Analysis Of Groundwater Quality Research Articles

Evaluation of Shallow Groundwater Quality at Regional Scales Using Adaptive Water Quality Indices.

Groundwater, which is the main source of water for human consumption in many rural areas, has its quality determined by the complex interaction of environmental factors and anthropogenic activities. The present study evaluated the quality of shallow groundwater (1 to 25 m depth) in the rural area of the Târgovişte Plain, a densely populated area (200 inhabitants/km2) using 80 water samples collected from public wells. In order to explain the spatial distribution of the concentrations of the 19 physicochemical parameters considered (including heavy metals), the evaluation of groundwater quality for human consumption and potential impact on human health was conducted using the Water Quality Index (WQI), Integrated Weight Water Quality Index (IwWQI), Total Hazard Index (THI), and cumulative carcinogenic risk (CCR). For the WQI/IwWQI the comparative analysis of the two indices showed that for the WQI, it is important to select an optimal set of parameters, because use of a large number of physicochemical parameters can eclipse the values that exceed WHO guideline limits. In contrast, the use of entropy in the calculation of the IwWQI did not lead to eclipsing of exceedance, no matter the number of parameters used. Areas with poor and very poor groundwater quality according to the WQI/IwWQI overlapped, with a moderate risk to human health (THI > 1) for noncarcinogenic contaminants and also a risk of developing cancer according to the CCR average value (1.15 × 10−2). The health of 43% of the rural population in the Târgovişte Plain can be affected if they drink contaminated groundwater, and it is estimated that about 600 people can develop cancer during their lifetime. If the risk of developing cancer is reduced only in the rural population that does not have access to a water source from a centralized and verified network, the results suggest that 385 people (1.15%) can develop cancer as a result of consuming groundwater contaminated with heavy metals based on the average value of CCR. This value is lower than the general mortality rate in areas with high CCR and below the average number of cancer patients in Romania (2.65%). The quality of groundwater and the risk of developing diseases and cancer due to water consumption is directly proportional to the intensity of agricultural land use and inversely proportional to the depth of the groundwater layer, the distance from the main hydrographic network and the reservoirs, and the distance from the main city, Târgovişte. The complex and integrated analysis of groundwater quality using quality indices and indicators of health risk for the population, validated by hot-spot analysis and compared to the mortality rate, is an approach with practical applicability. This integrated approach allows public authorities, policymakers, and health services to implement an efficient monitoring program and optimize anthropogenic activities in order to prevent groundwater contamination and finally improve the quality of life for the residents in the area of this study.

Integrated groundwater quality analysis using Water Quality Index, GIS and multivariate technique: a case study of Guwahati City

Integrated groundwater quality analysis using Water Quality Index, GIS and multivariate technique: a case study of Guwahati City

Evaluation of Well Improvement and Water Quality Change before and after Air Surging in Bedrock Aquifers

When a drought occurs, drought response is mainly focused on the development of new wells. However, it is inefficient to respond to droughts by developing additional new wells in areas where many existing groundwater wells have been developed. Rather, it is necessary to find a way to use the existing wells efficiently and, if possible, increase the amount of groundwater that can be pumped. In this study, a pumping test and analysis method were used to evaluate the effect of air surging on improving existing wells. Drawdowns were reduced in the test wells, and, accordingly, the average specific discharges and transmissivities were increased. Since many factors in bedrock aquifers must be considered in order to calculate the well efficiency for the evaluation of the well performance, it seems better to compare the pumping rate and drawdown based on a reference time calculated by an adjusted time. Such factors could be the uncertainty of the aquifer model, aquifer inhomogeneity, and a hydrogeologic boundary. Additionally, in this process, the changes in groundwater quality were investigated, as well as the substances that caused the degradation of the well performance in bedrock aquifers. According to the results of the groundwater quality analysis conducted during the surging process and the step drawdown tests, there was no significant groundwater quality change before and after surging, but it appeared that there was an inflow of contaminants from the upper shallow strata close to the surface. According to the results of the XRD, XRF, and SEM-EDS analyses for the substances collected during surging and the substances deposited inside the well pipe, most of the substances were Fe-related amorphous components. Additionally, Fe coexisted with components such as As, V, and Zn, which formed the well casing together with Fe and were eluted in the surging process and step drawdown tests.

Seasonal analysis of groundwater samples to identify water quality index and comparative statistical analysis of Hunsur Taluk, Mysuru, Karnataka, India

Groundwater quality assessment is critical for maintaining freshwater sources in semi-arid and dry environments, which is critical for long-term development. Water quality control authorities can regulate the use of water for agriculture or drinking implementations based on groundwater quality in various areas, as nearly 85% of India's population is reliant on groundwater for domestic and irrigation needs, particularly as a source of drinking in rural areas. From Hunsur taluk, Mysore district, Karnataka, India, this study explores and identifies potential places for pumping groundwater for drinking and irrigation. An analysis of groundwater quality was conducted by analyzing the Water Quality Index (WQI) determined from 30 wells during two seasons of the year 2019, namely Pre-Monsoon and Post-Monsoon. The identification of the quality of water resources for irrigation and drinking purposes can be determined with the help of the WQI. It’s extremely useful for classifying water quality considering the standard-based classification of water as excellent, good, poor, very poor, or unsuitable for drinking. By using the Weighted Arithmetic Index method calculated using the groundwater samples collected data for the study, reported ‘excellent water’ ranges between 80 and 83.33 and ‘good water’ between 20 and 16.67, and never found ‘poor water.’ The IWQ index for the study area has been reported to be in the average range of 17.35–65.64. This paper highlights the physico-chemical parameters assess water quality in comparison with climatology.

Water Quality Index (WQI) to Evaluate Groundwater Quality in Chickmagaluru District, South Karnataka, India

Groundwater quality analysis is essentially prima facie in the present scenario. To evaluate groundwater quality 14 different physiochemical parameters were analyzed for groundwater samples in the study area. Water Quality Index (WQIs) is a composite indicator of water quality. The water quality index contains various parameters that can be quickly and easily communicated to its intended audience. WQI is one of the most effective techniques for determining the appropriateness of groundwater for drinking purposes. The extracted components indicate that geological, agricultural, rainfall, household wastewater, and industrial activities are causing the sources to exceed the permissible limit. The present study contributes in understanding the groundwater quality in the Chickmagaluru district. It also helps in the understanding hydrogeochemical process of groundwater and effective interpretation of groundwater.

Hydrogeochemistry and multivariate statistical analysis of groundwater quality of Tista alluvial fan, Bangladesh

Hydrogeochemistry and multivariate statistical analysis of groundwater quality of Tista alluvial fan, Bangladesh

Analysis of Groundwater Quality and Exploration of Water Pollution Control Measures

Analysis of Groundwater Quality and Exploration of Water Pollution Control Measures

Groundwater quality analyses in off‐grid tropical island

AbstractTropical islands typically have limited access to safe water. In many cases, people in these communities source their drinking water from groundwater without quality evaluation and treatment. Thus, we determined the physico‐chemical and microbial characteristics of groundwater samples. Results showed substantial non‐compliance of parameters including microbial quality with the local and World Health Organization quality standards for drinking water. Significant seasonal differences were observed for turbidity, total iron (Fe), colour, hardness, Escherichia coli and total coliforms (n = 88; p < 0.0203), whereas the effect of elevation has moderate‐to‐strong correlations with pH (r = 0.73, p < 0.001), total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity (r > −0.65, p < 0.001). The microbial profile revealed elevated levels up to a detectable limit of 5000 CFU/100 mL of E. coli. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis identified a potentially new strain with a 98.5% similarity to Shigella flexneri, having the presence of multidrug‐resistant and virulent genes.

Hydrogeochemical analysis of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation with elevated arsenic and potential impact on agro-ecosystem in the upper Brahmaputra plain, India.

The upper Brahmaputra floodplain is considerably enriched with geogenic contaminants, mainly Arsenic (As) exhibiting high spatial heterogeneity. With this concern, the present study was conducted in Lakhimpur district located in the upper Brahmaputra floodplain aiming to assess the groundwater (GW) suitability for drinking and irrigation. Chemical analysis of 78 GW samples revealed significantly high As (max 0.12 mgL-1, mean 0.02 mgL-1) followed by iron (max 62.2 mgL-1, mean 19.94 mgL-1) showing uneven distribution. Hydrogeochemical analysis of the GW samples revealed that majority of the water samples belong to mixed Ca2+- Na+- HCO3- type with weathering and forward ion exchange as the dominant processes in the aquifer system. Positive correlation among iron (Fe) and As, together with close grouping in hierarchical cluster analysis and principal components analysis, indicated the involvement of reductive hydrolysis process. Calculation of saturation indices indicated that, precipitation of Fe minerals may lead to de-coupling of Fe and As contributing to the enrichment of both the elements in the GW. Further, assessment of key parameters for irrigation water quality including water quality index indicated the GW to be suitable for irrigation purpose. Finally, toxicity implications of crops produced from As contaminated water indicated higher accumulation potential of As in the food grains implying significant impacts on the agro-ecosystem and associated health hazards.

Spatial distribution of Groundwater quality assessment using Water Quality Index and GIS techniques in Thanjavur Taluk, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, India

Assessment of groundwater quality is of utmost importance to ensure sustainable use of water. Since the availability of water, irrespective of quantity and quality, varies from area to area in Thanjavur taluk. The present paper attempts to determine the spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters and identify locations with the best quality for drinking and irrigation in the study area using GIS and WQI. Using IDW interpolation methods with ArcGIS 10.8, the spatial distribution maps of physical parameters, anions, cations, WQI, and irrigations indices have been generated. Piper pilot shows that Ca-Mg-Cl (mixed), Na-Cl, Ca-Cl, and Ca–Mg–HCO3 water types are found in the study area. Using a water quality index with a rating scale, 42.85%, 28.57%, and 14.3% of groundwater samples are fit, good, and very poor for drinking purposes, respectively. The obtained results of higher SAR, RSC, Na% show that 75% of groundwater samples are perfectly fit for irrigation purposes due to the long residence time of water, dissolution of minerals from lithological composition, and the addition of chemical fertilizers. The results of groundwater quality analysis have been used to suggest models for assessing water quality. The present study ascertained that the area's groundwater must be treated prior to consumption and protected from the perils of contamination.

Multi-parametric analysis of groundwater quality to assess human health risk and hydrogeochemical processes in an agriculturally intensive alluvial aquifer of Northwest India

ABSTRACT Groundwater is one of the most vital sources of irrigation in semi-arid regions of India, and in Punjab, India this resource is being highly exploited due to intensive agricultural practices. In the present study, groundwater quality in Bathinda district of Punjab, India was evaluated to know its suitability for drinking and human health risk associated with direct use of groundwater. To examine the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes, drinking water quality index (DWQI) approach was used. Non-carcinogenic human health risk associated with the presence of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater was evaluated for the adults and children, through dermal and oral ingestion exposure pathways. Further, to know the processes governing the aquifer geochemistry, Gibbs plot, interionic relationships and principal component analysis were carried out. The results of the present investigation revealed that quality in 73% groundwater samples was not suitable for direct consumption. The results of hazard index (HI) indicated that 91% samples in case of men and 95% samples in case of women and children have HI value more than 1. There is a high non carcinogenic human health risk potential due to direct use of groundwater, and children and women are more prone to this risk. The inter-ionic relationships exhibited that evaporation processes due to semi-arid hot type climate, silicate weathering, shallow groundwater level, interaction of canal and ground water along with the agricultural return flow mainly controlled the groundwater chemistry in the area under investigation.

Comprehensive Groundwater Quality Analysis in Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) Prevalence Areas of Sri Lanka to Investigate the Responsible Culprit

Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a serious health problem in Sri Lanka especially among agricultural communities in dry zone since 19th century. In the present study, several water quality parameters were studied in well water samples and only four parameters, namely, hardness, cadmium level, fluoride level, and strontium level have shown a relationship with the CKDu prevalence. Higher percentage of well water samples collected from CKDu prevalent area in both pre and postmonsoon seasons have exceeded the WHO recommended levels of hardness. Further, water samples collected in postmonsoon seasons had significantly higher hardness than the well water samples collected in premonsoon season ( P < 0.05 ). This may be due to the dissolution of calcium carbonate by water recharge. Moreover, cadmium and fluoride contents have exceeded the recommended levels in high-risk area during the premonsoon period. Furthermore, according to principal component analysis (PCA), four clusters were identified depending on the different levels of fluoride, cadmium, hardness, and strontium contents. The control area (Am) fell in to separate cluster with low contents of fluoride, cadmium, hardness, and strontium than in CKDu prevalent area. Since it has been found that the above species are directly involved in renal damage, it can be concluded that a synergetic effect of cadmium, fluoride, hardness, and strontium in well water may be a main cause for CKDu in Sri Lanka.

Physicochemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in the Vicinity of Bhalswa Lake in North West Delhi, India

The different physicochemical parameters, including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, chloride, total hardness, sulphate, and nitrate, were used to analyse ground water samples near Bhalswa Lake in the North West Delhi area of India. water samples were obtained from locations across Bhalswalake, such as: In order to determine the groundwater quality surrounding Bhalswa Lake, the concentration of pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate was measured in groundwater samples. Bhalswa Lake is both a residential neighbourhood and a trash dump. Effects of this analysis revealed that groundwater is heavily polluted and unsafe for drinking and household operations since it includes strong chemical contaminants. Water Quality Index of groundwater at various locations around Bhalswa Lake was also found to be unsuitable, reflecting extremely polluted groundwater status at almost all sampling sites.

Statistical analysis of groundwater quality at Wonji Shoa Sugar Estate

Statistical analysis of groundwater quality at Wonji Shoa Sugar Estate

An integrated approach to explore the suitability of nitrate-contaminated groundwater for drinking purposes in a semiarid region of India

The main objective of the present study is to perform risk assessment of groundwater contaminated by nitrate (NO3−) and evaluate the suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes in the Palani region of South India. Thirty groundwater samples were collected in the study area. Various groundwater quality analysis parameters such as the pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+), and major anions (Cl−, SO42−, F−, CO32−, and HCO3−) were adopted in this study to evaluate the drinking water suitability according to 2011 World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Piper and Gibbs’s diagrams for the tested groundwater indicated that, due to the influence of rock–water interactions, evaporation, and reverse ion exchange, the chemical composition of groundwater varied. According to water quality index (WQI) mapping results, 46.67% of the sample locations was identified as contaminated zones via GIS spatial analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis methods, such as principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and the Pearson correlation matrix, were applied to better understand the relationship between water quality parameters. The results demonstrated that 40% of the samples could be identified as highly affected zones in the study region due to a high nitrate concentration. The noncarcinogenic health risks among men, women, and children reached 40, 50, and 53%, respectively. The results illustrated that children and women occurred at a higher risk than did men in the study region. The major sources of contamination included discharge from households, uncovered septic tanks, leachate from waste dump sites, and excess utilization of fertilizers in the agricultural sector. Furthermore, using the nitrate health hazard integrated method with the conventional indexing approach ensures that groundwater reliability can be guaranteed, contamination can be explored, and appropriate remedial measures can be implemented.

Electric Profiling Based Fully Recurrent Deep Neural Learning Classification for Groundwater Quality Prediction

Groundwater is present under Earth surface within soil pore spaces and rock formation. It is recharged via surface and typically discharged. Water pollution affects the quality of water and troubles human health, economic growth as well as social wealth. The groundwater quality identification is essential to maintain freshwater resources for sustainable development. But, the existing methods failed to improve the groundwater quality and minimize time consumption. To address these problems, an Electric Profiling Ground Water Identification based Fully Recurrent Deep Neural Learning Classification (EPGWI-FRDNLC) Method is designed to achieve efficient quality analytics by higher accuracy and minimum time consumption. In EPGWI-FRDNLC Method, electric profiling process is carried out for ground water identification. After that, a fully recurrent deep neural learning classification process is carried out for ground water quality prediction analytics. Fully recurrent deep neural learning classification process includes more than three layers for performing the ground water quality analysis. In EPGWI-FRDNLC Method Model, a lot of data were measured for input and given to the input layer. After that, input data were given to hidden layer 1. In that layer, softmax regression is used for performing the input parameter analysis like temperature, pH, turbidity, salinity, nitrates and phosphates. Then, the regression coefficient value is transferred to hidden layer 2. Tanimato similarity function is employed for identifying the similarity between the regression coefficient value of training data and threshold value. Tanimato similarity value ranges from 0 to 1 and the results are sent to the output layer. By this way, EPGWI-FRDNLC Method improves the ground water quality prediction analytics. Experimental evaluation of EPGWI-FRDNLC Method was performed with various metrics by an amount of data.

Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Lower Kubanni River Basin Zaria, Nigeria

Groundwater is the most common source of drinking water in most developing countries including Nigeria, the diverse nature of human activities within lower Kubanni may result in a negative impact on most water resources including groundwater. This research was conducted to examine the effect of different activities/land uses within lower Kubanni and relate them with groundwater quality from the borehole and shallow wells. A purposive sampling technique was adopted for the collection of water samples. The samples were obtained from the closest sources of groundwater to the lower course of Kubanni River. A total of eight water samples were used for this study, four from boreholes and four from shallow wells. Seventeen physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were analyzed which include: odour, taste, colour, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), hardness, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, calcium (Ca), Mg, Fe, Pb, Cr and total coliform. Land use Land Cover (LULC) analysis was carried out using the GIS technique to classify the different activities taking place within the study area. Findings from this study revealed that groundwater from both borehole and shallow wells across the study area had all the physical parameters alongside total coliform within the WHO and NSDWQ threshold. However, some physicochemical parameters such as TDS (470-1650 mg/L), hardness (434-1050 mg/L), Ca (231-405 mg/L), Fe (0.8 mg/L), Pb (0.6-1.02 mg/L) and Cr (0.2-0.6 mg/L) were above the WHO and NSDWQ limits. The LULC analysis shows the built-up area covers the largest portion of 42% followed by cultivation with 36%, bare land makes up 20% while water body covered only 2%. The study recommends that groundwater within lower Kubanni should not be taken without proper treatment as any of the samples fully complied with the WHO/NSDWQ limits.

Spatial mapping of groundwater quality using GIS for Jakham River basin of Southern Rajasthan

The physico-chemical analysis of groundwater quality plays a significant role to manage the water resources for drinking as well as irrigation in the sub-humid and semi-arid agro-climatic areas. In this study, the hydrogeochemical analyses and spatial mapping of groundwater quality in the Jakham River Basin located in the southern part of Rajasthan were investigated.The groundwater quality samples were collected from 76 wells marked on the grid map of 5×5 km2 area.A spatial distribution in sampling location in the basin was prepared using GIS (Geographical information system) tool based on 6 physico-chemical parameters i.e., pH, EC, TDS, Cl, NO3and F.The groundwater quality data from the pre and post-monsoon seasons of 2019-20 were used to carry out a detailed analysis of water quality parameters.The water quality maps for the entire basin have been generated using anIDW interpolation technique for these parameters as per the identified location.The higher value of TDS and EC were found in the south-eastern part and along the roadside of study area, which were dominated by agriculture activities and industrial influence. The concentration was observed higher in the post-monsoon period. For EC and TDS, major part of the (>50%) of the study area comes under the safe limit of potable water. Major part of the basin witnessed fluoride concentration (0.40-80 mg/l) for both the season, which is lower than the permissible limit. Higher NO3 concentration was observed after the rainy season. The influence of geogenic activities could be clearly seen in the groundwater quality of the basin. Theresultant map shows that the entire basin has optimally goodgroundwater quality for human consumption. Hence, this study provides suggestion to prepare strategies for the proper management and augmentation of the groundwater condition in the Jakham River Basin.

Assessment of groundwater potability for the population: Geochemical evaluation of aquifers in the city of Krasnodar

This work aimed to evaluate groundwater potability for the population through geochemical assessment methods on the example of aquifers in Krasnodar city. In 2016 and 2019, on the territory of Krasnodar city (Krasnodar region, Russian Federation), a detailed geochemical analysis of groundwater quality was performed based on a total of 6000 samples, 3000 samples per each year. Samples were taken from 30 wells located at depths of up to 450 m in the layers of Anthropogen and Neogene stages. Quantitative analysis of wells according to the average water quality parameters showed that in 15 wells, the water condition met the MAC (maximum allowable concentration) standards in all layers. Water abundance between the layers of the Quaternary and Cimmerian stages is seven times as different (p ≤ 0.001) towards the latter, the hardness between the same horizons is ten times as different (p ≤ 0.001) towards the Quaternary stage and three times as different (p ≤ 0.05) in terms of solid residue. Thus, the water hardness and water abundance index vary significantly between the vertical layers. A strong positive correlation between the solid residue and the hardness values (Pearson correlation 0.93, p ≤ 0.05), and a negative correlation between water abundance and solid residue values (Pearson correlation –0.83, p ≤ 0.05), as well as between the hardness and water abundance values (Pearson correlation –0.81, p ≤ 0.05) was recorded. These findings can be used for regions with similar deposits of rocks and aquifers.

Analysis of Shallow Groundwater Quality as Consumable Water in Maros Baru District Aquifer Systems, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Water is a source of necessity for humans. Water quality is very important to be considered as the source of clean water. Some people in Maros Baru District use ground wells as the source of water needs. Therefore it is important to know the physical quality and pH level of shallow wells and to know the worthiness of shallow wells in Maros Baru District with reference to Permenkes No.492/ 2010. This study examined the feasibility of water based on the physical quality and the pH level of water taken from shallow wells. The research was carried out directly in field with 14 sampling points scattered in the north, east, south, west and at the center of field. The method in observing pH value is by litmus paper and observation on the physical condition of water, well depth, well diameter and surface level of water. The result shows there were 2 locations with saltwater taste, as the location is near from the sea and rivers, while turbidity of the water influenced by condition of surround environment that was not properly maintained. From data processing, it can be concluded that as many as 5 of the 14 sampling points did not meet the eligibility standards of Permenkes No.492/2010 to be used as a source of clean water intended for drinking water.