Purpose This paper aims to examine how ethics committee documents shape the negotiation of ethical dilemmas in qualitative management and organisational studies (MOS). We show how biomedical logics of harm reduction, inherited from bioethics, become materialised in forms, decision letters and correspondence, producing both protective effects and unintended constraints. Design/methodology/approach Using a case study of a project on migrant brick kiln workers in India, we analyse application forms, decision letters and emails through Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA), treating these as organising texts that define permissible knowledge and language. Findings Ethics documents enact three dynamics that constrain qualitative inquiry: epistemic risk (foreclosing knowledge by privileging immediate utilitarian benefit), political risk (sanitising critical terms such as “modern slavery”) and relational risk (neglecting harms that arise unpredictably in encounters). While committees seek to protect participants and researchers, these textual practices also channel ethics into compliance rituals and depoliticised categories. Originality/value By analysing documents as the unit of study, this paper shifts debates from adversarial critique to constructive reform. We argue for a dialogic model of review that retains safeguards while recognising researchers as reflexive ethical agents. Our contribution is twofold: extending QROM’s debates on reflexivity by framing it as both resistance and common ground with committees and advancing research governance scholarship by showing how ethics documents themselves organise epistemic, political and relational risks.

This study attempts to investigate the artifacts' features in the Babylon Archeological City in Iraq. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Ground Penetrating Radar methods were used in this investigation. The Wenner-Schulmberger and Dipole-Dipole arrays were used in this study. However, the dipole-dipole array was used to assess the subsurface resistivity distribution rather than the Wenner-Schlumberger one. This configuration is known for its ability to provide detailed horizontal resolution, making it suitable for identifying the depth and extent of buried structures such as walls, subsurface channels, and other geological features. Several resistivity anomalies were observed, and their sources were interpreted to be located at depths ranging from 1 to 5 m for most sections in the central parts to the northern side of the map. The anomalies in archaeological studies, particularly in geophysical surveys such as Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Ground Penetrating Radar methods, typically refer to unusual readings or patterns which detected in the ground, which might indicate the presence of buried walls or other archaeological features.

Background: Corrosion is among the primary factors that diminish the reliability and service life of oil pipelines. Among the existing corrosion-mitigation techniques, cathodic (electrochemical) protection is widely regarded as the most effective method, enabling a substantial extension of pipeline longevity and a significant reduction in operational risks. Aim: The aim of this study is to calculate and analyze the key parameters of cathodic protection stations to ensure effective electrochemical protection of oil pipelines, enhance the reliability of their operation, and prevent corrosion-related degradation. Materials and methods: The study relied on the regulatory document RD 153-39.4-039-99 and methodological guidelines for the design of electrochemical protection systems. Calculations were performed using the established formulas proposed by Bykov et al. (2006), incorporating soil resistivity as well as the length and geometric parameters of the pipeline. Additionally, the analysis examined how potentials, currents, and resistances are distributed within the pipeline–soil system. Results: The study identified the optimal design parameters for cathodic protection stations, including current load, the required number of anodes, grounding resistance, and power supply capacity. The findings demonstrate that properly selecting these parameters helps maintain a stable protection potential and significantly enhances the operational lifetime of the pipeline. Conclusion: Implementing cathodic protection based on accurately calculated design parameters enhances the operational safety of oil pipelines, mitigates corrosion-related risks, and reduces the overall maintenance costs.

Grounding systems are commonly used in residential and commercial power systems, industries, telecommunication systems, and utilities. Even though technologies and research have contributed to the development of grounding systems, there are still many cases of faults occurring in the system, causing a substantial economic loss. The grounding system needs to have low magnitude resistance to achieve its effectiveness. Under high impulse currents, the soil ionization process would take place, leading to the reduction of the soil resistivity. This would reduce ground resistance of the system, which reduces the rising of transient ground-potential on the ground surface; thus, providing a more effective grounding system. Soil ionization is affected by several factors, which can be taken into consideration during the grounding system design. Previously, in many papers, soil ionization has been investigated. However, a detailed study on factors affecting soil ionization was still needed. Therefore, in this paper, factors affecting soil ionization are investigated, which should be taken into consideration during grounding system design.

The detection of subsurface stromatolites remains challenging due to their complex morphology and heterogeneous composition. This study assesses the combined application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) for identifying microbialites in two contrasting geological and climatic settings: the Neoproterozoic Salitre Formation in Brazil and the Mesozoic microbialite-bearing limestones in northern Spain. High-resolution ERT profiles processed with raster-based blob detection algorithms revealed subcircular high-resistivity anomalies consistent with the studied microbialite morphologies, with strong resistivity contrasts observed between microbialites and host matrices despite variations in absolute values linked to lithology and soil moisture. In parallel, GPR surveys analyzed with a peak detection algorithm delineated domal reflectors and clusters of high-amplitude reflections that directly captured the internal architecture of stromatolitic buildups. With decimetric vertical resolution, GPR offered unrivaled insights into internal morphology, complementing the broader-scale imaging capacity of ERT. The complementary strengths of both methods are clear: ERT excels at mapping distribution and stratigraphic context, while GPR provides unparalleled resolution of internal structures. Crucially, this work advances previous efforts by explicitly demonstrating that integrated ERT-GPR approaches, when combined with algorithm-based interpretation, can resolve microbialite morphology, distribution and internal architecture with a level of objectivity not previously achieved. Beyond methodological refinement, these findings open new avenues for reconstructing microbialite development and preservation in ancient carbonate systems and hold strong potential for application in other geological contexts where complex carbonate structures challenge traditional geophysical imaging.

A device for measuring geomagnetically induced currents (GISs) has been created which is installed at the Ininskaya power substation in the Altai Republic. Since April 2024, periodic monitoring of GIS in the 110 kV power transformer grounding neutral has been carried out. GISs were registered during geomagnetic disturbances up to 138 mA, which, taking into account the parallel grounding of the Ininskaya substation and the Ininskaya solar power plant, means the presence of 1.3 A total GIS in the grounding of both objects. GISs are shown to occur during Pc3 and Pc5 geomagnetic pulsation observations. The qualitative agreement has been found between the GIC measurement results and the model values calculated from Baigazan magnetic station data in the approximation of the homogeneous Earth’s crust conductivity. The grounding resistance is shown to exert an effect on recorded GICs.

A device for measuring geomagnetically induced currents (GISs) has been created which is installed at the Ininskaya power substation in the Altai Republic. Since April 2024, periodic monitoring of GIS in the 110 kV power transformer grounding neutral has been carried out. GISs were registered during geomagnetic disturbances up to 138 mA, which, taking into account the parallel grounding of the Ininskaya substation and the Ininskaya solar power plant, means the presence of 1.3 A total GIS in the grounding of both objects. GISs are shown to occur during Pc3 and Pc5 geomagnetic pulsation observations. The qualitative agreement has been found between the GIC measurement results and the model values calculated from Baigazan magnetic station data in the approximation of the homogeneous Earth’s crust conductivity. The grounding resistance is shown to exert an effect on recorded GICs.

With the increase in capacity of large ship electric power systems, medium-voltage electric power systems have gradually become an inevitable choice. Among China’s large ships, the neutral point of the power system is usually grounded by high resistance, and its grounding parameters need to be determined, taking the system’s capacitance to ground as a reference. Under different working conditions, the capacitance to the ground of the system will change, which requires online real-time measurement of the capacitance to the ground to provide a basis. However, the current flowing through the distributed capacitance and the capacitance itself cannot be directly measured by measuring instruments. Currently, the most commonly used method is the signal injection method, which can realize the secondary side measurement. This paper analyzed the traditional signal injection methods and found that all these methods are not suitable for real-time measurement of the capacitance to the ground of the medium-voltage electric power system of a ship. Among the current methods, this paper proposes combining the dual-frequency method and the high-frequency method. Through error analysis, for systems with different capacitances to ground, the frequency selection of the dual-frequency method will affect the measurement accuracy. To ensure the measurement accuracy, it is necessary to adopt the principle of “one low frequency + one high frequency”. Therefore, based on the dual-frequency method and the high-frequency method, the paper proposed an improved dual-frequency method, taking a combination method of high frequency and low frequency for capacitance measurement of medium-voltage power systems with high resistance grounding. Then the paper studied the high- and low-frequency selection scheme by simulation comparison and finally determined the frequency selection scheme of 5000/120 Hz. The paper also carried out simulation and experimental verification and finally proved that under the selected frequency selection scheme, the proposed method can accurately measure the capacitance to ground in a medium-voltage power grid with high resistance grounding.

The grounding system is a crucial element in lightning protection because it channels current to the ground for the safety of buildings, equipment, and humans. This study evaluated the grounding resistance at the JoMA Boutique Villa & Resort project and assessed its effectiveness based on the SNI 03-7015-2004, IEEE Std 80-2013, and NFPA 780 standards, which stipulate a maximum limit of 5 Ω. Measurements at four electrode points using an earth tester yielded values of 2.41 Ω, 0.23 Ω, 0.11 Ω, and 0.22 Ω. All results were well below the standard, with effectiveness ranging from 207.47% to 4545.45%. Variations in values were influenced by soil conditions, where embankment soil had higher resistance than wet clay soil. Overall, the grounding system at the study site proved to be highly effective and reliable in protecting buildings and electronic equipment, as well as reducing the risk of step and touch voltages that endanger human safety.

This paper investigates resistance patterns in cloud-based digital transformation within African e-commerce contexts, examining how project management capabilities moderate the relationship between infrastructural constraints and transformation outcomes. Through a mixed-methods study of 180 organisations across eight African countries, we employ fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), necessary condition analysis (NCA), and polynomial regression to identify multiple pathways to transformation success and failure. Our findings reveal that resistance emerges through five distinct configurations, with project management capabilities serving as a critical moderating factor. We identify a ‘capability paradox’ where organisations with moderate project management maturity experience higher resistance than those with either low or high maturity, suggesting non-linear relationships between capabilities and outcomes. The study contributes to the digital transformation literature by developing a contextually grounded resistance framework that accounts for infrastructure volatility, institutional voids, and the unique characteristics of African e-commerce ecosystems. We propose the concept of ‘adaptive resistance’ as a functional response to resource constraints, challenging assumptions that resistance purely represents opposition to change. Practical implications include the need for hybrid project management approaches that balance structure with flexibility and policy recommendations for infrastructure investment prioritisation.

Abstract This study proposes a distribution line fault detection and location technology based on waveform comparison, aiming to improve fault detection accuracy and shorten analysis time. This technology collects current data at multiple measurement points on the line and transmits the data to the central system for feature extraction and waveform analysis. When a fault occurs, the correlation coefficient between waveforms is used as a similarity criterion for comparison, to determine the fault and locate it automatically. By establishing a simulation model of the distribution network, single-phase grounding, three-phase grounding, and short-circuit faults are simulated. Experimental results show that under complex working conditions, this technology has a low false alarm rate and high positioning accuracy. Especially in the simulation of conventional distribution networks, when the grounding resistance is low, the waveform correlation coefficient is high, and the fault point can be accurately located; in distributed power distribution networks, this technology can effectively detect and find a variety of faults.

ABSTRACT Given the need to reduce the proliferation of abortive mines, delineate the frontiers of the mineralised zone, and prioritise the presiding structural attributes of the sulphide ore deposits within the Benue Trough, this study integrated electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), induced polarisation (IP) and ground magnetic methods to characterise the litho‐structural attributes significant for precise delineation of the lead‐zinc deposits hosted by the fractured sedimentary rocks. The magnetic result delineated the major structural framework constituting NE–SW, NW–SE, N–S and E–W with the dominance of NE–SW and NW‐SE structures dipping easterly and westerly, respectively. Their interpolation with the active‐productive mines designated NW‐SE structures trending ≥ 300° N with a high dip of up to 60°, and a few N–S structures to be mineralised. High magnetic anomaly closures predominantly trending in the NE–SW direction corresponded with mapped basic‐intermediate intrusive rocks in the area. These structural trends guided the layout of the ERT and IP profiles in the E–W direction. In the mineralised zones, the ERT and IP signals indicated significantly low resistivity and high chargeability values, whereas the host rock exhibited high resistivity and poor chargeability responses. The ERT and IP signatures further characterised two main ore horizons and zoning: the shallow and deep emplaced lodes with average depths of 35 and 60 m, respectively. The 2D and 3D models revealed subsurface inhomogeneity and conduit‐like geometry of the orebody corresponding to NW‐SE trending structures. The mineral zoning and complex structural framework observed in the area suggest variable thermal regimes, micro‐alteration in hydrothermal fluid composition and polyphase tectonic‐magmatic activities in the Benue Trough.

Soil moisture simulations in semi-arid inland river basins remain highly uncertain due to complex land–atmosphere interactions and multiple parameterization schemes in land surface models. This study evaluated the ability of the Noah-Multiparameterization Land Surface Model (Noah-MP) to simulate soil moisture at meteorological sites representing the upstream, midstream and downstream regions of a semi-arid inland river basin with contrasting climates. A large physics-ensemble experiment (17,280 simulations per site) combining different parameterization schemes for 10 main physical processes was conducted. Natural selection, Tukey’s test and uncertainty contribution analysis were applied to identify sensitive processes and quantify their contributions to simulation uncertainty. Results indicate that Noah-MP captures soil moisture variability across the basin but with notable biases. Three physical processes—frozen soil permeability, supercooled liquid water in frozen soil and ground resistance to sublimation—were sensitive at all sites, whereas radiation transfer and surface albedo were consistently insensitive. At the upstream and midstream sites, supercooled liquid water contributed about half of the ensemble uncertainty, and at the downstream site ground resistance to sublimation contributed roughly 51%. These findings reveal which physical processes most strongly affect Noah-MP soil moisture simulations in semi-arid basins and provide guidance for improving parameterization schemes to reduce uncertainty.

The article is devoted to the development of a project for the restoration of the electrical equipment of the 220 kV open switchyard (OSY) of the Thermal Power Plant, taking into account the requirements of integration into the ENTSO-E synchronous zone and the N-1 criterion. Based on the analysis of the technical condition, significant wear of switching devices and instrument transformers was identified, which leads to increased failure rates and operating costs. Methodologically, the study relies on the regulatory framework (IEC, DSTU, PUE, ENTSO-E recommendations), calculation of short-circuit currents according to IEC 60909, verification of thermal and electrodynamic stability, engineering calculations of grounding and lightning protection, as well as a techno-economic assessment. The proposed solutions include the replacement of air circuit breakers with SF₆ circuit breakers HPL-245B1, the use of SGF-245 disconnectors, IMB-245 current transformers and CPA-245 voltage transformers, as well as PEXLIM surge arresters; digitalization of protection and control (IEC 61850) and integration into SCADA/EMS are also foreseen. The calculation results confirm the compliance of the selected equipment with I²t and short-circuit withstand requirements; grounding resistance ≤ 0.5 Ω and complete lightning protection coverage are ensured. Economic calculations demonstrate an annual effect of UAH 2.03 million and a payback period of ≈3.25 years, which indicates the investment attractiveness of modernization. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive integration of technical, protection and control, environmental, and economic components of the 220 kV switchyard reconstruction; the practical value lies in the reproducibility of the approach for the modernization of similar substations and TPPs in Ukraine

Lightning-induced disruptions on power transmission lines remain a major cause of faults in high-voltage systems, often resulting in service interruptions, equipment damage, and compromised grid stability. This study examines the primary mechanisms through which lightning impacts transmission infrastructure, including back flashover, shielding failure, and induced overvoltage. To mitigate these effects and enhance system reliability, a range of protective measures are analyzed. These include enhancing insulation levels, installing controllable discharge lightning rods, reducing tower grounding resistance, deploying coupling ground wires, and utilizing line surge arrestors. Each technique is evaluated for its effectiveness in minimizing lightning-related faults and ensuring a stable power supply. The findings emphasize the importance of integrated protection strategies tailored to specific environmental and system conditions. By implementing these safeguarding measures, utilities can significantly reduce lightning-related outages and improve the resilience of power transmission networks.

The neutral point of a 10 kV distribution network often adopts an arc suppression coil or high resistance grounding mode to ensure the reliability of the power supply. The single-phase grounding fault current is below 10 A, and the distribution network can continue to operate with the fault for up to 2 h. However, long-time arc faults may ignite cables and cause electrical fires, causing further damage to adjacent cables and seriously affecting the safety of the power grid. To study the combustion characteristics of a single-phase grounding fault of a distribution network cable under the action of a long-term small current arc, the cable fault ignition test was carried out by using the arc ignition method of welding tin wire fuses. Then, the temperature distribution of the cable channel in an electrical fire was simulated, based on an FDS simulation, and the damage of adjacent cables under typical layout was further analyzed. The results show that the 10 kV cable was quickly ignited by the high temperature arc within 0.04 s after the breakdown and damage of the cable. Flammable XLPE insulation melted or even dripped off at a high temperature in fire. Thus, the fire spread to both ends when burning. Under the condition of 4–10 A, the maximum flame temperatures above the arc fault point reached 725 °C, 792 °C, 812 °C and 907 °C, respectively. According to the network structure, some protection, such as fireproof tape, needs to be applied directly above the faulty cable when the fault current exceeds 6 A.

Abstract. ERT is a widely used geophysical technique for characterizing various mountainous environments where land surfaces consist of coarse blocks and debris (e.g., rock glaciers). In these conditions, installing steel spike electrodes is both challenging and time-consuming, and achieving acceptable grounding resistance between the electrodes and the surface is difficult. In this work, we successfully tested the performance and the durability of an alternative electrode that is more robust, lightweight, and cost-effective than the recently proposed textile electrode. A stainless-steel net and sponge are used to create small bags that can be easily inserted between the blocks and later removed.

This quantitative study examines the implementation of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology within an international organization in Mali, West Africa, highlighting its significant impact on supply chain management. It explores the technological, organizational, and employee factors influencing RFID adoption. The findings reveal that RFID is gaining traction and driving efficiency through enhanced tracking equipment, improved inventory management, and greater data accuracy. A survey of 384 supply chain employees, analyzed using SmartPLS4, highlights the substantial benefits of RFID integration. This study provides additional knowledge to fully leverage these proactive strategies, which are essential for successful RFID implementation in organizations.

ABSTRACTTransient simulation are more economical and adaptable means of studying lightning overvoltage for overhead distribution line system compared to experiments. A hybrid multi‐transmission‐line (MTL)‐partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method proposed for lightning‐induced electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) simulation is verified using the rocket‐triggered experimental results under a more complex line configuration for the first time. This method can improve computational efficiency while ensuring calculation accuracy. The agreement between experimental and simulation results further validates the adaptability and accuracy of the proposed method, which is adopted to calculate the LEMP on the extended double‐circuit parallel unequal length line. The effects of various factors, such as the strike‐point location, the amplitude and waveform of the lightning current, the line shape and length on the amplitude of overvoltage and pole flashover along the line are discussed. For double‐circuit distribution lines, when lightning strikes the ground in front of centre of circuit I, the three‐phase voltage waveforms are similar, all of which are negative or bipolar oscillation waves. The closer the lightning strike point is to the line, the greater the amplitude of the lightning current, and the voltage waveform develops towards a bipolar waveform, but the main peak remains negative. As the amplitude of lightning current increases, the maximum lightning‐induced voltage amplitude along the line increases. The LEMP caused by the subsequent return‐stroke current is always greater than that caused by the first return‐stroke current. When the grounding resistance increases, the maximum voltage peak amplitude along the line remains unchanged.

An enhanced version of the YOLO-NAS object detection network model has been presented in this paper, and MISH activation and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization algorithms are integrated. MISH functional adds non-monotonic behavior, which at the same time enhances the feature representation and complements the gradient flow. ABC optimization that assists in the optimization of the hyperparameters to a ground truth and resistance to the models. The given model is tested on the dataset that is introduced by the researchers themselves, and it shows better results compared to baselines based on the YOLO-NAS variants in precision, recall, and mean average precision (mAP) measures. Experiments prove the fact that a combination of a biologically inspired optimizer and a contemporary activation function helps to make training more stable and predictions more accurate. The results show that the proposed fine-tuned YOLO-NAS model outperformed the other tested models, that is, YOLOv6, YOLOv7, and YOLOv8, in the three metrics of accuracy, recall, precision, F1 score, and mAP at 0.50, 0.75, and 0.95 on the test dataset. The proposed model achieved an accuracy of 98% while recognizing real-time objects.