Engineering an abiotic antibody mimic: Structural and molecular mechanisms for targeting, neutralizing, and point-of-care testing virus antigens.

Embracing cultures, balancing autonomy, and finding solutions in international student-led campus community gardens: A participatory action research approach

Detection of tea polyphenols based on a taper-in-taper infrared fiber sensor

Analyte-guided precise regulation of gold nanoflower etching mechanism for enhanced dopamine selectivity via bisphenol-triggered Schiff base/Michael addition and intramolecular hydrogen bond synergy.

Sexual minority (SM) youth are more likely than heterosexual youth to engage in substance use. Injunctive norms, or perceptions of others' substance use attitudes, contribute to youth substance use initiation and progression. Among substance-naïve youth (ages 12-17; N=7628) in the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we examined differences in perceived parental, close friend, and personal disapproval of cigarette smoking, marijuana experimentation, monthly marijuana use, and near-daily alcohol use across five sexual identity groups (heterosexual, gay, bisexual, different term, unsure) and sex assigned at birth. Across groups and substances, youth perceived the highest substance use disapproval from parents (range=72.4% - 97.4%), followed by personal disapproval (range=52.1% - 87.7%) and disapproval by close friends (range=48.6% - 81.6%). In multivariable models, bisexual, different term, and unsure youth reported lower close friend (IRR range=0.89-0.97) and personal (IRR range=0.89-0.92) disapproval, compared to heterosexual youth. SM females reported lower close friend and personal disapproval than heterosexual females. SM youth perceive more permissive norms towards substance use. Prevention strategies addressing peer norms and personal permissiveness may be critical for addressing SM youth substance use inequities.

A promising short-form tool for screening mental health in children is the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) which contains two items each assessing anxiety and depression. Despite its emerging use, the construct validity of the PHQ-4 remains to be fully established in children and especially in pre-adolescent children as does its convergent validity. Children completed an online survey containing demographic and PHQ-4 items during school time in 2024 to 88,587 pre-adolescent (7-11y: 48% F, 49% M, 3% Minority Gender (MG)), 66,561 early adolescent (12-14y: 50% F, 47% M, 3% MG), and 36,731 late adolescent (15-18y: 53%F, 44% M, 3% MG) Australian children. In each age by gender identity groupings, dimensionality was tested using exploratory/confirmatory factor analyses (EFA/CFA) and exploratory graph analysis (EGA). Convergent validity was tested with Life Satisfaction Score and Child Hope Scale (CHS). PHQ-4 scores increased with age (Pre-<Early < Late Adolescent) and were higher in minority versus cisgender children (Male < Female < MG). EGA revealed that the PHQ-4 was unidimensional while CFA revealed a bidimensional model fit. PHQ-4 was moderately correlated with Life Satisfaction and CHS. Given the limitations of latent variable analysis when scale length is constrained, it is suggested that the PHQ-4 is best regarded as a brief unidimensional scale for screening general mental health in Australian children.

Inhalant use, including "poppers" (e.g., alkyl nitrites), remains disproportionately common among sexual minority adults, yet national data on recent use patterns and behavioral health correlates are limited. We analyzed nationally representative 2021-2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data, estimating prevalence of lifetime, past-year, and past-month inhalant use by sexual identity, sex, and age. Among sexual minority adults, we examined age-specific patterns and identified correlates of past-year use among gay males, bisexual males, and bisexual females (lesbian/gay female users excluded due to small sample size). Lifetime inhalant use was highest among gay males (39.4%) and bisexual males (28.9%), compared to 10.8% of heterosexual males and 5.8% of heterosexual females. Past-year inhalant use was reported by 10.8% of gay males, 5.1% of bisexual males, and 2.1% of bisexual females (<1% among heterosexual adults). Among sexual minority adults, age patterns of use diverged: prevalence was highest among middle-aged gay and bisexual males but was concentrated among younger bisexual females. Among past-year users, bisexual females were disproportionately young, socioeconomically disadvantaged, and had higher polysubstance use relative to gay and bisexual males. Multivariable models confirmed subgroup-specific correlates: cocaine and methamphetamine use and higher income among gay males; prescription stimulants and higher income among bisexual males; and polysubstance use and younger ages among bisexual females. While inhalant use remains concentrated among sexual minority males, bisexual females represent an understudied group with elevated use and distinct risk profiles, including polysubstance use.

Abstract: The article explores the role of Internet memes as a specific means of communication and a transmitter of ideas, focusing on the subculture of “Balkan memes” and the construction of the image of Bulgaria and Bulgarians within them. By applying a netnographic approach, a representative corpus of 86 images extracted from platforms such as Reddit and Facebook has been analyzed. The study shows that in this digital environment, pathos dominates over logos, and humor, self-irony and gloating serve as a kind of emotional outlet for users. The empirical material shows two sides of the country’s image, subject to the logic of “us versus them”. When the subject of satire is the West, Bulgaria merges with the collective profile of the Balkans, in which local deficits – such as economic backwardness and corruption – are romanticized in a way and serve as a glue for regional solidarity. Conversely, in conflicts with neighboring countries, the Bul¬ga¬rian image is transformed into that of a cultural and historical hegemon. Char¬acteristic here is the phenomenon of deliberate recoding of external offensive qualifications (for example, the association with non-European origin) into visual markers of superiority. Ultimately, the study confirms that digital humorous forms do not generate new social dynamics, but rather act as a crooked mirror in which traditional nationalist attitudes and the need for group identification find their contemporary, hyperbolized expression. Keywords: memes, propaganda, internet, balkans, netnography, nationalism.

Introduction Antarctic field expeditions are isolated, confined, and extreme settings in which specialists must rapidly form effective teams to protect their wellbeing and to accomplish mission goals. We investigated leadership, team cohesion, group identity, and group-level motivation and coping during Bulgaria’s 33rd Antarctic Summer Campaign using a longitudinal qualitative design. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted before departure ( n = 28) and after return ( n = 36), complemented by on-site ethnographic observation and field notes from an embedded observer. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, contrasting group-level anticipatory narratives with group-level retrospective accounts rather than tracking individual change over time. Results Participants described a marked transition from initial subgrouping (e.g., experienced vs. novice; scientific vs. logistics roles) toward a superordinate “one-station” identity. Leadership practices that emphasised transparent communication, mixed-group coordination, and active norm-setting were described by participants as supporting reduced friction and sustained collaboration. Motivation was generally high across the mission, with brief weather- and monotony-related dips that were buffered by humour, peer encouragement, and structured daily routines. Discussion The findings highlight how shared purpose, interdependence, and identity-related leadership behaviours were perceived as supporting cohesion and adaptive coping in short-term polar campaigns.

Prognostic tools are widely used to guide early management of musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries. However, social identity factors such as age, gender, race, and socioeconomic status may influence symptom experience and reporting, potentially affecting the accuracy of risk classification. The purpose of this study is to identify those social identity variables associated with scores on common prognostic tools or their prognostic accuracy. We analyzed data from a cohort of workers (n = 203) with acute musculoskeletal injuries. Participants completed the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Traumatic Injuries Distress Scale (TIDS), EuroQoL (EQ5D-5L), and a demographic survey including age, sex, race, income, education, and perceived discrimination. Differences in baseline scores were assessed between identity groups. Recovery was dichotomized (fully recovered/not fully recovered) using 3 different recovery indicators. Predictive accuracy for recovery was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sample-wide and when stratified by social identity variables. Older participants reported significantly higher pain (5.5 vs. 4.3/10, p < 0.01) and those indicating more experiences of discrimination rated higher post-trauma distress (11.1 vs. 9.2/24, p < 0.05). 8-week recovery rates were 21.7% to 54.7%. Lower education predicted <full recovery in administrative data only. The TIDS and EQ5D-5L were significantly better at predicting recovery compared to the NPRS. When disaggregated by social identity, the TIDS functioned significantly better in females than males, while the EQ5D-5L functioned similarly across all social categories. The results indicate that different risk/prognosis cut-scores, and even different tools, may be required for people with different intersectional identities. The results should be interpreted in light of some identities being reduced to broad categories. Most risk/prognosis tools in MSK recovery research use a single universal cut-score to distinguish low from high risk, but this study only partially supports that approach.

Accurate identification of blood groups is essential in medical diagnostics, transfusion management, and emergency healthcare. Conventional blood typing methods are typically manual, time-consuming, and require skilled laboratory personnel, which can lead to delays and potential human errors. This paper presents an automated system titled “AI-Based Blood Group Classification and Prediction Using Image Processing,” which leverages artificial intelligence and computer vision techniques to improve the efficiency and accuracy of blood group detection.The proposed system utilizes image processing methods to analyze microscopic images of blood samples and identify agglutination patterns associated with different blood groups. Features are extracted using techniques such as segmentation, edge detection, and pattern recognition, and are then classified using machine learning and deep learning models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). The system is capable of accurately classifying blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) and predicting Rh factors with high precision. Experimental results demonstrate that the approach significantly reduces processing time, minimizes human intervention, and improves diagnostic reliability, making it a valuable tool for automated and scalable blood typing in healthcare systems.

Forming teams, developing relationships, and building trust can be challenging when dealing with increasingly socially anxious, disconnected, and diverse student cohorts. We describe an icebreaker that, through low-risk classroom interactions, allows students to socially identify with an in-group and compete with out-groups in a classroom environment. The activities provide abundant opportunities to relate in-class experiences to Social Identity Theory and other relevant management and OB theories.

Properties of the hot intracluster and intragroup medium are mostly set by the underlying gravitational potential well, although complex astrophysical processes at play during their buildup may leave a significant imprint. Observational constraints on the degree and scales of such nongravitational processes require well-selected samples of objects and deep observations of their gas content. We aim to study the scaling relation between two global properties of the hot gas, namely its soft-band X-ray luminosity (L_X) and its temperature (T), by studying a sample of low-mass systems associated with precise redshifts, simultaneously accounting for sample selection biases and associated measurement uncertainties. This work takes as input a large catalog of X-ray-selected galaxy clusters (X-CLASS). We performed a thorough revision of the redshifts of sources using deep photometric data from the Legacy Surveys and our own tailored spectroscopic follow-up of 52 low-redshift systems. We devised a spectroscopically complete sample of 155 low-redshift (0.07&lt;z&lt;0.2) systems, and we measured properties of their X-ray emitting gas, with median overline T =1.7 keV and median overline L_X =10^ 43 -1 $. We inferred the relation between L_X and $T in a Bayesian framework. Our sample of groups and clusters with a median total mass of ∼ 6 M_⊙ reveals a relation L_X-T steeper than that predicted by the self-similar model, with a slope of B=3.2 ± 0.1. This result fits well within recent studies that together indicate a trend of an increasing slope with decreasing median halo mass. 10^ 13 This work supports a scenario of a stronger decrease in luminosity with decreasing mass in the group regime than for massive galaxy clusters. This effect is possibly due to strong and sustained feedback expelling gas efficiently from their shallower potential wells. We release the list of updated redshifts (photometric and spectroscopic) for the full X-CLASS sample and the gas properties of the low-redshift sample. The cluster photometric redshift code presented in the paper photXclus is made publicly available .

Abstract We present scientific and technical justifications of a potential coordinated Euclid/CSST/JPCam/JUST survey of the Euclid Deep Field North (EDF-N), aimed at probing the multi-phase circumgalactic and intergalactic medium (CGM/IGM) at the cosmic noon over $\sim20\rm~deg^2$. The survey is structured around three connected goals: (1) improving photometric redshift (photo-$z$) accuracy through the combination of broad- and narrow-band photometry, enabling reliable identification of large-scale structures; (2) probing extended CGM emission with dedicated narrow-band imaging; and (3) mapping foreground IGM via absorption-line spectroscopy of background galaxies. Together, these components establish an integrated observational framework to investigate galactic ecosystems --- linking galaxies to their circumgalactic and intergalactic environments --- at cosmic noon. We show that the J-PAS-like narrow-band system used in JPCam substantially improves photo-$z$ accuracies from only the Euclid/CSST broad-band data, especially for star-forming galaxies at $z\sim1.0-1.4$. This enables the identification of galaxy groups and (proto-)clusters directly from photo-$z$ measurements. Stacked JPCam narrow-band imaging should also detect extended [\ion{O}{II}]-emitting CGM halos. We then construct mock three-dimensional (3D) gas distribution model and realistic galaxy catalog, and further construct mock CSST and JUST background galaxy spectra adding Ly$\alpha$ and \ion{Mg}{II} absorptions. The reconstructed 3D \ion{H}{I} field from CSST Ly$\alpha$ forest reliably recovers large-scale structures; however, our simulations indicate that detecting diffuse IGM \ion{Mg}{II} absorption with JUST is infeasible, either through spectral stacking or via the two-point correlation function method. We conclude that constraining the metallicity of the diffuse IGM will require significantly deeper and higher-resolution spectroscopy expected from future facilities such as the 39m E-ELT.

Abstract This article examines the distinction between dizi 弟子 and menren 門人 in early Chinese texts, with particular attention paid to the Lunyu 論語 ( Analects of Confucius ) and the broader Ru 儒 (“Confucian” or “Classicist”) tradition. Whether these terms designate identical or distinct groups of disciples has long been a matter of debate, beginning with early medieval commentaries and culminating in the interpretation that they refer to “first-” and “second-generation” followers. Advancing this discussion, the article offers a systematic analysis of menren across early Chinese sources and presents substantial, previously overlooked evidence supporting a meaningful distinction between the two designations. In doing so, it sheds new light on early conceptions of Confucius’s following and on the social organization of the Ru tradition more broadly. This article argues that menren are best understood not as “second-generation” disciples, but as “second-rank” students who, while occupying a formally subordinate position within an extended circle of adherents, nevertheless remained closely affiliated with their teacher.

Erikson and Kakar’s work on identity development has illuminated the interconnectedness of individuals and communities. This study examines the relationship between prohibited desire and identity in inter-faith intimacy, using Erikson’s negative identity paradigm. Society often rejects mixed identities resulting from inter-faith relationships. The paper examines Kakar’s impact on group identification and considers Erikson’s concept of negative identity. Through Karuna, a young Hindu introduced to Islam by her family, her intimate relationships with a young Muslim man are explored. India is huge and diverse, and Hindus and Muslims have lived together for generations. Unfortunately, Hindu-Muslim unions are illegal now. The politicisation of Hindu-Muslim love as Love-Jihad perpetuates the myth that Muslim men actively pursue Hindu women. This paper looks at a Hindu-Muslim relationship through the eyes of Karuna, who was introduced to Islam by her family. As Karuna grew older, her love for radical Islam resulted in her choosing Muslim men as her love objects and eventually being disowned by her family. Using Erikson's conceptualisation of the negative identity, which focuses on what happens when you identify with everything that is forbidden by your community, we focus on understanding Karuna’s desirous self.

Personality research has traditionally explained patterns of social behaviour through the binary framework of introversion and extraversion, later expanded by the notion of ambiversion. Yet these classifications do not adequately capture individuals who participate effectively in social environments while maintaining a deliberate psychological distance from group identity. This paper introduces and elaborates on the concept of the “otrovert,” derived from the Spanish word otro, meaning “other,” to describe individuals who engage with social groups but do not rely on collective belonging for their sense of identity or validation. Through a conceptual and interdisciplinary analysis, the study examines how otroversion may represent a distinctive orientation toward social participation characterised by reflective autonomy, selective engagement, and intellectual independence. Drawing upon scholarship from personality psychology, emotional intelligence research, organisational behaviour, and educational theory, the paper situates the concept within broader discussions of cognitive diversity and social participation. It further contextualises the idea historically by demonstrating how both global and Indian intellectual traditions have long recognised the contributions of individuals who remained intellectually independent while engaging constructively with society. By examining implications for classrooms, workplaces, and collaborative environments, the study argues that recognising otrovert tendencies can help institutions better value reflective contributors whose insights often emerge from observation, analysis, and selective participation. While acknowledging that otroversion remains a conceptual construct requiring empirical validation, the paper proposes it as a useful interpretive framework for understanding forms of social engagement that fall outside conventional personality typologies. Recognising such orientations can contribute to more inclusive educational practices, more balanced organisational cultures, and a broader appreciation of cognitive diversity in contemporary society.

Introduction: Cultural competence curricula (CCC) in medical schools are imperative for preparing future physicians to improve quality of care for the variety of patients they will encounter. The objective of this review was to determine whether historically invisible health disparities in the United States have been adequately represented in the evolving array of CCC content.Methods: This scoping review analyzed 77 papers published between 1989-2023 describing LCME-mandated CCC in U.S. medical schools. Data was categorized by curricular inclusion of seven Identity Groups and nine Cultural Concepts.Results: Findings reveal that racial/ethnic groups dominated the content, appearing in 77% of programs, while LGBT+, disability, religious, socioeconomic, gender, and local groups were represented in fewer than 50% of curricula. After 2012, the percentage of programs including social concepts such as systemic bias, individual bias, and social determinants of health increased by at least 20%.Conclusions: The underrepresentation of LGBT+, disability, religious, socioeconomic, gender, and local groups relative to racial/ethnic groups suggests programs prioritized teaching concepts applied to race/ethnicity and focused less on other cultural groups. After 2012, the substantial increase in included social concepts without change in the distribution of included cultural groups suggests programs maintained representation of identity groups while attempting to address systemic issues for groups already represented in CCC content. Incorporating intersectionality through a “dimensions of identities” approach may allow students to extend systemic concepts to the less visible groups in need of conversation about their disparities.

Plants of the genus Salacia (Celastraceae) have long been used in traditional medical systems of South and Southeast Asia for the management of diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies have confirmed the antidiabetic potential of several Salacia species, leading to the identification of a distinctive group of sulfur-containing sugars as their principal bioactive constituents. Salacinol, neosalacinol, kotalanol, neokotalanol, and related analogues represent a novel class of thiosugar sulfonium compounds that act as potent and selective α-glucosidase inhibitors, providing a clear mechanistic basis for their glucose-lowering effects. Simpler thiosugars, such as 5-thiomannose, further contribute to the overall metabolic activity of Salacia extracts and may serve as biosynthetic or functional precursors. Beyond Salacia, sulfur-containing natural products are widespread in nature and perform diverse biological roles. In particular, the genus Allium is well known for producing organosulfur compounds, including thioethers and polysulfides, which exhibit antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and cardioprotective activities. In a different context, sulfur-containing hopanes have been identified in sediments and petroleum as products of early diagenetic sulfurization of bacterial hopanoids. Although these compounds have been studied primarily as geochemical biomarkers, recent QSAR/PASS analyses suggest that sulfur hopanes may also possess biologically relevant activities, particularly related to metabolic and cardiovascular regulation. Recent PASS-based QSAR evaluations of Salacia-derived thiosugars and sulfur hopanes predict significant antidiabetic activity, including potential type 2 diabetes-related pharmacological effects, supported by predicted α-glucosidase inhibitory, hypoglycemic, hepatic, and gastrointestinal activities. Collectively, these findings highlight sulfur-containing natural products from both plant and sedimentary sources as chemically diverse yet functionally convergent scaffolds with promising potential for the development of functional foods and therapeutic agents targeting metabolic disorders.

Social media is now one of the main sources of political information, especially for Gen Z, who were raised in a digital era. This study aims to explore how social media influences the voting behavior of Gen Z. The method used is a literature review by analyzing 19 journal articles published between 2019 and 2025. The results show that social media has a strong impact on increasing Gen Z's political interest and participation, as they are more active in seeking information and engaging in online political discussions. However, social media can also have negative effects, such as the spread of misinformation and political polarization caused by algorithm-based content. In addition to social media, other factors like cultural background, education, and group identity also influence Gen Z’s voting decisions. Therefore, it is important for Gen Z to have good digital and political literacy so they can filter information wisely and participate responsibly in democratic processes.