Group living species are constantly facing decisions about which conspecifics to associate with. These decisions are likely guided by the benefits and costs of associations. Associating in larger groups can minimize predation risk, while also providing individuals with beneficial social information from conspecifics. By contrast, associating with multiple individuals could also increase potentially costly conflicts over resources and/or mates. Here, we examine male association strategies in a shoaling fish, the pygmy halfbeak (Dermogenys collettei), by confronting males with four different social scenarios. We found that males preferentially associated with an opposite sex pair (i.e., a female and a male) over rival males, but showed no preference when choosing between a pair and females. By contrast, the number of presented fish (one or two) did not influence male association preferences, indicating that the observed male behavior was not driven by shoaling behavior. Finally, male association preference correlated with the duration of courtship behavior that the male observed, but only under specific social scenarios. Overall, our data show that males followed informed association strategies that are primarily driven by mating opportunities. Using a simplified social environment, we illuminate which basic rules might drive association behavior in complex social groups.

High-performance 5-hydroxymethylfurfural electrooxidation with a Mn-doped Ni oxyhydroxide catalyst: the coenhancement of proton deintercalcation and substrate adsorption.

What one says, what many do: children's use of group behavior and testimony in social judgments.

Place the question addressed in a broad context. Write the research objectives concisely and clearly Families need to pay attention by involving nursing students to enhance the role of family members in assisting the family's knowledge about pulmonary tuberculosis and how to care for sick family members, as well as its prevention. The aim of this study is to identify the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of families in the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Boroko Community Health Center area of North Bolmong Regency in the intervention and control groups. Methods: the research method used in this study is a quasi-experiment pre-post-test with a control group design. This research will conduct health literacy model assistance involving nursing students as companions and providing support to families with members suffering from tuberculosis for 8 weeks with a total of 14 meetings. The sampling technique uses stratified random sampling according to the established criteria, and the sample selection uses Slovin's formula, resulting in 52 respondents consisting of 26 for the intervention group and 26 for the control group. The research results indicate that there is a significant difference between the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the intervention group and the knowledge of the control group. The assistance of nursing students as support providers in the family has an impact on the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of patients in preventing tuberculosis.

Objective Adolescents who experience a peer or relative’s suicidal behavior can feel alienated from their peers and are at increased risk of suicidal thoughts and attempts. However, it is unclear whether loneliness is a risk factor for suicidal behavior in this vulnerable group. Method We analyzed data from 5,259 participants in the US National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) reporting past-year experience of the suicide or suicide attempt of a friend or relative at either Wave I or II. We examined the longitudinal association between past-week loneliness (exposure, captured at cohort entry) and suicidal ideation and attempt (outcomes, captured in subsequent waves, to Wave IV) among adolescents. Results Loneliness was significantly associated with probability of later suicidal ideation (odds ratio [OR] = 1.95, 95% CI [1.46, 2.60], p < 0.001) and attempt (OR = 1.72, 95% CI [1.10, 2.68], p = 0.017), also when adjusted for sociodemographic variables (adjusted OR [AOR] = 2.01, 95% CI = [1.50, 2.68], p < 0.001; AOR = 1.76, 95% CI [1.11, 2.80], p = 0.016, respectively) but these associations were non-significant in our final models accounting for baseline depression (AOR = 1.17, 95% CI [0.83, 1.64], p = 0.377; AOR = 1.22, 95% CI [0.70, 2.11], p = 0.468, respectively). A priori interaction tests suggested that the influence of loneliness on suicidal ideation was more pronounced at one-year follow-up than after 6–13-year follow-up. Conclusions These findings emphasize the need for targeted strategies to address loneliness in adolescents who experience the suicidal behavior of a close contact, with a focus on proactive early intervention to address loneliness and depression to reduce suicidal distress.

Female mice in established social groups use different ultrasonic vocalizations during peaceful and aggressive interactions.

Collective group behavior is a key form of social interaction observed across animal species, including humans. These collective behaviors, such as flocking and herding, emerge from individual actions within complex group dynamics and can often lead to group phenomena such as social norms and trends. By investigating different species-insects, fish, birds, and mammals-ongoing efforts have revealed both shared and species-specific neural processes involved in collective social dynamics. Newly evolving technologies, such as motion tracking and behavioral sequencing, have enabled the detailed measurement of group behaviors, helping to elucidate the neural mechanisms behind cooperation, coordination, and competition. Advancements in wireless neuronal recordings and neuromodulation have also provided new insights into brain circuits involved in group behaviors and how manipulation of agents such as dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin shapes social dynamics. Moreover, emerging evidence has suggested that certain neurons may be selectively tuned to specific features of collective behavior, such as group movement, identity, or social rank, pointing to the existence of neural coding strategies necessary for representing group dynamics. Based on this growing knowledge, we hypothesize that distributed neural circuits spanning regions like the prefrontal cortex, medial temporal lobe, and sensory areas interact to support collective social cognition. We also discuss how interdisciplinary approaches that integrate neuroscience, psychology, sociology, neurolinguistics, electrical engineering, and computer science can improve our understanding of group dynamics and propose future directions for studying collective social behavior.

Abstract Many animals engage in rescue behavior. Rescue in social species is particularly interesting, because multiple individuals work together to coordinate rescue activities. This study investigates genetic effects on rescue behavior in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. We determined if S. invicta workers who assisted in cooperative rescue of brood differed genetically from those who did not. We elicited rescue of brood in the lab by burying larvae in a sand-like substrate, imitating the potential result of a brood chamber collapse. We genotyped rescuers and non-rescuers at variable DNA microsatellite markers to understand the relationships among rescuers, non-rescuers, and the rescued larvae. We found significant genetic differentiation between rescuers and non-rescuers. These results suggest that genotype is a contributing factor in how social groups allocate individuals for rescue activity. Additionally, we genotyped individuals at a genetic marker linked to the S. invicta supergene, which dictates many aspects of social function. Overall, we did not find evidence for an effect of the supergene on rescue participation. Furthermore, genotyping of the buried larval targets enabled us to investigate nepotism and green-beard effects. However, we did not find evidence for either. Overall, our data provide evidence for an underlying genetic basis to an altruistic social behavior. Our results further our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying important group behaviors in societies.

Bacteria use a process of chemical communication called quorum sensing to regulate group behaviors. Quorum sensing relies on the synthesis, release, and detection of signal molecules called autoinducers that accumulate with increasing cell density. The pathogen Vibrio cholerae makes and detects three autoinducers which together, regulate genes required for group behaviors including virulence and biofilm formation. Two autoinducers are produced by dedicated autoinducer synthases that employ S-adenosyl methionine as a substrate. The third autoinducer, 3,5-dimethylpyrazin-2-ol (DPO), is produced from threonine and alanine. The threonine dehydrogenase (Tdh) enzyme oxidizes l-threonine to 2-amino-3-ketobutyric acid, which spontaneously decarboxylates to aminoacetone. Here, we define the steps required to convert aminoacetone and alanine into DPO. We show that diverse adenylate-forming enzymes can condense ATP and d- or l-alanine to form alanyl-adenylate, the necessary intermediate in DPO biosynthesis. Upon release, alanyl-adenylate spontaneously condenses with aminoacetone to form N-alanyl-aminoacetone, which cyclizes to form DPO. We propose that DPO is distinct from other autoinducers in that there is apparently no dedicated synthase. Rather, a collection of enzymes contribute to the production of this quorum-sensing autoinducer.

Effort-based decision-making (EBDM) impairments predict negative symptoms across multiple psychiatric diagnoses. However, it is unclear whether equifinality is present and different disorders reach the same clinical endpoint of negative symptoms via different mechanistic EBDM processes. This study used computational modeling to isolate processes underlying EBDM in a large severe mental illness-spectrum sample. The Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task, negative symptom measures, and neuropsychological tests were administered to 920 participants: schizophrenia (SZ; n = 147), first-episode psychosis (FEP; n = 54), bipolar disorder (n = 53), depressive disorder (n = 37), clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR; n = 231), other clinical (n = 99), and healthy control groups (HC; n = 299). Computational modeling identified whether participants' EBDM behavior was best fit by models indexing full or partial subjective value (use reward magnitude and/or probability) or bias (failure to use rewardmagnitude and probability). Best fitting models significantly differed across diagnostic groups. SZ and FEP were best fit by the bias model and less likely to use rewardmagnitude and probability to guide EBDM. The CHR, other clinical, depressive disorder, and HC groups were best fit by the full subjective value model and were more likely to use rewardmagnitude and probability, while the bipolar disorder group's behavior was more variable. Across groups, participants best fit by the bias model had the greatest negative symptoms and cognitive impairments. Results indicate mood and psychosis-spectrum disorders differentially approach EBDM. Equifinality in the pathway to negative symptoms was not supported; those with difficulty utilizing reward and probability information had the greatest negative symptoms, independent of diagnosis.

This experimental study assessed the ultimate shear capacity of fifteen small-scale deep beams. To isolate the contribution of concrete tensile and compressive mechanisms to shear resistance in the absence of reinforcement, all the beams were made only from plain concrete and subjected to flexural three- and four-point loading. The main variables included the type of load, and the ratio of shear span to overall depth (a/h). Test results showed that as the a/h ratio decreased, the experimental shear's variability increased. The shear capacity as the absolute peak of tested specimens was most effectively increased when the a/h ratio was 1. Strength improved less when the a/h ratio was increased over this threshold. Moreover, only thirty-five models among the existing shear equations for normal reinforced concrete beams were suitable to predict the shear capacity of small-sized plain concrete deep beams. The majority of the thirty-five shear models’ predictions are conservative. Nevertheless, the remaining models produced predictions that were unsafe. All the 35 shear models failed to capture the experimental behavior of group A-3 and reflect the effect of keeping a/h constant on the predicted shear values. Finally, a simplified strut-and-tie-based shear model (STM)is proposed. Moreover, the predictive STM expression was modified, calibrated for the tested beam range in group three. The accuracy of the proposed and modified STM model was verified by comparison with experimental testing results, yielding better predictions compared with the existing 35 shear models with an absolute average error value of only 12.9%.

Online shared content, such as group pictures, often belongs to multiple users having different privacy preferences. Recent technical approaches advocate group-decision mechanisms, including auctions, to decide how best to resolve these differences. However, it is unclear if users would participate in such mechanisms or whether they would act altruistically. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for privacy-respecting collaborative systems. Accordingly, we present RESOLVE, a privacy auction game to understand the sharing behavior in groups. Through an experiment with this game, participants expressed individual preferences for their own photos and later revisited them when placed in a group context with and without knowing others’ preferences. Our results of users’ playing the game show that i) the users’ understanding of individual vs. group privacy differs significantly; ii) often users fight for their preferences even at the cost of others’ privacy; and iii) at times users collaborate to fight for the privacy of others.

Animal behavior can diverge in natural populations in response to different environmental conditions, but if and how natural selection also shapes the evolution of collective behavior in groups of animals remains underexplored. With their cosmopolitan distribution and known collective behaviours, wild populations ofCaenorhabditis elegansprovide a powerful system to address how collective behavior could evolve across natural habitats on a global scale. We screened a panel of 196 genetically diverseC. elegansstrains sampled from around the world, conducting aggregation behavior experiments and analysis to quantify natural variation among these populations. We found substantial variation in the spatial magnitude and the temporal dynamics of aggregation across strains, which were significantly explained by the elevation of the source habitats. Accounting for neutral evolutionary processes, our maximum likelihood population effects (MLPE) models further support a role of selection on aggregation. Furthermore, the two behavioral traits are highly heritable, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) revealed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) containing several candidate genes associated with oxygen response and foraging behaviors. Our results showcaseC. elegansaggregation as a collective behavior that has diverged globally across elevational gradients, and support that natural selection has shaped the evolution of this collective behavior.

Intergroup communication (IC) serves as a critical arena in which narratives, worldviews, and group behaviors are expressed, confronted, and translated into concrete communicative practices. Within this unique space of interaction, divergent narratives may remain rigid and unchanging, manifesting as parallel monologues that coexist without genuine engagement. Yet, under certain conditions, such communication can also open the door to dynamic processes of mutual challenge, development, and transformation. This narrative literature review aims to strengthen the growing connection between the scholarship on narratives in societies embroiled in intractable conflict and the well-established research tradition on intergroup contact. Specifically, it seeks to enhance our understanding of the interplay between narratives, behaviors, and communication practices in both face-to-face (FTF) and online contexts of IC. While the discussion includes broader global perspectives, the primary case study centers on the ongoing conflict and communicative interactions between Israeli Jews and Palestinians.

Social development in preschoolers is critically important, and one approach to enhancing it is integrating digital technologies. The primary objective of this article is to evaluate the effectiveness of three educational game applications (Peppy Pals, Breathe, Think, Do with Sesame, Daniel Tiger’s Grr-ific Feelings) in fostering social development among preschool children aged 3 to 6 years. This study examines aspects of social cooperation, social interaction, social independence, as well as externalizing and internalizing behaviors in children. The Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales (PKBS) served as the assessment tool, with a sample of 180 children from two urban preschools. The results showed a significant improvement in social skills and a reduction in problematic behavior in the experimental groups compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Older preschool children (aged 5–6 years) demonstrated the most pronounced growth in cooperation and independence, accompanied by a decrease in externalizing behavior. A qualitative analysis of teacher interviews revealed both the potential and practical challenges of using educational gaming applications in preschool institutions, offering recommendations for educators and developers.

This paper examines everyday social interactions on public transport, focusing on acts of incivility observed along a busy inner-city bus route in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Using systematic observations with a fieldwork protocol, we adopt a mixed-methods approach, including logistic regression models to analyse these travel behaviours. The range of behaviours observed is broad and difficult to classify. Of 119 observed interactions, 83 instances were categorised as acts of incivility, not directed at one person but towards those travelling on the bus (‘diffuse incivility’), such as playing music loudly or disrupting exits. The regression model explains over half of the variation in observed transit incivility, with incivilities significantly more likely to occur on weekends and farther from the driver’s cabin. Targeted, context-specific measures, such as signage addressing group behaviours, can help prevent undesirable conduct and encourage acts of courtesy between travellers on buses.

Background: Improper diet arrangements in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients can cause eating patterns to be disturbed in the form of binge eating behavior. The family can play a helping role in improving diabetes management. One of the interventions that can be given to empower families is the Family Caregiver Empowerment Model (FCEM). This study aimed to analyze the effect of FCEM on binge eating in T2D patients. Methods: This study was a randomized control group pre-test and post-test design with a total sample of 85 respondents taken by cluster random sampling, divided randomly (treatment = 41; control = 44). The independent variable is FCEM, while the dependent variable is binge eating behavior. Data was collected using the Indonesian version of the Binge Eating Scale questionnaire and analyzed used the Wilcoxon sign rank test and independent T-test. Results: There were differences in binge eating behavior in the treatment group before and after intervention (Z= -5.347; p=0.001), whereas in the control group, there was no difference in pre-test and post-test scores (Z= -0.599; p= 0.549). The study result showed that there was a significant difference in the average value between the treatment and control groups (t =5.017; p=0.001). Conclusion: FCEM intervention can reduce binge eating behavior to increase adherence to the diabetes diet program. Nurses can use FCEM intervention to empower family caregiver to help T2D patients improve and maintain eating habits to improve diabetes self-care behaviors.

Effects of transcranial photobiomodulation on anxiety-like behavior and spatial learning in adult and old female rats.

The site of Notarchirico (Venosa Basin, Italy) and the hominin behavior in the Middle Pleistocene: New insights from taphonomy and spatial archaeology.

A coupled SPH–FEM model for evaluating bearing behavior of helical pile groups