Groundwater In Aquifer System Research Articles

Appraisal of lacustrine aquifer’s groundwater potentiality and its hydrogeological modelling in southeastern Peshawar, Pakistan: implications for environmental geology, and geotechnical engineering

The Peshawar Basin is a part of the lower Himalayas that contains an enormous amount of groundwater storage. The evaluation of groundwater potential in the southern Peshawar district was done using well logging, lithostratigraphic properties, and combined hydrogeological and geophysical techniques. A total of 13 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) profiles were utilised to assess potential groundwater zones for surface resistivity studies. The aquifer system was delineated by comparing the data from five boreholes with the VES findings. An exploration of super-saturated groundwater potential was conducted, utilising parameters such as transmissivity (T), hydraulic conductivity (K), storativity, and the Dar Zarrouk analysis. The Dar Zarrouk analysis yielded average values of transverse resistance (TR), longitudinal conductance (S), and anisotropy (λ), which were determined to be 8069.12, 0.51, and 0.561, respectively. Similarly, average values of transmissivity (T), hydraulic conductivity (K), and storativity were obtained, resulting in 28.67, 0.24, and 0.000177, respectively. The saturated confined layer, characterized by highly saturated zones, was identified to begin at a depth of approximately 119 m and extend down to the lower boundary of the aquifer. The examined aquifer is composed of clay, sand, gravel, boulders, and loose layers of lacustrine mud that are interlayered to form an unconsolidated groundwater aquifer system. The aquifers in the region are highly developed and consisted of unconfined, semi-confined, and confined aquifer systems. As a result, it is possible to use the aquifer for groundwater development in the study area because of its low -to-medium discharge.

Characterizing 226Ra and its daughters in coastal zone groundwater of a typical human-activity affected bay: occurrence, safety, and source evaluation.

Due to their extremely toxic properties, 226Ra and it daughters (222Rn, 210Pb, and 210Po) in drinking groundwater require monitoring. Recent studies have reported exceptionally high levels of natural 210Po (up to 10,000Bq/m3), 226Ra, and 222Rn isotopes in groundwater. This study aims to provide background data on 226Ra and its daughter radionuclides in the typical agricultural-industrial Dongshan Bay (DSB) before the construction of Zhangzhou Nuclear Power Plant (Zhangzhou NPP). The measurement results indicate that no abnormally high activities of 210Po and 210Pb were detected in the investigated wells. Strong positive correlations between 210Pb and 210Po, as well as between 222Rn and 210Pb activities, suggest that the origins of 210Pb and 210Po in groundwater are strongly influenced by the decay of the parent radionuclides 222Rn and 210Pb, respectively. In the DSB coastal zone groundwater, significant deficiencies of 210Po relative to 210Pb and 210Pb relative to 222Rn were observed, providing further evidence that 210Po and 210Pb are also effectively scavenged due to their geochemical properties (specifically particle affinity) within the groundwater-aquifer system. A systematic comparison among all relevant water bodies in the DSB revealed that the activity concentrations of 210Pb and 210Po in groundwater were the highest, except for rainwater. Based on the evaluation of 210Pb sources, the results imply that submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important pathway for transferring radionuclides (such as 210Pb) from land to the nearshore marine environment, even though the study area has a lower 210Pb background groundwater. By considering all the 210Pb's sources in the DSB, we found low 210Pb background groundwater discharge still needs to be taken into account for small-scale bays. This is because SGD was calculated to be one of the most important 210Pb sources in the bay during observation season. Regardless of whether the system is in a normal state or a nuclear accident emergency state, greater attention should be paid to the groundwater discharge of radionuclides into the ocean.

Geophysical Based Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping: Perspectives and Inferences from Lisana Area along the Guder River, Western Margin of the Central Main Ethiopian Rift

Vertical electrical soundings and magnetic data were used to map the groundwater aquifer system in the Lisana area along the Guder River, northeast of Hosanna town, near the western margin of the Central Main Ethiopian Rift. The surveys were used to map a potential aquifer zone and investigate the groundwater potential for the current and future development of the resource in the Lisana area. The VES data were used to map the depth of a potential aquifer zone and its distribution over the area. The magnetic survey was used to delineate contacts between lithologic units and geological structures. Two-dimensional magnetic forward modeling and one-dimensional electrical modeling were used to identify fractures and lithological units containing potential groundwater. The magnetic and electrical resistivity modeling indicated that a potential aquifer occurs at a depth range from 115m to 142m. The potential aquifer occurs within weathered and fractured ignimbrite and a pumice layer containing sandy soil. This latter lithological unit is the main water-bearing horizon.

Groundwater Potential Mapping Using Geophysical Techniques: a Case Study in Hosanna Area, Western Margin of The Central Main Ethiopian Rift, Ethiopia

In this study, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and magnetic methods are applied for mapping the groundwater potential and aquifer system in the Gode area, the western margin of Central Main Ethiopian Rift. The VES is used to map the depth to potential aquifer zone of the groundwater and its distribution over the area, whereas, the magnetic survey is applied to delineate contact between lithologic units and geological structures. A total of 12 VES data points and more than 400 magnetic data points at about 10m station intervals along seven profiles are collected, processed and analyzed. Our results from interpretation of the VES data, geoelectric sections, and 2D magnetic modeling results respectively revealed the vertical stratification of the subsurface geoelectric layers and the presence of subsurface weak zones, which control the groundwater flow and storage system where the potential aquifer in the area obtained at a depth range from 45m to 92m. Overall, areas in the neighborhood of four VES points, i.e.VES-2, -3, -10, and -11, show good water-bearing zones in the study area associated with the highly weathered/fractured ignimbrite and pumice layers.

Hydrogeological, geophysical, geochemical and statistical integrated techniques to assess a multilayered groundwater aquifer system in an arid region: the case of the Sbeitla aquifers in Central Tunisia

Hydrogeological, geophysical, geochemical and statistical integrated techniques to assess a multilayered groundwater aquifer system in an arid region: the case of the Sbeitla aquifers in Central Tunisia

MODELING OF GROUNDWATER LEVEL CHANGES DUE TO DEEP WELL EXTRACTION USING MODFLOW IN THE NORTH OF BANDAR LAMPUNG

The growth rate of urban areas in the north of Bandar Lampung has caused the extraction of groundwater resources through deep well pumping to increase. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact of pumping to prevent groundwater depletion. This study performs numerical simulation modeling to identify the impact of deep well pumping on changes in groundwater levels in three sub-districts north of Bandar Lampung city. Modeling is done using MODFLOW-6 and ModelMuse as a graphical user interface (GUI). The simulation method uses steady-state and transient models with four stress periods in 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2030. A total of 30 data wells are used for model setup, and 15 of them as observation and validation points. The simulation results show that hydraulic head changes occur at depths of 10 m to more than 40 m. Drawdown and groundwater head changes are concentrated at deep well points with a radius of up to 1 km. The model also successfully identified a decrease in groundwater level to more than 8 m in the deepest well area DW1. Thus, it is necessary to take action that can overcome the impact of changes in groundwater level due to pumping from deep wells. Furthermore, groundwater storage engineering can be one solution by utilizing rainwater harvesting technology to recharge the groundwater aquifer system.

Numerical Modeling of Transboundary Groundwater Flow in the Bug and San Catchment Areas for Integrated Water Resource Management (Poland–Ukraine)

On the Polish–Ukrainian borderlands, there is the Lublin–Lviv transboundary groundwater aquifer system, which is of key importance in shaping strategic groundwater resources. Due to the particular importance of this aquifer system, the two neighboring countries are obliged to undertake joint actions to protect it. The integrated management of the Lublin–Lviv aquifer system seems difficult due to the significant spatial and temporal scale of groundwater flows in the region. To support internationally integrated management, a transboundary geological model was developed. Based on this model, a hydrogeological conceptual model has been developed, which allowed for a numerical model of groundwater flow to be calculated. The model research helped diagnose potential problems by determining the scope of the area with cross-border flows and quantifying the flows between Poland and Ukraine. In addition, the numerical model was used to define the optimal cross-border management unit and the conditions needed to sustainably exploit the Lublin–Lviv aquifer system. Basing on the research results it was concluded that groundwater flows in transboundary aquifers very on a regional scale and that the range of areas of importance for transboundary groundwater flows is much smaller than the pre-selected partial catchments of the Bug and San Rivers. The results of this study may significantly contribute to the preparation of joint water management plans.

Impact, Mitigation Strategies, and Future Possibilities of Nigerian Municipal Solid Waste Leachate Management Practices: A Review

Landfills and solid waste disposal facilities have historically been the most common point sources of pollution with the potential to release contamination leachate plumes into the environment. Waste disposal is one of the biggest problems that the world is facing. In man’s everyday life, he produces waste materials which, if not properly managed, can affect health and environment. The seepage of landfill leachate into groundwater tables and aquifer systems significantly creates a possible danger and threat to human health and environment at large and remains a subject of concern in Nigeria and other parts of the world. This paper provides a review of existing approaches to leachate treatment in Nigeria and current practices across the globe, depicts the impact on environmental implications, documented previous findings, challenges and mitigation measures, and future perspectives of landfill leachate management in Nigeria, and compares with global practice of leachate management. In Nigeria, there are only a few standard techniques of landfill leachate treatment. This resulted in severe environmental impacts that threaten human life, especially in the north-eastern part of the country. Vector-borne and water-related illnesses such as cholera, Dengue, Diarrhoea, Trachoma, typhoid, malaria etc, have become a major source of concern resulting from the leaching effect from landfills. Advanced treatment methods, including membrane filtration, trickling filters, and Batch and Sequencing-Batch Reactors (SBR) are used in some of the cities and private organizations in Nigeria. Most researchers in Nigeria have stressed the necessity to utilise efficient, cost-effective technology in landfill wastewater treatment. Despite this, landfill leachate has continued to have severe effects in Nigeria and the situation seems to be escalating, requiring further study.

Assessment of Aquifer Systems for The Sustainable Development of Groundwater Use in The Batutua Groundwater Basin

Groundwater exploration is an alternative to meet raw water needs because of the increasing water demand and the dwindling surface water availability. Water use continues to increase along with the rate of population growth in the Rote Ndao Regency. Therefore, an initial assessment of the presence of groundwater can be carried out by identifying the groundwater basin area. Batutua is one of the groundwater basin areas occupied by the most population because it is the capital of Rote Ndao Regency. This study aims to identify aquifer systems and flow patterns as the basis for groundwater exploration in the Batutua groundwater basin area. The method used in this groundwater aquifer system study is the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method. The VES method is a geoelectrical method used to investigate the layers of an aquifer by interpreting the current that penetrates the soil using two electrodes and the potential response. Geoelectrical investigations were carried out at 8 points in the Batutua groundwater basin area. The aquifer is found in water-containing coral limestone areas where water flows through fractures as secondary permeability. The groundwater flow direction was obtained by measuring the groundwater levels in 14 dug wells and 24 springs. The research’s area aquifer system is formed by upper shallow aquifer as an unconfined aquifer with a thickness less than 20 m and lower shallow aquifer as a semi-confined aquifer that has clay or marls on upper layer and limestone in below with the flow direction from the East to the West and the North part of the study area.

The ParFlow Sandtank: An interactive educational tool making invisible groundwater visible

Physical aquifer models are a highly effective teaching tool for hydrology education, however they come with inherent limitations that include the high cost to purchase, the static configuration of the model materials, the time required to visualize hydrogeological phenomena, and the effort to reset and clean them over time. To address these and other limitations, we have developed an interactive computer simulation of a physical aquifer model called the ParFlow Sandtank. In this gamified interface, users run the simulation using a familiar web-app like interface with sliders and buttons while learning real hydrologic concepts. Our user interface allows participants to dive into the world of hydrology, understanding assumptions about model parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, making decisions about inputs to groundwater aquifer systems such as pumping rates, visualizing outputs such as stream flow, transport, and saturation, and exploring various factors that impact real environmental systems such as climate change. The ParFlow Sandtank has already been used in a variety of educational settings with more than 9,000 users per year, and we feel this emerging educational tool can be used broadly in educational environments and can be scaled-up to provide greater accessibility for students and educators. Here we present the capabilities and workflow of the ParFlow Sandtank, two use cases, and additional tools and custom templates that have been developed to support and enhance the reach of the ParFlow Sandtank.

Identification of Seismic Response to Aquifer System with A Synthetic Modelling Approach

The microseismic method is relatively new in groundwater exploration, especially in Indonesia. This study will examine the response of microseismic to groundwater aquifer systems. This study aims to analyze the response of seismic waves and to interpret the seismic wave response characteristics to the aquifer system model. The modeling of the aquifer system was carried out using seismic stratigraphy data. This data was used as input data to model the exposed HVSR curve using the Microtrem program in MATLAB. The study of physical parameters and supporting parameters of the aquifer layer and the air contained in it was carried out to support this modeling. The aquifer system modeling was carried out with various parameters, including saturation, porosity, and thickness of the aquifer layer. Furthermore, an analysis of the model is carried out to determine the response characteristics of the aquifer system to microseismic waves. The results show that the frequency range as a marker of the presence of the aquifer ranges from 2-4 Hz, which is determined by parameters within a specific value.

Review of Current Issues and Management Strategies of Microplastics in Groundwater Environments

Microplastic contamination has become widespread in natural ecosystems around the globe as a result of the tremendous rise in plastic production over the last 70 years. However, microplastic pollution in marine and riverine habitats has received more attention than that of terrestrial environments or even groundwater. This manuscript reviews the current issues, potential occurrences, and sources of the emerging problem of microplastic contamination in groundwater systems. The most prevalent types of plastic detected in groundwater are polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate, and fibers and fragments represent the most commonly found shapes. The vertical transportation of microplastics in agricultural soils can affect groundwater aquifer systems, which is detrimental to those who use groundwater for drinking as well as to microorganisms present in the aquifers. Moreover, this review sheds light on the interlinkage between sustainable development goals and groundwater microplastic contamination issues as part of the strategies for the management of microplastic contamination in groundwater. Overall, this review reveals a lack of interest and a gap in knowledge regarding groundwater microplastic pollution and highlights future perspectives for research in this area.

Distinguishing Mountain Front and Mountain Block Recharge in an Intermontane Basin of the Himalayan Region.

Intermontane basin aquifers worldwide, particularly in the Himalayan region, are recharged largely by the adjoining mountains. Recharge in these basins can occur either by water infiltrating from streams near mountain fronts (MFs) as mountain front recharge (MFR) or by sub-surface mountain block infiltration as mountain block recharge (MBR). MFR and MBR recharge are challenging to distinguish and are least quantified, considering the lack of extensive understanding of the hydrological processes in the mountains. This study used oxygen and hydrogen isotopes (δ18 O and δ2 H), electrical conductivity (EC) data, hydraulic head, and groundwater level data to differentiate MFR and MBR. Groundwater level data provide information about the groundwater-surface water interactions and groundwater flow directions, whereas isotopes and EC data are used to distinguish and quantify different recharge sources. The present methodology is tested in an intermontane basin of the Himalayan region. The results suggest that karst springs (KS) and deep groundwater (DGW) recharge are dominated by snowmelt (47% ± 10% and 46% ± 9%) as MBR from adjacent mountains, insignificantly affected by evaporation. The hydraulic head data and isotopes indicate Quaternary shallow groundwater (SGW) aquifer system recharge as MFR of local meteoric water with significant evaporation. The results indicate several flow paths in the aquifer system, a local flow for KS, intermediate flow for SGW, and regional flow for DGW. The findings will significantly impact water resource management in the area and provide vital baseline knowledge for sustainable groundwater management in other Himalayan intermontane basins.

Application of Mine Dewatering Methods to Reduce Wastewater Pollution in The Environment: Implications for Andesite Mining

Wastewater pollution in mining areas often occurs and becomes a problem in the surrounding groundwater aquifer system. One of the efforts to determine the distribution of wastewater pollution is to calculate the discharge and volume of wastewater. In this study, an open channel in the form of a ditch or commonly referred to as a drainage system is carried out to determine the total water discharge entering the research location, design the dimensions of the sump and design the optimal cross-sectional dimensions of the ditch to overcome the discharge of water that comes out and pollutes the environment. The method used is to make an open channel in the form of a trapezoid to be used around the andesite rock mining site which then drains the mine water to the setlingpond. Efforts to drain the water that has entered the main sump (mine dewatering system) are carried out by making wells, after which the waste water is channeled into the settling pond using a pump. From the results of the study, information was obtained that the total water discharge entering the sump was 235,175 m so that the volume of the sump made was 300 m with dimensions of top area: 20m x 10m, bottom area: 10m x 10m, with a depth of 2m for total water discharge for ditches. 0.0237 m so that the volume of the trench made is 0.228 m.

Hydro-geophysical monitoring of the North Western Sahara Aquifer System's groundwater resources using gravity data

The North Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS) is characterized by unsustainable groundwater exploitation whose magnitude depends on the still unclear recharge value. It is extending over Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria, with an area of 106 km2. Here, we proposed an integrated approach combining Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) data to reconstruct groundwater storage variations (ΔGWS) between April 2002 and July 2016. ΔGWS values are then introduced in a regional water budget equation accounting for the temporal evolution of withdrawals and natural discharge to calculate the time variations of the recharge. Yearly reconstruction of the recharge shows a large variability with alternation of net positive recharge and periods of net diffuse discharge associated with evaporation. The temporal average effective recharge value for the period of interest is 1.76 ± 0.44 mm yr−1. Lag-times for the recharge to reach the water table of 45 and 100 yrs characteristic of a diffuse recharge and corresponding vadose thickness in the range 3.90 ± 3.60 and 8.60 ± 8.10 m were identified using a cross-correlation analysis between reconstructed annual recharge and annual rainfall (AR). Statistical interpretation of the relation between ΔGWS, AR, and withdrawals shows that the anthropogenic effect (groundwater extraction) is the main controlling factor (99% of explained variance) in comparison to AR variations for the ΔGWS time series under consideration. A relation between long-term recharge and average annual rainfall (AAR) suggests a recharge representing 1.8 ± 0.3% of AAR in transboundary aquifers of the Saharan belt.

Hydrodynamic characteristics of groundwater aquifer system under recharge and discharge conditions

Through laboratory data and the analysis of field observation data from the Heihe River Basin in China, groundwater movement (referred to as the groundwater flow) is confirmed, and the groundwater water head value at different vertical depths (in the same aquifer) at any point on the plane differs. When groundwater level rises dynamically, the water head at the lower part of the plane is higher than it is at the head of the upper part; when the groundwater level is dynamically reduced, the upper head is higher than the lower head. That is, the groundwater flow usually moves in an oblique direction, as is the case with the bottom plate. This phenomenon was first observed in laboratory water injection and pumping tests and was verified via the study of water levels at different burial depths for the same aquifer obtained from exploration wells using stratification techniques in the middle reaches of the Heihe River. At the same time, the stratification technology guarantees the practice and field verification of groundwater flow system theory.

Coastal groundwater aquifer characterization from geoelectrical measurements- A case study at Kalapara, Patuakhali, Bangladesh.

Vertical electrical sounding has been carried out in a coastal area in the southern part of Bangladesh to locate the groundwater aquifers containing fresh water. The Interpex1X1Dv3 computer program was used to process the field apparent resistivity data sets obtained from the vertical electrical sounding. Geoelectric layers were identified in the context of resistivity and thickness from the vertical electrical sounding data. From the initial parameters layered model was achieved using the inversion technique. Correlation of the obtained layer model with a nearby lithologic log concludes the groundwater aquifer system of the area. From the electrical properties of the subsurface layers, water bearing layers were detected and characterized. Very fine sand geoelectric layer with a thickness varying from 20 to 143 meters is an upper aquifer and has 0.66–14.02 Ωm apparent resistivity value. Fine sand geoelectric layer with 0.21-5.99 Ωm apparent resistivity value is lower aquifer with maximum thickness ~250 meters. From the resistivity value, it is observed that the upper aquifer contains saline to brackish-fresh water while the resistivity value of the lower aquifer indicates that it contains saline water. The water quality of the upper zone varies geographically from the southern to the northern part in the investigated area. The water quality of the upper aquifer is fresh in the northern part of the study while lower aquifer contains saline water there.

INCREMENTO DE NITRÓGENO EN <em>Thalassia testudinum</em> POR EL APORTE DE NITRÓGENO DISUELTO INORGÁNICO DE AGUAS RESIDUALES DURANTE PRECIPITACIONES EXTRAORDINARIAS

Las lagunas de arrecife del Caribe mexicano son ecosistemas oligotróficos, donde las descargas de agua residuales (DAR) asociadas a la actividad turística, en algunos casos son vertidas a los acuíferos subterráneos, suministrando nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto (NID) a las mismas. El aporte de NID puede ser exacerbado en años con precipitación extraordinaria (2013 con > 2500 mm) en el Caribe mexicano. Por su parte, el pasto marino Thalassia testudinum se caracteriza por un contenido de nitrógeno < 2 % en peso seco. Si el flujo de NID se incrementa debido a precipitaciones excepcionales, es de esperar que el contenido de nitrógeno en T. testudinum aumente con respecto a la precipitación promedio histórica (1200 mm) de los últimos 30 años. En el presente trabajo se cuantificó el contenido de nitrógeno en T. testudinum mediante un analizador elemental, para determinar cambios asociados con las DAR durante la época seca y lluviosa entre los años 2010 a 2016 en la Bahía de Akumal. En los años de 2010, 2012, 2015 y 2016 el contenido de nitrógeno fue similar entre épocas y en los años 2013 y 2014 fue mayor en la época de lluvias con respecto a la época seca. Esto sugiere que, en periodos de precipitaciones extraordinarias el flujo de NID a las lagunas costeras del Caribe incrementa haciendo disponible este nitrógeno para T. testudinum.

Hydrochemical Evaluation of Molybdenum Content of the Groundwater Aquifer System in Northern Jordan

The groundwater quality of Wadi Al Arab aquifer, northwest Jordan, was assessed for its high molybdenum concentrations, which reach 1.62 mg/L. This value of Mo-concentration was far beyond the Jordan Institution for Standards and Metrology (JISM) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Hydro-geochemical studies were carried out in order to assess the chemistry of the groundwater quality focusing on identifying the hydrogeochemical processes and mechanisms that are involved in the high Mo concentration. The water quality data of Wadi Al Arab boreholes (1986-2018) was collected, and the dataset analyzed. Interpretation of hydrochemical data showed that the anions are dominated by with abundance order of , while the main cation is Ca2+, with abundance order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+; water type is . The reason is the passage of groundwater through carbonate rocks. The distribution of the sampling points in the Gibbs diagram showed that the majority of samples are plotted within the field of rock weathering, which indicates that the main factor controlling dissolved hydrochemical components of the water samples is the dissolution of the rock-forming minerals. The scattered plot of the Mo with other critical heavy metals shows two different trend lines suggesting initiation of molybdenum to groundwater which is probably derived from oil shale and phosphate. The effects of pH and redox potential on Mo mobility in water are reviewed using the paurbaix diagram. The Mo species of the sampled wells are confined to the field of : anoxic/non-sulfidic condition (Fe reduction) which is located in the unconfined part of the aquifer, and which is sulfidic condition (low and high) in the confined aquifer.

Identification of Recharge Controls For Groundwater Aquifer System By Stable Water Isotopes

A decrease in groundwater level, especially shallow groundwater, occurred in the residential areas, and Padjadjaran University of Jatinangor part of Manglayang slope, a volcanic region at West Java Indonesia. This is due to an imbalance between groundwater input and extraction. This research aims to compile data on physical characteristics of rock lithology containing groundwater, and identifying various layers of groundwater carriers. Groundwater samples were taken in the aquifer system at the study area of the Manglayang volcanic region, and analyses using the composition diagram method and chemical analysis were conducted. The old volcanic deposit was found based on geological mapping, hydrogeology, electrical sounding measure, and boring in the area at the distal and media regime. The tuff deposit with pale soil, young deposit product is dominant in the area where there are lava and lava dome that reached the peak. There are also three types of lava, which is basalt augite, basalt, and andesite. Springwater was found at the 650 - 800 mdpl elevation. It has the facies Ca, Mg HCO3 (Calcium, Magnesium bicarbonate), and facies Mg HCO3 (Magnesium bicarbonate). The area has a local groundwater flow system above the elevation of 900 MSL and an intermediate groundwater flow system below elevation 900 MSL. The study found water catchment area is located in two places, which are zone in the elevation 900 to 1100 m with local flow patterns and 1379 m to 1697 m system intermediate. From these results, a zoning map can be developed based on the distribution of rocks and the sequences of rock formation. The study can also be utilized to determine the conservation zones' location based on the forms of delivery from each layer of rock.