalation ones. There were no significant differences in the effect of isoflurane and sevoflurane from inhaled anesthetics.

Efficiency of tissue biostimulant application in growing heifers

The materials of research on the effectiveness of tissue biostimulant application in the technology of breeding replacement heifers are presented. The experiment was conducted in the conditions of the Altai Territory on four groups of heifers of the Priobsky type of the Black-and-White breed with a live weight of 51.3 ± 1.48 kg at the age of 1 month. Each group had ten heads. The experiment lasted for 18 months. Animals of the control group were injected subcutaneously with physiological solution every month: from the 1st to the 5th month – at a dose of 3.0 ml/head, from the 6th to the 11th month – 6 ml/head, from the 12th to the 15th month – 12.0 ml/head and from the 16th to the 18th month – 15.0 ml/head. Injections of tissue biostimulant were given to the heifers of the experimental groups according to the following schemes: in the 1st experimental group – from the 1st to the 5th month – at a dose of 2.0 ml/head, from the 6th to the 11th month – 4 ml/head, from the 12th to the 15th month – 8.0 ml/head and from the 16th to the 18th month – 10.0 ml/head; in the 2nd experimental group – from the 1st to the 5th month – at a dose of 3.0 ml/head, from the 6th to the 11th month – 6 ml/head, from the 12th to the 15th month – 12.0 ml/head and from the 16th to the 18th month – 15.0 ml/head; in the 3rd experimental group – from 1st to 5th month – at a dose of 4.0 ml/head, from the 6th to the 11th month – 8.0 ml/head, from the 12th to the 15th month – 16.0 ml/head, from the 16th to the 18th month – 20.0 ml/head. Biostimulant is made of slaughter house tankage and by-products of the antler deer. The scheme of its application, used in the 2nd experimental group of animals, was the most effective and contributed to the increase in body weight in repair heifers up to 14% (p ˂ 0.001), average daily gain – up to 33% (p < 0.001), absolute gain – up to 23% (p ˂ 0.001) and relative gain – up to 2% (p < 0.05).

Nutrient content and toxicity of pumpkin seed flour

Pumpkin seeds are rarely used as food, despite their potential to become a functional food. Among other ways, pumpkin seeds can be processed into flour. This study aimed to assess the nutrient content, quality, and toxicity of pumpkin seed flour from Indonesia. This study followed an experimental design. Different methods were employed to measure the content, the Luff–Schoorl method for measuring carbohydrates, Kjeldahl method for protein, Soxhlet for fats, and the direct method for ash, crude fiber and moisture. The spectrophotometric method was used to measure vitamin content and mineral content was measured using X-Ray fluorescence. The subchronic toxicity test was conducted using five experimental animal groups, consisting of four intervention groups and one control group. The intervention groups received pumpkin seed flour of 10.8 mg/kg BW, 9 mg/kg BW, 5.4 mg/kg BW and 4.5 mg/kg BW. After 30 days, the experimental animals were dissected to check for liver and kidney damage. Pumpkin seed flour contains water (4.17%), ash (4.02%), proteins (35.30%), fats (36.30%), crude fibers (14.20%), carbohydrates (6.02%), vitamin C (0.10%), vitamin A (65.12 mg/kg), calcium (573.03 ppm), copper (3.10 ppm), iron (104.38 ppm), zinc (68.87 ppm), phosphorus (0.17%), magnesium (0.33%) and manganese (119.48 ppm). In the toxicity test, no death or organ damage occurred among the experimental animals. Therefore, pumpkin seed flour meets the requirements for development into functional food and supplements.

The Effect of Feeding Non-Antioxidant Feed on The Degree of Dysplasia in Formaldehyde-Induced Wistar Rats

Nasopharyngeal dysplasia is a condition of abnormal cellular growth that occurs due to the failure of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells in carrying out cellular adaptation. This condition can occur due to the continuous inhalation of toxic compounds, such as formaldehyde, which has genotoxic and cytotoxic effects that can induce cellular damage. One of the compound activity associated with reducing risk of dysplasia is antioxidant activity. Therefore, it is important to know whether the presence of antioxidant activity affects the occurrence of dysplasia. This study is an experimental study with a post-test only control group design which aims to determine the effect of Non-Antioxidant Feed on the occurrence of nasopharyngeal dysplasia. Testing of the antioxidant activity in feed was carried out using the DPPH assay. There were two groups of experimental animals including the treatment group (fed with Non-Antioxidant Feed) and the control group (fed with SB 11). All animals in each group were induced with 40 ppm formaldehyde by inhalation for 8 weeks and then euthanized using chloroform inhalation for nasopharyngeal tissue extraction. The results of the histopathological examination of the two groups were then statistically tested using the Mann-Whitney U test and obtained a value of P<0.05 (P=0.006), which means that there are effect of feeding Non-Antioxidants Feed on the degree of dysplasia in formaldehyde-induced wistar rats. The results can be associated with the ingredients contained in the feed given, differences in genetic polymorphisms of each subjects, and effect of body weight variations of the rats caused by randomization.

Performance of growing lambs on rations containing <i>Lathyrus </i>grainsas protein source

The effect of feeding Lathyrus grain as substitute of GNC protein in the diet of lambs was studied for nutrient utilization, blood and rumen metabolites and growth performance. Jalauni lambs (n=18) weighing around 16.45±1.50 kg were randomly allocated into three dietary treatments in a completely randomized block design. In the control group (LG0), the animals were fed ad lib. green chaff of fodder Sorghum bicolor cv. M. P. Chari with concentrate mixture as per requirement whereas in the LG50 and LG100, the crude protein of groundnut cake was replaced @50% and 100% with Lathyrus grain (LG) protein in the concentrate mixture, respectively. Supplementation of LG did not influence the total DMI (g/day) in animals of different experimental groups. Digestibility(%) of DM, OM, and cell wall polysaccharides (NDF, ADF, cellulose) was also comparable amongst the different dietary groups, while CP digestibility was higher in LG50 group than LG0 or LG100 group. Digestible crude protein (DCP) content was higher in LG50 than LG0 or LG 100 whereas total digestible nutrients (TDN) contents were comparable amongst the treatment groups. Similarly, rumen metabolites and all the blood parameters were comparable among the groups and within the normal physiological range. The daily body weight gain was not affected with the experimental diets. It could be concluded that Lathyrus grain could be used as an alternative source of protein in the concentrate mixture without any adverse impacts on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and growth performance of Jalauni lambs.

The effect of B groups vitamins (B1, B2, B5, B6, B10, B12) on the activity of antioxidants protection system enzymes and the content of lipids peroxide oxidation products in the blood of feeding cattle

The article highlights the specifics of the effect of various doses of a complex of B vitamins (B1, B2, B5, B6, B10, B12) on the activity of critical enzymes of the body's antioxidant defense system (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and the content of peroxide oxidation products (diene conjugates and Malan dialdehyde) in the blood of cattle at the final stage of fattening. The research was conducted during the winter-spring stall on 12-month-old Ukrainian black-spotted dairy cows. According to the principle of analogs, five groups of experimental animals (control and four experimental) were formed, each with six heads. The experiment lasted six months. The rations for the research groups of Bugai cattle are prepared by the recommended norms, taking into account the chemical composition of the fodder of the given area, the age of the animals, live weight, and the planned average daily growth. The silage type of fattening was used for feeding the Bugai cattle. The basis of our dosage of various vitamins of group B for fattening steers of experimental groups is the appropriate percentage of the recommended doses of individual vitamins of group B for fattening pigs (10 % – D1, 20 % – D2, 40 % – D3, 60 % – D4 group). The conducted studies established that the addition of a complex of B vitamins (B1, B2, B5, B6, B10, B12) balanced in terms of nutrients and minerals and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E to the diet of fattening bulls in appropriate doses causes an increase in activity of critical enzymes of the antioxidant defense system in the blood of fattening bulls (the activity of superoxide dismutase increases the most (by 8.9–28.4 %)) and a decrease in the content of both primary (diene conjugates) and secondary (malanic dialdehyde) products of lipid peroxidation in the blood of fattening bulls, which depends on the dose of B vitamins added to the diet (B1, B2, B5, B6, B10, B12). The most significant change in terms of morphological composition in animals third (B1 – 0.040; B2 – 0.06; B5 – 1.2; B6 – 0.25; B10 – 0.0030; B12 – 0.0006 mg/kg body weight) and fourth (B1 – 0.070; B2 – 0.10; B5 – 2.0; B6 – 0.40; B10 – 0.0050; B12 – 0.0010 mg/kg body weight) research groups, and smallest – in bull Ist (B1 – 0.015; B2 – 0.03; B5 – 0.5; B6 – 0.10; B10 – 0.0012; B12 – 0.0002 mg/kg body weight) and research group, which is associated with dose introduced to the diet of calves during the final fattening phase of B vitamins (B1, B2, B5, B6, B10, B12).

Morphological assessment of ovaries during stimulation of ovulation in rab-bits with equine serum gonadotropin in different doses

Ovulatory stimulation of rabbits during artificial insemination requires the use of hormonal drugs to stimulate maturation of follicles, effective fertilization and full manifestation of female sexual function. For this purpose, gonadotropins or analogues of gonadotropin-releasing hormone are common in the practice of rabbit breeding. The latter have a selective effect on folliculogenesis and, under certain conditions, are not capable of inducing ovulation in rabbits of “zero” reproductive cycle, that is, those that have not given birth. Instead, gonadotropins, in particular serum gonadotropin obtained from foal mares (eCG), have a pronounced effect on folliculogenesis in animals. eCG is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by trophoblastic epithelial cells of fetal origin. In other species, except for horses, it is able to induce the release of both luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone. That is why eCG is widely used together with human chorionic gonadotropin to induce follicle growth and ovulation. However, there are data on complications and pathological conditions that may occur with long-term use of eCG, especially in genital tract. Therefore, the goal of our research was the morphological evaluation of the functional compartments of ovaries when using eCG to stimulate reproductive function of rabbits. Schemes of hormonal treatment of females in the conditions of a private rabbit farm, an experiment was conducted, which included the introduction of eCG in different doses (40 IU for animals of experimental group 1 and 25 IU for experimental group 2) during five reproductive cycles. Selection of material for histological studies, its fixation, production and analysis of tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin were performed according to commonly used methods. The complex of morphofunctional changes in the ovaries of the rabbits of experimental groups corresponds to the pathomorphological picture of the syndrome of hyperstimulated ovaries. In our experiment, obtained changes were more pronounced at a dose of 40 IU, using which we additionally detected signs of increased immunoreactivity in body of rabbits, as evidenced by the presence of nodular lymphoid formations in outer theca of secondary and tertiary follicles. Thus, as a safe regimen for the use of eCG for ovulatory stimulation in rabbits, we recommend a dosage of 25 IU for 1–2 reproductive cycles.

Changes in peripheral blood parameters of lambs with spontaneous eimeriosis

In order to study the morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood of lambs affected by the causative agent of eimeria, an experimental group of animals of the Romanov breed, two months old, was formed. The lambs were spontaneously infected with the causative agent of eimeria, which was confirmed by laboratory and clinical studies. The second group of animals was free from eimeria and was kept separately. According to the results of blood tests of sick lambs, a decrease in the number of peripheral blood erythrocytes by 29.66 %, an increase in the total number of leukocytes by 47.12 % compared to the blood parameters of the control group of animals was revealed. A change in leukogram parameters was also noted: an increase in the number of eosinophils by 55.43 %, young neutrophils by 75 %. At the same time, there was a decrease in the number of rod-shaped neutrophils and an increase in the number of segmented neutrophils by 8.7 and 29.51 %, respectively. A decrease in the number of lymphocytes and monocytes by 31.68 and 12 %, respectively, was registered. Biochemical changes in the blood serum of sick lambs also underwent changes. A decrease in the content of total protein by 36.06 %, albumin by 13.09 % was established. An increase in the content of globulins and dysproteinemia was noted. Hemoglobin content was also reduced compared to blood parameters of healthy lambs by 32.25 %, as well as glucose content by 27.83 %. The activity level of ALT and AST increased by 43.43 and 33.15 %, respectively, as well as a slight decrease in GGT activity. The difference was statistically significant (Р < 0.01 and Р < 0.05). Differences in the blood parameters of sick lambs have been established and indicate a syndrome of the body's general inflammatory reaction, anemia, damage to the alimentary canal by the causative agent of eimeria and intoxication.

Citrate-coated silver nanoparticles loaded with agomelatine provide neuronal therapy in acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion of rats by inhibiting the oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and P2X7 receptor-mediated inflammasome.

Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion are related to various situations like injuries after various traumas, oxidative stress, increased calcium ion, capillary hypoperfusion, microvascular hyperpermeability, leukocyte infiltration, and blood-brain barrier disruption. An antidepressant Agomelatine which is a melatonin receptor (MT1/MT2) agonist and serotonin receptor (5-HT2C) antagonist has been reported by studies to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In our study, we aimed to detect the effects of citrate-coated silver nanoparticle-loaded agomelatine application on neurodegeneration, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagic and apoptotic cell death, inflammation, and P2X7R expression in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model to facilitate the passage of blood-brain barrier. Forty two Sprague-Dawley rats in total were divided into six equal groups (n:7) and applications were performed. Acute cerebral injury in the ischemia-reperfusion model was created 2 h after internal carotid artery ligation in rats and then at the 2nd hour of reperfusion citrate-coated silver nanoparticles loaded with Agomelatine were applied. Twenty four hours later, neurologic analysis on animals in experimental groups was performed, animals were decapitated and GSH, GPx, SOD, CAT, MDA, IL-1β, and TNF-α parameters were examined after taking blood and the cerebral tissue samples. As a result, it was determined that ischemia-reperfusion caused endoplasmic reticulum stress in the cerebral tissues and thus caused cellular injury.